Ghrl ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide [Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: Ghrlprovided by RGD
Official Full Name: ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptideprovided by RGD
Primary source: RGD:632283
See related: AllianceGenome:RGD:632283
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: VALIDATED
Organism: Rattus norvegicus
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha; Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Rattus
Summary: Enables ghrelin receptor binding activity and growth hormone-releasing hormone activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of cytokine production; positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion; and regulation of digestive system process. Acts upstream of or within negative regulation of insulin secretion. Is active in Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse and glutamatergic synapse. Used to study middle cerebral artery infarction. Biomarker of multiple endocrine neoplasia and obstructive sleep apnea. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in diabetic neuropathy; esophagus adenocarcinoma; morbid obesity; obesity; and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Orthologous to human GHRL (ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Dec 2024]
Expression: Biased expression in Heart (RPKM 72.3), Muscle (RPKM 49.9) and 9 other tissues See more
Orthologs: human mouse all
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Genomic context

Location:: 4q42

Exon count:: 4

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
RS_2024_02	current	GRCr8 (GCF_036323735.1)	4	NC_086022.1 (148421315..148431128, complement)
RS_2023_06	previous assembly	mRatBN7.2 (GCF_015227675.2)	4	NC_051339.1 (146865712..146869621, complement)
106	previous assembly	Rnor_6.0 (GCF_000001895.5)	4	NC_005103.4 (145674157..145678066, complement)

Chromosome 4 - NC_086022.1 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to reference sequence details

Genomic Sequence:

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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See details

Project title: A rat RNA-Seq transcriptomic BodyMap across 11 organs and 4 developmental stages
Description: 320 RNA samples isolated from 11 organs (adrenal gland, brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, spleen, thymus, and testes or uterus) from both sexes of Fischer 344 rats across four developmental stages (2-, 6-, 21-, and 104-weeks-old)
BioProject: PRJNA238328
Publication: PMID 24510058
Analysis date: Mon Jun 6 17:44:12 2016

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Ghrelin Modulates Voltage-Gated Ca[2+] Channels through Voltage-Dependent and Voltage-Independent Pathways in Rat Gastric Vagal Afferent Neurons.
Title: Ghrelin Modulates Voltage-Gated Ca(2+) Channels through Voltage-Dependent and Voltage-Independent Pathways in Rat Gastric Vagal Afferent Neurons.
Ghrelin mediated cardioprotection using in vitro models of oxidative stress.
Title: Ghrelin mediated cardioprotection using in vitro models of oxidative stress.
Ghrelin suppresses hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced H9C2 cell pyroptosis via NLRP3.
Title: Ghrelin suppresses hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced H9C2 cell pyroptosis via NLRP3.
Ghrelin/GHSR Axis Induced M2 Macrophage and Alleviated Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in a Sepsis Rat Model by Inactivating E2F1/NF-kappaB Signaling.
Title: Ghrelin/GHSR Axis Induced M2 Macrophage and Alleviated Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in a Sepsis Rat Model by Inactivating E2F1/NF-κB Signaling.
Does ghrelin regulate intestinal motility in rabbits? An in vitro study using isolated duodenal strips.
Title: Does ghrelin regulate intestinal motility in rabbits? An in vitro study using isolated duodenal strips.
Ghrelin prevents lethality in a rat endotoxemic model through central effects on the vagal pathway and adenosine A2B signaling : Brain ghrelin and anti-septic action.
Title: Ghrelin prevents lethality in a rat endotoxemic model through central effects on the vagal pathway and adenosine A2B signaling : Brain ghrelin and anti-septic action.
Unveiling IL-33/ST2 Pathway Unbalance in Cardiac Remodeling Due to Obesity in Zucker Fatty Rats.
Title: Unveiling IL-33/ST2 Pathway Unbalance in Cardiac Remodeling Due to Obesity in Zucker Fatty Rats.
Involvement of ghrelin in the regulation of swallowing motor activity in an arterially perfused rat preparation.
Title: Involvement of ghrelin in the regulation of swallowing motor activity in an arterially perfused rat preparation.
Study of the Ghrelin/LEAP-2 Ratio in Humans and Rats during Different Phases of Pregnancy.
Title: Study of the Ghrelin/LEAP-2 Ratio in Humans and Rats during Different Phases of Pregnancy.
From an Empty Stomach to Anxiolysis: Molecular and Behavioral Assessment of Sex Differences in the Ghrelin Axis of Rats.
Title: From an Empty Stomach to Anxiolysis: Molecular and Behavioral Assessment of Sex Differences in the Ghrelin Axis of Rats.

Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (302)

General gene information

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Markers

Ghrl (e-PCR), detects polymorphism
- UniSTS:506935

RH134973 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:218250

BF408077 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:248746

PMC262394P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:272300

PMC262394P3 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:272302

Gene Ontology Provided by RGD

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables G protein-coupled receptor binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
enables ghrelin receptor binding	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables ghrelin receptor binding	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables ghrelin receptor binding	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
enables growth hormone-releasing hormone activity	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables growth hormone-releasing hormone activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables growth hormone-releasing hormone activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables hormone activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables protein tyrosine kinase activator activity	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
enables protein tyrosine kinase activator activity	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
involved_in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in actin polymerization or depolymerization	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in actin polymerization or depolymerization	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in adult feeding behavior	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in adult feeding behavior	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in decidualization	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in decidualization	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within dendrite development	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within excitatory postsynaptic potential	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in gastric acid secretion	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in gastric acid secretion	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in negative regulation of apoptotic process	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in negative regulation of apoptotic process	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in negative regulation of apoptotic process	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in negative regulation of inflammatory response	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in negative regulation of inflammatory response	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in negative regulation of inflammatory response	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within negative regulation of insulin secretion	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within negative regulation of insulin secretion	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in negative regulation of interleukin-6 production	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in negative regulation of interleukin-6 production	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within negative regulation of locomotion	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in positive regulation of MAPK cascade	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of MAPK cascade	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in positive regulation of adipose tissue development	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of appetite	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
NOT acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of appetite	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of appetite	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of appetite	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of appetite	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in positive regulation of bone development	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of corticotropin secretion	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of cortisol secretion	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of eating behavior	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of feeding behavior	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of growth	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of growth hormone secretion	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in positive regulation of growth hormone secretion	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of growth hormone secretion	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of growth rate	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of insulin secretion	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of insulin secretion	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of response to food	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of small intestinal transit	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of sprouting angiogenesis	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of synapse assembly	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of cell population proliferation	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in regulation of cell population proliferation	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in regulation of gastric motility	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of postsynapse organization	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of postsynapse organization	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of response to food	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in regulation of response to food	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of response to food	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in regulation of transmission of nerve impulse	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in response to electrical stimulus	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed
involved_in response to estrogen	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in response to estrogen	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in response to hormone	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in response to hormone	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in response to nutrient levels	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed
involved_in signal transduction	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
acts_upstream_of synapse assembly	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
is_active_in Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
is_active_in Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
located_in axon	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
located_in axon	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
located_in cytoplasm	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
located_in extracellular region	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
located_in extracellular region	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
located_in extracellular region	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
is_active_in extracellular space	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in extracellular space	IC Inferred by Curator more info	PubMed
located_in extracellular space	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
located_in extracellular space	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
located_in extracellular space	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
is_active_in glutamatergic synapse	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
is_active_in glutamatergic synapse	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
is_active_in neuronal dense core vesicle lumen	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
located_in postsynapse	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info

General protein information

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Preferred Names: appetite-regulating hormone

Names: ghrelin/obestatin prepropeptide; growth hormone secretagogue; growth hormone-releasing peptide; motilin-related peptide

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_021669.2 → NP_067701.1 appetite-regulating hormone preproprotein

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_067701.1

Status: VALIDATED

Source sequence(s)

AB029433, BF543543

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

Q9ET69, Q9QYH7

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

A6IBU0

Conserved Domains (2) summary

pfam04643
Location:57 → 115

Motilin_assoc; Motilin/ghrelin-associated peptide

pfam04644
Location:24 → 51

Motilin_ghrelin; Motilin/ghrelin