PHD finger 1 found in PHD finger protein 10 (PHF10) and similar proteins; PHF10, also termed BRG1-associated factor 45a (BAF45a), or XAP135, is a ubiquitously expressed transcriptional regulator that is required for maintaining the undifferentiated status of neuroblasts. It contains a SAY (supporter of activation of yellow) domain and two adjacent plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers. This model corresponds to the first PHD finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 194328734 379 ICGICLKGKESNKkGKAESLIHCSQCENSGHPSCLDMTMELVSMIKTYPWQCMEC 433
Cdd:cd15528    1 VCGICEKGGKSNK-GEPEELIHCSQCGNSGHPSCLEMSDEMVAVIKTYPWQCMEC 54

PHD finger 1 found in PHD finger protein 10 (PHF10) and similar proteins; PHF10, also termed BRG1-associated factor 45a (BAF45a), or XAP135, is a ubiquitously expressed transcriptional regulator that is required for maintaining the undifferentiated status of neuroblasts. It contains a SAY (supporter of activation of yellow) domain and two adjacent plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers. This model corresponds to the first PHD finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 194328734 379 ICGICLKGKESNKkGKAESLIHCSQCENSGHPSCLDMTMELVSMIKTYPWQCMEC 433
Cdd:cd15528    1 VCGICEKGGKSNK-GEPEELIHCSQCGNSGHPSCLEMSDEMVAVIKTYPWQCMEC 54

PHD-finger; PHD folds into an interleaved type of Zn-finger chelating 2 Zn ions in a similar manner to that of the RING and FYVE domains. Several PHD fingers have been identified as binding modules of methylated histone H3.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 194328734  436 CIICGQPHHEEEMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCVGLG----AIPSGRWICDCCQRA 481
Cdd:pfam00628   2 CAVCGKSDDGGELVQCDGCDDWFHLACLGPPldpaEIPSGEWLCPECKPK 51

PHD-finger; PHD folds into an interleaved type of Zn-finger chelating 2 Zn ions in a similar manner to that of the RING and FYVE domains. Several PHD fingers have been identified as binding modules of methylated histone H3.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 194328734  379 ICGICLKGKESNKkgkaesLIHCSQCENSGHPSCLDMTMElVSMIKTYPWQCMECKTC 436
Cdd:pfam00628   1 YCAVCGKSDDGGE------LVQCDGCDDWFHLACLGPPLD-PAEIPSGEWLCPECKPK 51

PHD zinc finger-containing protein [General function prediction only];

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 194328734 433 CKTCIICGQPHHE--EEMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCVGLGAIPSGRWICDCCQRAP 482
Cdd:COG5141  193 DDICTKCTSTHNEnsNAIVFCDGCEICVHQSCYGIQFLPEGFWLCRKCIYGE 244

N-terminal winged helix DNA-binding domain found in SMARCB1, PHF10 and similar proteins; The family includes SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily B member 1 (SMARCB1) and PHD finger protein 10 (PHF10), both of which have an N-terminal winged helix DNA-binding domain that is structurally related to the SKI/SNO/DAC domain found in a number of metazoan chromatin-associated proteins. SMARCB1, also termed BRG1-associated factor 47 (BAF47), or integrase interactor 1 protein (INI1), or SNF5, or SNF5L1, is a core component of the BAF (hSWI/SNF) complex, an ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complex that plays important roles in cell proliferation and differentiation, in cellular antiviral activities and inhibition of tumor formation. PHF10, also termed BRG1-associated factor 45a (BAF45a), or XAP135, is involved in transcription activity regulation by chromatin remodeling. It is a component of the neural progenitors-specific chromatin remodeling complex (npBAF complex) and plays a role in the proliferation of neural progenitors.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 194328734  73 NLIEYKWPPDEtGEYYMLQEQVSEYLGV-TSFKRKYPDLERRDLSHKEKLYLRELNVITETQCTLGLTALRSDEVIDLMI 151
Cdd:cd21055    1 KPFEYQWPPKS-GEYYMLQSQVGEYLGVrGSLYRKYPDLWRRQATAEERKYLKELGLVTETQLALGLTALKASEVEDLMA 79

                 .
gi 194328734 152 K 152
Cdd:cd21055   80 G 80

PHD finger 2 found in PHD finger protein 10 (PHF10) and similar proteins; PHF10, also termed BRG1-associated factor 45a (BAF45a), or XAP135, is a ubiquitously expressed transcriptional regulator that is required for maintaining the undifferentiated status of neuroblasts. It contains a SAY (supporter of activation of yellow) domain and two adjacent plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers. This model corresponds to the second PHD finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 194328734 435 TCIICGQPHHEEEMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCVGLGAIPSGRWICDCC 478
Cdd:cd15529    1 TCTKCGDPHDEDKMMFCDQCDRGYHTFCVGLRSIPDGRWICPLC 44

