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    Glul glutamate-ammonia ligase [ Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) ]

    Gene ID: 24957, updated on 4-Jan-2025

    Summary

    Official Symbol
    Glulprovided by RGD
    Official Full Name
    glutamate-ammonia ligaseprovided by RGD
    Primary source
    RGD:2710
    See related
    EnsemblRapid:ENSRNOG00000049560 AllianceGenome:RGD:2710
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    VALIDATED
    Organism
    Rattus norvegicus
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha; Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Rattus
    Also known as
    Glns
    Summary
    Enables several functions, including anion binding activity; dynein light chain binding activity; and metal ion binding activity. Involved in glutamine metabolic process; positive regulation of cell communication; and positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation. Located in axon terminus; myelin sheath; and perikaryon. Part of protein-containing complex. Used to study epilepsy; obesity; and temporal lobe epilepsy. Biomarker of diabetic retinopathy; middle cerebral artery infarction; and transient cerebral ischemia. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in congenital glutamine deficiency; epilepsy (multiple); heart disease; and neurodegenerative disease (multiple). Orthologous to human GLUL (glutamate-ammonia ligase). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Jan 2025]
    Expression
    Biased expression in Kidney (RPKM 3730.1), Brain (RPKM 2542.6) and 9 other tissues See more
    Orthologs
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    Genomic context

    See Glul in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    13q21
    Exon count:
    11
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_02 current GRCr8 (GCF_036323735.1) 13 NC_086031.1 (68519500..68585554)
    RS_2023_06 previous assembly mRatBN7.2 (GCF_015227675.2) 13 NC_051348.1 (65969053..66035121)
    106 previous assembly Rnor_6.0 (GCF_000001895.5) 13 NC_005112.4 (71331052..71340207)

    Chromosome 13 - NC_086031.1Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene ribonuclease L Neighboring gene heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A3-like Neighboring gene regulator of G-protein signaling like 1 Neighboring gene regulator of G-protein signaling like 2 homolog (mouse) Neighboring gene transmembrane epididymal protein 1B Neighboring gene transmembrane epididymal protein 1A Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC120096282 Neighboring gene G protein subunit gamma 5, pseudogene 5

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

    Expression

    • Project title: A rat RNA-Seq transcriptomic BodyMap across 11 organs and 4 developmental stages
    • Description: 320 RNA samples isolated from 11 organs (adrenal gland, brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, spleen, thymus, and testes or uterus) from both sexes of Fischer 344 rats across four developmental stages (2-, 6-, 21-, and 104-weeks-old)
    • BioProject: PRJNA238328
    • Publication: PMID 24510058
    • Analysis date: Mon Jun 6 17:44:12 2016

    Bibliography

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?

    Pathways from PubChem

    Interactions

    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

    Gene Ontology Provided by RGD

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables ATP binding PubMed 
    enables ATP binding  
    enables dynein light chain binding PubMed 
    enables glutamate binding PubMed 
    enables glutamine synthetase activity  
    enables glutamine synthetase activity PubMed 
    enables glutamine synthetase activity  
    enables glutamine synthetase activity  
    enables identical protein binding  
    enables identical protein binding PubMed 
    enables identical protein binding  
    enables magnesium ion binding PubMed 
    enables manganese ion binding PubMed 
    enables nickel cation binding PubMed 
    enables protein-cysteine S-palmitoyltransferase activity  
    enables protein-cysteine S-palmitoyltransferase activity  
    enables protein-cysteine S-palmitoyltransferase activity  
    enables transferase activity  
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in ammonia assimilation cycle PubMed 
    involved_in angiogenesis  
    involved_in cell population proliferation  
    involved_in cell population proliferation  
    acts_upstream_of_or_within cellular response to starvation  
    involved_in glutamate metabolic process PubMed 
    involved_in glutamine biosynthetic process  
    involved_in glutamine biosynthetic process PubMed 
    involved_in glutamine biosynthetic process  
    involved_in positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of insulin secretion PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic PubMed 
    involved_in protein palmitoylation  
    involved_in protein palmitoylation  
    involved_in regulation of endothelial cell migration  
    involved_in regulation of endothelial cell migration  
    involved_in regulation of endothelial cell migration  
    involved_in regulation of protein localization to nucleolus  
    involved_in regulation of protein localization to nucleolus  
    involved_in regulation of sprouting angiogenesis  
    involved_in regulation of sprouting angiogenesis  
    involved_in regulation of sprouting angiogenesis  
    acts_upstream_of_or_within response to glucose  
    involved_in ribosome biogenesis  
    involved_in ribosome biogenesis  
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    NOT located_in axon terminus PubMed 
    located_in axon terminus PubMed 
    located_in cell body  
    located_in cell projection PubMed 
    is_active_in cytoplasm  
    located_in cytoplasm  
    located_in cytosol  
    located_in cytosol  
    located_in cytosol  
    located_in endoplasmic reticulum  
    located_in glial cell projection  
    located_in mitochondrion  
    located_in mitochondrion  
    located_in myelin sheath PubMed 
    located_in perikaryon PubMed 
    located_in plasma membrane  
    located_in plasma membrane  
    located_in plasma membrane  
    part_of protein-containing complex PubMed 

    General protein information

    Preferred Names
    glutamine synthetase
    Names
    GS
    Glutamine synthetase (glutamate-ammonia ligase)
    glutamate decarboxylase
    glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthase)
    glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase)
    glutamine synthetase 1
    palmitoyltransferase GLUL
    NP_001380733.1
    NP_058769.4
    XP_038946295.1
    XP_038946296.1

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001393804.1NP_001380733.1  glutamine synthetase

      Status: VALIDATED

      Source sequence(s)
      JAXUCZ010000013
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P09606, Q6P7Q9
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A8I5Y1V3, A6ICW8
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      PLN02284
      Location:18362
      PLN02284; glutamine synthetase
    2. NM_001429695.1NP_001416624.1  glutamine synthetase

      Status: VALIDATED

      Source sequence(s)
      JAXUCZ010000013
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P09606, Q6P7Q9
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A8I5Y1V3, A6ICW8
    3. NM_001429696.1NP_001416625.1  glutamine synthetase

      Status: VALIDATED

      Source sequence(s)
      JAXUCZ010000013
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P09606, Q6P7Q9
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A8I5Y1V3, A6ICW8
    4. NM_001429698.1NP_001416627.1  glutamine synthetase

      Status: VALIDATED

      Source sequence(s)
      JAXUCZ010000013
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P09606, Q6P7Q9
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A8I5Y1V3, A6ICW8
    5. NM_017073.5NP_058769.4  glutamine synthetase

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_058769.4

      Status: VALIDATED

      Source sequence(s)
      JAXUCZ010000013
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P09606, Q6P7Q9
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A8I5Y1V3, A6ICW8
      Related
      ENSRNOP00000065890.3, ENSRNOT00000075480.4
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      PLN02284
      Location:18362
      PLN02284; glutamine synthetase

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_036323735.1-RS_2024_02

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCr8

    Genomic

    1. NC_086031.1 Reference GRCr8

      Range
      68519500..68585554
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_039090368.2XP_038946296.1  glutamine synthetase isoform X2

      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      PLN02284
      Location:18362
      PLN02284; glutamine synthetase
    2. XM_039090367.2XP_038946295.1  glutamine synthetase isoform X1

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A8I5Y1V3, A0A8L2QX10
      Related
      ENSRNOP00000078038.2, ENSRNOT00000118700.2
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      PLN02284
      Location:52396
      PLN02284; glutamine synthetase
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