Glul glutamate-ammonia ligase [Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: Glulprovided by RGD
Official Full Name: glutamate-ammonia ligaseprovided by RGD
Primary source: RGD:2710
See related: EnsemblRapid:ENSRNOG00000049560 AllianceGenome:RGD:2710
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: VALIDATED
Organism: Rattus norvegicus
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha; Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Rattus
Also known as: Glns
Summary: Enables several functions, including anion binding activity; dynein light chain binding activity; and metal ion binding activity. Involved in glutamine metabolic process; positive regulation of cell communication; and positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation. Located in axon terminus; myelin sheath; and perikaryon. Part of protein-containing complex. Used to study epilepsy; obesity; and temporal lobe epilepsy. Biomarker of diabetic retinopathy; middle cerebral artery infarction; and transient cerebral ischemia. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in congenital glutamine deficiency; epilepsy (multiple); heart disease; and neurodegenerative disease (multiple). Orthologous to human GLUL (glutamate-ammonia ligase). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Dec 2024]
Expression: Biased expression in Kidney (RPKM 3730.1), Brain (RPKM 2542.6) and 9 other tissues See more
Orthologs: human mouse all
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Genomic context

Location:: 13q21

Exon count:: 11

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
RS_2024_02	current	GRCr8 (GCF_036323735.1)	13	NC_086031.1 (68519500..68585554)
RS_2023_06	previous assembly	mRatBN7.2 (GCF_015227675.2)	13	NC_051348.1 (65969053..66035121)
106	previous assembly	Rnor_6.0 (GCF_000001895.5)	13	NC_005112.4 (71331052..71340207)

Chromosome 13 - NC_086031.1 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to reference sequence details

Genomic Sequence:

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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See details

Project title: A rat RNA-Seq transcriptomic BodyMap across 11 organs and 4 developmental stages
Description: 320 RNA samples isolated from 11 organs (adrenal gland, brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, spleen, thymus, and testes or uterus) from both sexes of Fischer 344 rats across four developmental stages (2-, 6-, 21-, and 104-weeks-old)
BioProject: PRJNA238328
Publication: PMID 24510058
Analysis date: Mon Jun 6 17:44:12 2016

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Immunoreactivity of glutamine synthetase in satellite glia around various subpopulations of lumbar dorsal root ganglia neurons in adult rats treated with monosodium glutamate.
Title: Immunoreactivity of glutamine synthetase in satellite glia around various subpopulations of lumbar dorsal root ganglia neurons in adult rats treated with monosodium glutamate.
The alterations of glutamate transporter 1 and glutamine synthetase in the rat brain of a learned helplessness model of depression.
Title: The alterations of glutamate transporter 1 and glutamine synthetase in the rat brain of a learned helplessness model of depression.
Results showed that status epilepticus (SE) induced in immature rats elicits a persistent decrease in glutamine synthetase-immunoreactivity in the dentate hilus, which can be detected as early as 2 weeks and persists up to at least 19 weeks after SE
Title: Persistent reduction of hippocampal glutamine synthetase expression after status epilepticus in immature rats.
The portacaval shunt caused a marked decrease in glutamine synthetase activity and an increase in ornithine aminotransferase activity.
Title: The effect of portacaval anastomosis on the expression of glutamine synthetase and ornithine aminotransferase in perivenous hepatocytes.
the results provided evidence for the temporospatial expression and location of GS following spinal cord injury.
Title: Temporospatial expression and cellular localization of glutamine synthetase following traumatic spinal cord injury in adult rats.
Prolonged hyposmotic challenge transiently increases astrocyte-specific glutamine synthetase levels in the supraoptic nucleus, followed by a rebound increase of their activity.
Title: Hyposmolality differentially and spatiotemporally modulates levels of glutamine synthetase and serine racemase in rat supraoptic nucleus.
we also show that the upstream enhancer of the rat GS gene can confer pericentral activity to a linked reporter gene, and that the activity of this enhancer is also beta catenin dependent.
Title: Pericentral activity of alpha-fetoprotein enhancer 3 and glutamine synthetase upstream enhancer in the adult liver are regulated by β-catenin in mice.
Manganese exposure inhibited glutamine uptake and glutamine synthetase expression in rat astrocytes.
Title: The protective effects of riluzole on manganese-induced disruption of glutamate transporters and glutamine synthetase in the cultured astrocytes.
Significantly increased expression of glutamine synthetase and glutamate aspartate transporter at 40 mmHg pressure was observed in Muller cells.
Title: In vitro effect of adenosine A2A receptor antagonist SCH 442416 on the expression of glutamine synthetase and glutamate aspartate transporter in rat retinal Müller cells at elevated hydrostatic pressure.
deficient glial glutamate transporters and glutamine synthetase significantly attenuate GABAergic synaptic strength in the spinal dorsal horn
Title: Glial glutamate transporter and glutamine synthetase regulate GABAergic synaptic strength in the spinal dorsal horn.

Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (26)

Interactions

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Products	Interactant	Other Gene	Complex	Source	Pubs	Description

General gene information

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Markers

RH138167 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:220254

AA818930 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:249727

Glul (e-PCR), detects polymorphism
- UniSTS:545940

RH140286 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:222364

RH143873 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:233119

Gene Ontology Provided by RGD

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables ATP binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables ATP binding	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables dynein light chain binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
enables glutamate binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables glutamine synthetase activity	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables glutamine synthetase activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables glutamine synthetase activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables glutamine synthetase activity	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
enables identical protein binding	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables identical protein binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
enables identical protein binding	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
enables magnesium ion binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables manganese ion binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables nickel cation binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables protein-cysteine S-palmitoyltransferase activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables protein-cysteine S-palmitoyltransferase activity	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
enables protein-cysteine S-palmitoyltransferase activity	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
enables transferase activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
involved_in ammonia assimilation cycle	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in angiogenesis	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in cell population proliferation	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in cell population proliferation	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within cellular response to starvation	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in glutamate metabolic process	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in glutamine biosynthetic process	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in glutamine biosynthetic process	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in glutamine biosynthetic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of insulin secretion	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in protein palmitoylation	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in protein palmitoylation	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in regulation of endothelial cell migration	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in regulation of endothelial cell migration	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in regulation of endothelial cell migration	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in regulation of protein localization to nucleolus	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in regulation of protein localization to nucleolus	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in regulation of sprouting angiogenesis	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in regulation of sprouting angiogenesis	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in regulation of sprouting angiogenesis	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within response to glucose	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in ribosome biogenesis	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in ribosome biogenesis	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
NOT located_in axon terminus	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in axon terminus	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in cell body	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
located_in cell projection	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
is_active_in cytoplasm	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in cytoplasm	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
located_in cytosol	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
located_in cytosol	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
located_in cytosol	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
located_in endoplasmic reticulum	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
located_in glial cell projection	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
located_in mitochondrion	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
located_in mitochondrion	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
located_in myelin sheath	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in perikaryon	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in plasma membrane	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
located_in plasma membrane	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
located_in plasma membrane	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
part_of protein-containing complex	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed

General protein information

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Preferred Names: glutamine synthetase

Names: GS; Glutamine synthetase (glutamate-ammonia ligase); glutamate decarboxylase; glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthase); glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase); glutamine synthetase 1; palmitoyltransferase GLUL

NP_001380733.1

EC 2.3.1.225

EC 6.3.1.2

NP_058769.4

EC 2.3.1.225

EC 6.3.1.2

XP_038946295.1

EC 2.3.1.225

EC 6.3.1.2

XP_038946296.1

EC 2.3.1.225

EC 6.3.1.2

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_001393804.1 → NP_001380733.1 glutamine synthetase

Status: VALIDATED

Source sequence(s)

JAXUCZ010000013

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

P09606, Q6P7Q9

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

A0A8I5Y1V3, A6ICW8

Conserved Domains (1) summary

PLN02284
Location:18 → 362

PLN02284; glutamine synthetase
NM_001429695.1 → NP_001416624.1 glutamine synthetase

Status: VALIDATED

Source sequence(s)

JAXUCZ010000013

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

P09606, Q6P7Q9

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

A0A8I5Y1V3, A6ICW8
NM_001429696.1 → NP_001416625.1 glutamine synthetase

Status: VALIDATED

Source sequence(s)

JAXUCZ010000013

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

P09606, Q6P7Q9

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

A0A8I5Y1V3, A6ICW8
NM_001429698.1 → NP_001416627.1 glutamine synthetase

Status: VALIDATED

Source sequence(s)

JAXUCZ010000013

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

P09606, Q6P7Q9

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

A0A8I5Y1V3, A6ICW8
NM_017073.5 → NP_058769.4 glutamine synthetase

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_058769.4

Status: VALIDATED

Source sequence(s)

JAXUCZ010000013

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

P09606, Q6P7Q9

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

A0A8I5Y1V3, A6ICW8

Related

ENSRNOP00000065890.3, ENSRNOT00000075480.4

Conserved Domains (1) summary

PLN02284
Location:18 → 362

PLN02284; glutamine synthetase

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_036323735.1-RS_2024_02

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCr8

Genomic

NC_086031.1 Reference GRCr8

Range

68519500..68585554

Download

GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

XM_039090368.2 → XP_038946296.1 glutamine synthetase isoform X2

Conserved Domains (1) summary

PLN02284
Location:18 → 362

PLN02284; glutamine synthetase
XM_039090367.2 → XP_038946295.1 glutamine synthetase isoform X1

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

A0A8I5Y1V3, A0A8L2QX10

Related

ENSRNOP00000078038.2, ENSRNOT00000118700.2

Conserved Domains (1) summary

PLN02284
Location:52 → 396

PLN02284; glutamine synthetase