PHD finger 1 found in monocytic leukemia zinc-finger protein (MOZ), its factor (MORF), and d4 gene family proteins; MOZ is a MYST-type histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that functions as a coactivator for acute myeloid leukemia 1 protein (AML1)- and p53-dependent transcription. It possesses intrinsic HAT activity and to acetylate both itself and lysine (K) residues on histone H2B, histone H3 (K14) and histone H4 (K5, K8, K12 and K16) in vitro and H3K9 in vivo. MOZ-related factor (MORF) is a ubiquitously expressed transcriptional regulator with intrinsic HAT activity. It can interact with the Runt-domain transcription factor Runx2 and form a tetrameric complex with BRPFs, ING5, and EAF6. Both MOZ and MORF are catalytic subunits of HAT complexes that are required for normal developmental programs, such as hematopoiesis, neurogenesis, and skeletogenesis, and are implicated in human leukemias. MOZ is also the catalytic subunit of a tetrameric inhibitor of growth 5 (ING5) complex, which specifically acetylates nucleosomal histone H3K14. Moreover, MOZ and MORF are involved in regulating transcriptional activation mediated by Runx2 (or Cbfa1), a Runt-domain transcription factor known to play important roles in T cell lymphoma genesis and bone development, and its homologs. This family also includes three members of the d4 gene family, DPF1 (neuro-d4), DPF2 (ubi-d4/Requiem), and DPF3 (cer-d4), which function as transcription factors and are involved in transcriptional regulation of genes via changing the condensed/decondensed state of chromatin in nucleus. DPF2 is ubiquitously expressed and it acts as a transcription factor that may participate in developmentally programmed cell death. DPF1 and DPF3 are expressed predominantly in neural tissues, and they may be involved in the transcription regulation of neuro specific gene clusters. All family members contain two plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers. This model corresponds to the first PHD finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 194328734 379 ICGICLKGKE-SNKKGKAESLIHCSQCENSGHPSCLDMTMELVSMIKTYPWQCMEC 433
Cdd:cd15526    1 ICDFCLGTDEkNNKTGEPEELISCADCGSSGHPSCLKFSPGLTDAVKSYRWQCIEC 56

PHD finger 1 found in monocytic leukemia zinc-finger protein (MOZ); MOZ, also termed histone acetyltransferase KAT6A, YBF2/SAS3, SAS2 and TIP60 protein 3 (MYST-3), or runt-related transcription factor-binding protein 2, or zinc finger protein 220, is a MYST-type histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that functions as a coactivator for acute myeloid leukemia 1 protein (AML1)- and p53-dependent transcription. It possesses intrinsic HAT activity to acetylate both itself and lysine (K) residues on histone H2B, histone H3 (K14) and histone H4 (K5, K8, K12 and K16) in vitro and H3K9 in vivo. MOZ and MOZ-related factor (MORF) are catalytic subunits of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complexes that are required for normal developmental programs, such as hematopoiesis, neurogenesis, and skeletogenesis, and implicated in human leukemias. It is also the catalytic subunit of a tetrameric inhibitor of growth 5 (ING5) complex, which specifically acetylates nucleosomal histone H3K14. Moreover, MOZ and MORF are involved in regulating transcriptional activation mediated by Runx2 (or Cbfa1), a Runt-domain transcription factor known to play important roles in T cell lymphomagenesis and bone development, and its homologs. MOZ contains a linker histone 1 and histone 5 domains and two plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers. The model corresponds to the first PHD finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 194328734 376 PNAICGICLKGKESNKKGKAESLIHCSQCENSGHPSCLDMTMELVSMIKTYPWQCMECK 434
Cdd:cd15688    1 PIPICSFCLGTKEQNREKKPEELISCADCGNSGHPSCLKFSPELTVRVKALRWQCIECK 59

PHD finger 1 found in D4, zinc and double PHD fingers family 1 (DPF1); DPF1, also termed zinc finger protein neuro-d4, or BRG1-associated factor 45B (BAF45B), is encoded by a neuro specific gene, neuro-d4. It may be involved in the transcription regulation of neuro specific gene clusters. DPF1 contains a nuclear localization signal in the N-terminal region, a Cys2His2 (C2H2) zinc finger or Kruppel-type zinc-finger and a sequence of negatively charged amino acids in the central, and a cysteine/histidine-rich region that is composed of two adjacent plant homeodomain (PHD)-fingers (d4-domain) in the C-terminal part of the molecule. The family corresponds to the first PHD finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 194328734 375 IPNAICGICLKGkeSNKKGKAESLIHCSQCENSGHPSCLDMTMELVSMIKTYPWQCMECK 434
Cdd:cd15690    1 IPNGYCDFCLGG--AKKTGCPEDLISCADCGRSGHPSCLQFTVNMTAAVRTYRWQCIECK 58

PHD finger 1 found in monocytic leukemia zinc finger protein-related factor (MORF); MORF, also termed MOZ2, or histone acetyltransferase KAT6B, or MOZ, YBF2/SAS3, SAS2 and TIP60 protein 4 (MYST4), is a ubiquitously expressed transcriptional regulator with intrinsic histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity. It can interact with the Runt-domain transcription factor Runx2 and form a tetrameric complex with BRPFs, ING5, and EAF6. MORF and monocytic leukemia zinc-finger protein (MOZ) are catalytic subunits of HAT complexes that are required for normal developmental programs, such as hematopoiesis, neurogenesis, and skeletogenesis, and are also implicated in human leukemias. MORF contains an N-terminal region containing two plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers, a putative HAT domain, an acidic region, and a C-terminal Ser/Met-rich domain. The model corresponds to the first PHD finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 194328734 376 PNAICGICLKGKESNKKGKAESLIHCSQCENSGHPSCLDMTMELVSMIKTYPWQCMECK 434
Cdd:cd15689    1 PIPICSFCLGTKESNREKKPEELLSCADCGSSGHPSCLKFCPELTANVKALRWQCIECK 59

PHD finger 2 found in monocytic leukemia zinc-finger protein (MOZ) and its factor (MORF); MOZ, also termed histone acetyltransferase KAT6A, YBF2/SAS3, SAS2 and TIP60 protein 3 (MYST-3), or runt-related transcription factor-binding protein 2, or zinc finger protein 220, is a MYST-type histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that functions as a coactivator for acute myeloid leukemia 1 protein (AML1)- and p53-dependent transcription. It possesses intrinsic HAT activity to acetylate both itself and lysine (K) residues on histone H2B, histone H3 (K14) and histone H4 (K5, K8, K12 and K16) in vitro and H3K9 in vivo. MOZ-related factor (MORF), also termed MOZ2, or histone acetyltransferase KAT6B, or MOZ, YBF2/SAS3, SAS2 and TIP60 protein 4 (MYST4), is a ubiquitously expressed transcriptional regulator with intrinsic HAT activity. It can interact with the Runt-domain transcription factor Runx2 and form a tetrameric complex with BRPFs, ING5, and EAF6. Both MOZ and MORF are catalytic subunits of HAT complexes that are required for normal developmental programs, such as hematopoiesis, neurogenesis, and skeletogenesis, and are also implicated in human leukemias. MOZ is also the catalytic subunit of a tetrameric inhibitor of growth 5 (ING5) complex, which specifically acetylates nucleosomal histone H3K14. Moreover, MOZ and MORF are involved in regulating transcriptional activation mediated by Runx2 (or Cbfa1), a Runt-domain transcription factor known to play important roles in T cell lymphomagenesis and bone development, and its homologs. MOZ contains a linker histone 1 and histone 5 domains and two plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers. In contrast, MORF contains an N-terminal region containing two PHD fingers, a putative HAT domain, an acidic region, and a C-terminal Ser/Met-rich domain. The family corresponds to the first PHD finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 194328734 435 TCIICGQPHHEEEMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCVG--LGAIPSGRWICDCC 478
Cdd:cd15527    1 TCSVCQDSGNADNLLFCDACDKGFHMECHDppLTRMPKGKWVCQIC 46

PHD-finger; PHD folds into an interleaved type of Zn-finger chelating 2 Zn ions in a similar manner to that of the RING and FYVE domains. Several PHD fingers have been identified as binding modules of methylated histone H3.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 194328734  436 CIICGQPHHEEEMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCVGLG----AIPSGRWICDCCQRA 481
Cdd:pfam00628   2 CAVCGKSDDGGELVQCDGCDDWFHLACLGPPldpaEIPSGEWLCPECKPK 51

PHD finger 1 found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe Lid2 complex component Lid2p and similar proteins; Lid2p is a trimethyl H3K4 (H3K4me3) demethylase responsible for H3K4 hypomethylation in heterochromatin. It interacts with the histone lysine-9 methyltransferase, Clr4, through the Dos1/Clr8-Rik1 complex, and mediates H3K9 methylation and small RNA production. It also acts cooperatively with the histone modification enzymes Set1 and Lsd1 and plays an essential role in cross-talk between H3K4 and H3K9 methylation in euchromatin. Lid2p contains a JmjC domain, three PHD fingers and a JmjN domain. This model corresponds to the first PHD finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 194328734 435 TCIICGQPHHEEEMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCVG--LGAIPSGRWICDCC 478
Cdd:cd15519    1 GCEVCGLDDNEGEVLLCDGCDAEYHTSCLDppLGEIPPGTWFCPSC 46

PHD finger found in bromodomain and PHD finger-containing (BRPF) proteins; The family of BRPF proteins includes BRPF1, BRD1/BRPF2, and BRPF3. They are scaffold proteins that form monocytic leukemic zinc-finger protein (MOZ)/MOZ-related factor (MORF) H3 histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complexes with other regulatory subunits, such as inhibitor of growth 5 (ING5) and Esa1-associated factor 6 ortholog (EAF6). BRPF proteins have multiple domains, including a canonical Cys4HisCys3 plant homeodomain (PHD) zinc finger followed by a non-canonical extended PHD (ePHD) finger, Cys2HisCys5HisCys2His, a bromodomain and a proline-tryptophan-tryptophan-proline (PWWP) domain. PHD and ePHD fingers both bind to lysine 4 of histone H3 (K4H3), bromodomains interact with acetylated lysines on N-terminal tails of histones and other proteins, and PWWP domains show histone-binding and chromatin association properties. This model corresponds to the canonical Cys4HisCys3 PHD finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 194328734 436 CIIC--GQPHHEEEMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCVGLGAIPSGRWICDCCQRAP 482
Cdd:cd15572    4 CCICldGECQNSNVILFCDMCNLAVHQECYGVPYIPEGQWLCRRCLQSP 52

PHD finger 2 found in Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2C (KMT2C) and 2D (KMT2D); KMT2C, also termed myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia protein 3 (MLL3) or homologous to ALR protein, is a histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) lysine methyltransferase that functions as a circadian factor contributing to genome-scale circadian transcription. It is a component of a large complex that acts as a coactivator of multiple transcription factors, including the bile acid (BA)-activated nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a critical player in BA homeostasis. The MLL3 complex is essential for p53 transactivation of small heterodimer partner (SHP). KMT2C is also a part of activating signal cointegrator-2 (ASC-2)-containing complex (ASCOM) that contains the transcriptional coactivator nuclear receptor coactivator 6 (NCOA6), KMT2C and its paralog MLL4. The ASCOM complex is critical for nuclear receptor (NR) activation of bile acid transporter genes and is down regulated in cholestasis. KMT2D, also termed ALL1-related protein (ALR), is encoded by the gene that was named MLL4, a fourth human homolog of Drosophila trithorax, located on chromosome 12. It enzymatically generates trimethylated histone H3 Lysine 4 (H3K4me3). It plays an essential role in differentiating the human pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cell line NTERA-2 clone D1 (NT2/D1) stem cells by activating differentiation-specific genes, such as HOXA1-3 and NESTIN. KMT2D is also a part of ASCOM. Both KMT2C and KMT2D contain the catalytic domain SET, five plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers, two extended PHD (ePHD) fingers, Cys2HisCys5HisCys2His, a RING finger, an HMG (high-mobilitygroup)-binding motif, and two FY-rich regions. This model corresponds to the second PHD finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 194328734 436 CIICGQPHHEEEMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCVG--LGAIPSGRWICDCC 478
Cdd:cd15510    2 CQACRQPGDDTKMLVCETCDKGYHTSCLRpvMSSIPKYGWKCKNC 46

PHD finger 2 found in d4 gene family proteins; The family includes proteins coded by three members of the d4 gene family, DPF1 (neuro-d4), DPF2 (ubi-d4/Requiem), and DPF3 (cer-d4), which function as transcription factors and are involved in transcriptional regulation of genes by changing the condensed/decondensed state of chromatin in the nucleus. DPF2 is ubiquitously expressed and it acts as a transcription factor that may participate in developmentally programmed cell death. DPF1 and DPF3 are expressed predominantly in neural tissues, and they may be involved in the transcription regulation of neuro-specific gene clusters. The d4 family proteins show distinct domain organization with domain 2/3 in the N-terminal region, a Cys2His2 (C2H2) zinc finger or Kruppel-type zinc finger in the central part and two adjacent plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers (d4-domain) in the C-terminal part of the molecule. This model corresponds to the second PHD finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 194328734 435 TCIICGQPHHEEEMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCVG--LGAIPSGRWICDCC 478
Cdd:cd15530    1 SCSLCGTSENDDQLLFCDDCDRGYHMYCLSppMSEPPEGSWSCHLC 46

PHD finger 1 found in Lysine-specific demethylase KDM5A, KDM5B, KDM5C, KDM5D and similar proteins; The JARID subfamily within the JmjC proteins includes Lysine-specific demethylase KDM5A, KDM5B, KDM5C, KDM5D and a Drosophila homolog, protein little imaginal discs (Lid). KDM5A was originally identified as a retinoblastoma protein (Rb)-binding partner and its inactivation may be important for Rb to promote differentiation. It is involved in transcription through interacting with TBP, p107, nuclear receptors, Myc, Sin3/HDAC, Mad1, RBP-J, CLOCK and BMAL1. KDM5B has a restricted expression pattern in the testis, ovary, and transiently in the mammary gland of the pregnant female and has been shown to be upregulated in breast cancer, prostate cancer, and lung cancer, suggesting a potential role in tumorigenesis. Both KDM5A and KDM5B function as trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) demethylases. KDM5C is a H3K4 trimethyl-histone demethylase that catalyzes demethylation of H3K4me3 and H3K4me2 to H3K4me1. It plays a role in neuronal survival and dendrite development. KDM5C defects are associated with X-linked mental retardation (XLMR). KDM5D is a male-specific antigen that shows a demethylase activity specific for di- and tri-methylated histone H3K4 (H3K4me2 and H3K4me3), and has a male-specific function as a histone H3K4 demethylase by recruiting a meiosis-regulatory protein, MSH5, to condensed DNA. KDM5D directly interacts with a polycomb-like protein Ring6a/MBLR, and plays a role in regulation of transcriptional initiation through H3K4 demethylation. This family also includes Drosophila melanogaster protein little imaginal discs (Lid) that functions as a JmjC-dependent H3K4me3 demethylase, which is required for dMyc-induced cell growth. It positively regulates Hox gene expression in S2 cells. Members in this family contain the catalytic JmjC domain, JmjN, the BRIGHT domain, which is an AT-rich interacting domain (ARID), and a Cys5HisCys2 zinc finger, as well as two or three plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers. This model corresponds to the first PHD finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 194328734 436 CIICGQPHHEEEMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCV--GLGAIPSGRWICDCC 478
Cdd:cd15515    2 CQVCGRGDDEDKLLLCDGCDDSYHTFCLipPLPDIPPGDWRCPKC 46

PHD finger 2 found in Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2D (KMT2D); KMT2D, also termed ALL1-related protein (ALR), is encoded by the gene that was named myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia 4 (MLL4), a fourth human homolog of Drosophila trithorax, located on chromosome 12. KMT2D enzymatically generates trimethylated histone H3 Lys 4 (H3K4me3). It plays an essential role in differentiating the human pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cell line NTERA-2 clone D1 (NT2/D1) stem cells by activating differentiation-specific genes, such asHOXA1-3 and NESTIN. It is also a part of activating signal cointegrator-2 (ASC-2)-containing complex (ASCOM) that contains the transcriptional coactivator nuclear receptor coactivator 6 (NCOA6), KMT2C and KMT2D. The ASCOM complex is critical for nuclear receptor (NR) activation of bile acid transporter genes and is down regulated in cholestasis. KMT2D contains the catalytic domain SET, five plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers, two extended PHD (ePHD) fingers, Cys2HisCys5HisCys2His, a RING finger, an HMG (high-mobility group)-binding motif, and two FY-rich regions. This model corresponds to the second PHD finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 194328734 436 CIICGQPHHEEEMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCV--GLGAIPSGRWICDCC 478
Cdd:cd15595    2 CQTCRKPGEDSKMLVCEACDKGYHTFCLkpAMESLPTDSWKCKAC 46

PHD finger found in PHD and RING finger domain-containing protein 1 (PHRF1); PHRF1, also termed KIAA1542, or CTD-binding SR-like protein rA9, is a ubiquitin ligase that induces the ubiquitination of TGIF (TG-interacting factor) at lysine 130. It acts as a tumor suppressor that promotes the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta cytostatic program through selective release of TGIF-driven promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) inactivation. PHRF1 contains a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger and a RING finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 194328734 436 CIICGQPHHEEEMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCVG--LGAIPSGRWICDCC 478
Cdd:cd15536    2 CEVCGRSDREDRLLLCDGCDAGYHMECLTppLDEVPIEEWFCPEC 46

PHD finger found in bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain protein 2A (BAZ2A); BAZ2A, also termed transcription termination factor I-interacting protein 5 (TTF-I-interacting protein 5, or Tip5), or WALp3, is an epigenetic regulator. It has been implicated in epigenetic rRNA gene silencing, as the large subunit of the SNF2h-containing chromatin-remodeling complex NoRC that induces nucleosome sliding in an ATP- and histone H4 tail-dependent fashion. BAZ2A has also been shown to be broadly overexpressed in prostate cancer, to regulate numerous protein-coding genes and to cooperate with EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) to maintain epigenetic silencing at genes repressed in prostate cancer metastasis. Its overexpression is tightly associated with a prostate cancer subtype displaying CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) in tumors and with prostate cancer recurrence in patients. It contains a TAM (TIP5/ARBP/MBD) domain, a DDT domain, four AT-hooks, BAZ 1 and BAZ 2 motifs, a WAKZ (WSTF/Acf1/KIAA0314/ZK783.4) motif, a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger, and a bromodomain.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 194328734 435 TCIICGQPHHEEEMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCV--GLGAIPSGRWICDCC 478
Cdd:cd15629    1 TCLVCRKGDNDEYLLLCDGCDRGCHMYCHrpKMLQVPEGDWFCPNC 46

PHD finger found in proteins Jade-1, Jade-2, Jade-3, and similar proteins; This family includes proteins Jade-1 (PHF17), Jade-2 (PHF15), and Jade-3 (PHF16), each of which is required for ING4 and ING5 to associate with histone acetyltransferase (HAT) HBO1 and EAF6 to form a HBO1 complex that has a histone H4-specific acetyltransferase activity, a reduced activity toward histone H3, and is responsible for the bulk of histone H4 acetylation in vivo. This family also contains Drosophila melanogaster PHD finger protein rhinoceros (RNO). It is a novel plant homeodomain (PHD)-containing nuclear protein that may function as a transcription factor that antagonizes Ras signaling by regulating transcription of key EGFR/Ras pathway regulators in the Drosophila eye. All Jade proteins contain a canonical Cys4HisCys3 PHD finger followed by a non-canonical extended PHD (ePHD) finger, Cys2HisCys5HisCys2His, both of which are zinc-binding motifs. This model corresponds to the canonical Cys4HisCys3 PHD finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 194328734 436 CIICGQPHHEE--EMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCVGLGAIPSGRWICDCC 478
Cdd:cd15573    2 CDVCRSPDSEEgnEMVFCDKCNICVHQACYGIQKIPEGSWLCRTC 46

PHD finger 1 found in Lysine-specific demethylase 5A (KDM5A); KDM5A (also termed Histone demethylase JARID1A, Jumonji/ARID domain-containing protein 1A, or Retinoblastoma-binding protein 2 (RBBP-2 or RBP2)) was originally identified as a retinoblastoma protein (Rb)-binding partner and its inactivation may be important for Rb to promote differentiation. It is involved in transcription through interacting with TBP, p107, nuclear receptors, Myc, Sin3/HDAC, Mad1, RBP-J, CLOCK and BMAL1. KDM5A functions as a trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) demethylase that belongs to the JARID subfamily within the JmjC proteins. It also displays DNA-binding activities that can recognize the specific DNA sequence CCGCCC. KDM5A contains the catalytic JmjC domain, JmjN, the BRIGHT domain, which is an AT-rich interacting domain (ARID), and a Cys5HisCys2 zinc finger, as well as three plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers. This model corresponds to the first PHD finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 194328734 436 CIICGQPHHEEEMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCV--GLGAIPSGRWICDCC 478
Cdd:cd15602    2 CLFCGRGNNEDKLLLCDGCDDSYHTFCLipPLPDVPKGDWRCPKC 46

PHD-finger; PHD folds into an interleaved type of Zn-finger chelating 2 Zn ions in a similar manner to that of the RING and FYVE domains. Several PHD fingers have been identified as binding modules of methylated histone H3.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 194328734  379 ICGICLKGKESNKkgkaesLIHCSQCENSGHPSCLDMTMElVSMIKTYPWQCMECKTC 436
Cdd:pfam00628   1 YCAVCGKSDDGGE------LVQCDGCDDWFHLACLGPPLD-PAEIPSGEWLCPECKPK 51

PHD finger 1 found in Lysine-specific demethylase 5C (KDM5C) and 5D (KDM5D); The family includes KDM5C and KDM5D, both of which belong to the JARID subfamily within the JmjC proteins. KDM5C (also termed Histone demethylase JARID1C, Jumonji/ARID domain-containing protein 1C, SmcX, or Xe169) is a H3K4 trimethyl-histone demethylase that catalyzes demethylation of H3K4me3 and H3K4me2 to H3K4me1. It plays a role in neuronal survival and dendrite development. KDM5C defects are associated with X-linked mental retardation (XLMR). KDM5D (also termed Histocompatibility Y antigen (H-Y), Histone demethylase JARID1D, Jumonji/ARID domain-containing protein 1D, or SmcY) is a male-specific antigen that shows a demethylase activity specific for di- and tri-methylated histone H3K4 (H3K4me3 andH3K4me2), and has a male-specific function as a histone H3K4 demethylase by recruiting a meiosis-regulatory protein, MSH5, to condensed DNA. KDM5D directly interacts with a polycomb-like protein Ring6a/MBLR, and plays a role in regulation of transcriptional initiation through H3K4 demethylation. Both KDM5C and KDM5D contain the catalytic JmjC domain, JmjN, the BRIGHT domain, which is an AT-rich interacting domain (ARID), and a Cys5HisCys2 zinc finger, as well as two plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers. This model corresponds to the first PHD finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 194328734 436 CIICGQPHHEEEMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCV--GLGAIPSGRWICDCC 478
Cdd:cd15604    2 CRMCSRGDEDDKLLLCDGCDDNYHTFCLlpPLPEPPKGIWRCPKC 46

N-terminal winged helix DNA-binding domain found in SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily B member 1 (SMARCB1) and similar proteins; SMARCB1, also termed BRG1-associated factor 47 (BAF47), or integrase interactor 1 protein (INI1), or SNF5, or SNF5L1, is a core component of the BAF (hSWI/SNF) complex, an ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complex that plays important roles in cell proliferation and differentiation, in cellular antiviral activities and inhibition of tumor formation. The model corresponds to the N-terminal winged helix DNA binding domain of SMARCB1, which is structurally related to the SKI/SNO/DAC domain that is found in a number of metazoan chromatin-associated proteins.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 194328734  82 DETGEYYMLQEQVSEYLGV--TSFKRKYPDLERRDLSHKEKLYLRELNVITETQCTLgLTALRSDEVIDLM 150
Cdd:cd21086   12 EEDGERYMIGSEVGNYLRLfrGSLYKKYPGLWRRQATSEERKKLVELGLSQHSLATN-VTLLKASEVEEIL 81

PHD finger found in bromodomain and PHD finger-containing protein 1 (BRPF1) and similar proteins; BRPF1, also termed peregrin or protein Br140, is a multi-domain protein that binds histones, mediates monocytic leukemic zinc-finger protein (MOZ)-dependent histone acetylation, and is required for Hox gene expression and segmental identity. It is a close partner of the MOZ histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complex and a novel Trithorax group (TrxG) member with a central role during development. BRPF1 is primarily a nuclear protein that has a broad tissue distribution and is abundant in testes and spermatogonia. It contains a canonical Cys4HisCys3 plant homeodomain (PHD) zinc finger followed by a non-canonical extended PHD (ePHD) finger, Cys2HisCys5HisCys2His, a bromodomain and a proline-tryptophan-tryptophan-proline (PWWP) domain. PHD and ePHD fingers both bind to lysine 4 of histone H3 (K4H3), bromodomains interact with acetylated lysines on N-terminal tails of histones and other proteins, and PWWP domains show histone-binding and chromatin association properties. BRPF1 may be involved in chromatin remodeling. This model corresponds to the canonical Cys4HisCys3 PHD finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 194328734 432 ECKTCIIC--GQPHHEEEMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCVGLGAIPSGRWICDCCQRAP 482
Cdd:cd15676    6 EDAVCCICndGECQNSNVILFCDMCNLAVHQECYGVPYIPEGQWLCRRCLQSP 58

PHD finger superfamily; The PHD finger superfamily includes a canonical plant homeodomain (PHD) finger typically characterized as Cys4HisCys3, and a non-canonical extended PHD finger, characterized as Cys2HisCys5HisCys2His. Variations include the RAG2 PHD finger characterized by Cys3His2Cys2His and the PHD finger 5 found in nuclear receptor-binding SET domain-containing proteins characterized by Cys4HisCys2His. The PHD finger is also termed LAP (leukemia-associated protein) motif or TTC (trithorax consensus) domain. Single or multiple copies of PHD fingers have been found in a variety of eukaryotic proteins involved in the control of gene transcription and chromatin dynamics. PHD fingers can recognize the unmodified and modified histone H3 tail, and some have been found to interact with non-histone proteins. They also function as epigenome readers controlling gene expression through molecular recruitment of multi-protein complexes of chromatin regulators and transcription factors. The PHD finger domain SF is structurally similar to the RING and FYVE_like superfamilies.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 194328734 379 ICGICLKGKESNkkgkaESLIHCSQCENSGHPSCLDMTMElvSMIKTYPWQCMEC 433
Cdd:cd15489    1 SCIVCGKGGDLG-----GELLQCDGCGKWFHADCLGPPLS--SFVPNGKWICPVC 48

PHD finger 2 found in class II Chromodomain-Helicase-DNA binding (CHD) proteins; Class II CHD proteins includes chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein CHD3, CHD4, and CHD5, which are nuclear and ubiquitously expressed chromatin remodelling ATPases generally associated with histone deacetylases (HDACs). They are involved in DNA Double Strand Break (DSB) signaling, DSB repair and/or p53-dependent pathways such as apoptosis and senescence, as well as in the maintenance of genomic stability, and/or cancer prevention. They function as subunits of the Nucleosome Remodelling and Deacetylase (NuRD) complex, which is generally associated with gene repression, heterochromatin formation, and overall chromatin compaction. In contrast to the class I CHD enzymes (CHD1 and CHD2), class II CHD proteins lack identifiable DNA-binding domains, but possess a C-terminal coiled-coil region. Moreover, in addition to the tandem chromodomains and a helicase domain, they all harbor tandem plant homeodomain (PHD) zinc fingers involved in the recognition of methylated histone tails. This model corresponds to the second PHD finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 194328734 436 CIICGQPhheEEMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCVG--LGAIPSGRWICDCC 478
Cdd:cd15532    2 CRVCKDG---GELLCCDGCPSSYHLHCLNppLAEIPDGDWFCPRC 43

PHD finger found in ubiquitin-like PHD and RING finger domain-containing protein UHRF1 and UHRF2; UHRF1 is a unique chromatin effector protein that integrates the recognition of both histone PTMs and DNA methylation. It is essential for cell proliferation and plays a critical role in the development and progression of many human carcinomas, such as laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), gastric cancer (GC), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer. UHRF1 acts as a transcriptional repressor through its binding to histone H3 when it is unmodified at Arg2. Its overexpression in human lung fibroblasts results in downregulation of expression of the tumour suppressor pRB. It also plays a role in transcriptional repression of the cell cycle regulator p21. Moreover, UHRF1-dependent repression of transcription factors can facilitate the G1-S transition. It interacts with Tat-interacting protein of 60 kDa (TIP60) and induces degradation-independent ubiquitination of TIP60. It is also an N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG)-interacting protein that binds MPG in a p53 status-independent manner in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway. In addition, UHRF1 functions as an epigenetic regulator that is important for multiple aspects of epigenetic regulation, including maintenance of DNA methylation patterns and recognition of various histone modifications. UHRF2 was originally identified as a ubiquitin ligase acting as a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase that enhances zinc finger protein 131 (ZNF131) SUMOylation but does not enhance ZNF131 ubiquitination. It also ubiquitinates PCNP, a PEST-containing nuclear protein. Moreover, UHRF2 functions as a nuclear protein involved in cell-cycle regulation and has been implicated in tumorigenesis. It interacts with cyclins, CDKs, p53, pRB, PCNA, HDAC1, DNMTs, G9a, methylated histone H3 lysine 9, and methylated DNA. It interacts with the cyclin E-CDK2 complex, ubiquitinates cyclins D1 and E1, induces G1 arrest, and is involved in the G1/S transition regulation. Furthermore, UHRF2 is a direct transcriptional target of the transcription factor E2F-1 in the induction of apoptosis. It recruits HDAC1 and binds to methyl-CpG. UHRF2 also participates in the maturation of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) by interacting with the HBV core protein and promoting its degradation. Both UHRF1 and UHRF2 contain an N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain (UBL), a tandem Tudor domain (TTD), a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger, a SET- and RING-associated (SRA) domain, and a C-terminal RING finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 194328734 436 CIICGQPHHEEEMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCVG--LGAIP-SGRWICDCC 478
Cdd:cd15525    2 CHVCGGKQDPEKQLLCDECDMAYHLYCLDppLTSLPdDDEWYCPDC 47

PHD zinc finger-containing protein [General function prediction only];

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 194328734 433 CKTCIICGQPHHE--EEMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCVGLGAIPSGRWICDCCQRAP 482
Cdd:COG5141  193 DDICTKCTSTHNEnsNAIVFCDGCEICVHQSCYGIQFLPEGFWLCRKCIYGE 244

PHD finger 1 found in polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2)-associated polycomb-like (PCL) family proteins MTF2, PHF19, and similar proteins; The family includes two PCL family proteins, metal-response element-binding transcription factor 2 (MTF2/PCL2) and PHF19/PCL3, which are homologs of PHD finger protein1 (PHF1). PCL family proteins are accessory components of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) core complex and all contain an N-terminal Tudor domain followed by two PHD fingers, and a C-terminal MTF2 domain. They specifically recognize tri-methylated H3K36 (H3K36me3) through their N-terminal Tudor domains. The interaction between their Tudor domains and H3K36me3 is critical for both the targeting and spreading of PRC2 into active chromatin regions and for the maintenance of optimal repression of poised developmental genes where PCL proteins, H3K36me3, and H3K27me3 coexist. Moreover, unlike other PHD finger-containing proteins, the first PHD fingers of PCL proteins do not display histone H3K4 binding affinity and they do not affect the Tudor domain binding to histones. This model corresponds to the first PHD finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 194328734 435 TCIICGQPHHEE--EMMFCDMCDRGYHTFC-----VGLGAIPSGRWICDCCQ 479
Cdd:cd15499    1 TCSICGGAEARDgnEILICDKCDKGYHQLChspkvRTSPLEGDEKWFCSRCV 52

PHD finger found in transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 3 (TAF3); TAF3 (also termed 140 kDa TATA box-binding protein-associated factor, TBP-associated factor 3, transcription initiation factor TFIID 140 kDa subunit (TAF140), or TAFII-140, is an integral component of TFIID) is a general initiation factor (GTF) that plays a key role in preinitiation complex (PIC) assembly through core promoter recognition. The interaction of H3K4me3 with TAF3 directs global TFIID recruitment to active genes, which regulates gene-selective functions of p53 in response to genotoxic stress. TAF3 is highly enriched in embryonic stem cells and is required for endoderm lineage differentiation and prevents premature specification of neuroectoderm and mesoderm. Moreover, TAF3, along with TRF3, forms a complex that is essential for myogenic differentiation. TAF3 contains a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger. This family also includes Drosophila melanogaster BIP2 (Bric-a-brac interacting protein 2) protein, which functions as an interacting partner of D. melanogaster p53 (Dmp53).

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 194328734 436 CIICGQPHHEEEMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCVGLGAIPSG--RWICDCC 478
Cdd:cd15522    2 CPICKKPDDGSPMIGCDECDDWYHWECVGITDEPPEedDWFCPKC 46

PHD finger 4 found in nuclear receptor-binding SET domain-containing (NSD) proteins; The nuclear receptor binding SET domain (NSD) protein is a family of three HMTases, NSD1, NSD2/MMSET/WHSC1, and NSD3/WHSC1L1, that are critical in maintaining chromatin integrity. Reducing NSD activity through specific lysine-HMTase inhibitors appears promising to help suppress cancer growth. NSD proteins have specific mono- and dimethylase activities for H3K36, and they play non-redundant roles during development. NSD1 plays a role in several pathologies, including but not limited to Sotos and Weaver syndromes, acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, neuroblastoma, and glioblastoma formation. NSD2 is involved in cancer cell proliferation, survival, and tumor growth, by mediating constitutive NF-kappaB signaling via the cytokine autocrine loop. NSD3 is amplified in human breast cancer cell lines. Moreover, translocation resulting in NUP98 fusion to NSD3 leads to development of acute myeloid leukemia. NSD proteins contain a catalytic suppressor of variegation, enhancer of zeste and trithorax (SET) domain, two proline-tryptophan-tryptophan-proline (PWWP) domains, five plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers, and an NSD-specific Cys-His rich domain (Cys5HisCysHis). This model corresponds to the fourth PHD finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 194328734 436 CIICGQPHHeeeMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCVGLGAIPSGRWICDCC 478
Cdd:cd15567    2 CFICSEGGS---LICCESCPASFHPECLGLEPPPEGKFYCEDC 41

PHD finger found in PHD finger protein 3 (PHF3), and death-inducer obliterator variants Dido1, Dido2, and Dido3; PHF3 is a human homolog of yeast protein bypass of Ess1 (Bye1), a nuclear protein with a domain resembling the central domain in the transcription elongation factor TFIIS. It is ubiquitously expressed in normal tissues including brain, but its expression is significantly reduced or lost in glioblastomas. PHF3 contains an N-terminal plant homeodomain (PHD) finger, a central RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-binding TFIIS-like domain (TLD) domain, and a C-terminal Spen paralogue and orthologue C-terminal (SPOC) domain. This family also includes Dido gene encoding three alternative splicing variants (Dido1, 2, and 3), which have been implicated in a number of cellular processes such as apoptosis and chromosomal segregation, particularly in the hematopoietic system. Dido1 is important for maintaining embryonic stem (ES) cells and directly regulates the expression of pluripotency factors. It is the shortest isoform that contains only a highly conserved PHD finger responsible for the binding of histone H3 with a higher affinity for trimethylated lysine4 (H3K4me3). Gene Dido1 is a Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) target gene and promotes BMP-induced melanoma progression. It also triggers apoptosis after nuclear translocation and caspase upregulation. Dido3 is the largest isoform and is ubiquitously expressed in all human tissues. It is dispensable for ES cell self-renewal and pluripotency, but is involved in the maintenance of stem cell genomic stability and tumorigenesis. Dido3 contains a PHD finger, a transcription elongation factor S-II subunit M (TFSIIM) domain, a SPOC module, and a long C-terminal region (CT) of unknown homology.

                         10        20
                 ....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 194328734 438 ICGQPHHEEEMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCVGL 465
Cdd:cd15552    3 ICRKPHNNRFMICCDRCEEWFHGDCVGI 30

PHD finger 1 found in histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A (KMT2A) and 2B (KMT2B); This family includes histone-lysine N-methyltransferase trithorax (Trx) like proteins, KMT2A (MLL1) and KMT2B (MLL2), which comprise the mammalian Trx branch of the COMPASS family, and are both essential for mammalian embryonic development. KMT2A regulates chromatin-mediated transcription through the catalysis of methylation of histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4), and is frequently rearranged in acute leukemia. KMT2A functions as the catalytic subunit in the MLL1 complex. KMT2B is a second human homolog of Drosophila trithorax, located on chromosome 19 and functions as the catalytic subunit in the MLL2 complex. It plays a critical role in memory formation through mediating hippocampal H3K4 di- and trimethylation. It is also required for RNA polymerase II association and protection from DNA methylation at the MagohB CpG island promoter. Both KMT2A and KMT2B contain a CxxC (x for any residue) zinc finger domain, three plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers, an extended PHD (ePHD) finger, Cys2HisCys5HisCys2His, two FY (phenylalanine tyrosine)-rich domains, and a SET (Suppressor of variegation, Enhancer of zeste, Trithorax) domain. This model corresponds to the first PHD finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 194328734 436 CIICGQPHHEEeMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCVGLGAIPS----GRWICDCC 478
Cdd:cd15506    2 CFLCGSAGLNE-LLYCSVCCEPYHTFCLEEAERPLninkDNWCCRRC 47

PHD finger found in Transcription factor 19 (TCF-19), Lysine-specific demethylase KDM5A and KDM5B, and other similar proteins; TCF-19 was identified as a putative trans-activating factor with expression beginning at the late G1-S boundary in dividing cells. It functions as a novel islet factor necessary for proliferation and survival in the INS-1 beta cell line. It plays an important role in susceptibility to both Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM); it has been suggested that it may positively impact beta cell mass under conditions of beta cell stress and increased insulin demand. KDM5A was originally identified as a retinoblastoma protein (Rb)-binding partner and its inactivation may be important for Rb to promote differentiation. It is involved in transcription through interaction with TBP, p107, nuclear receptors, Myc, Sin3/HDAC, Mad1, RBP-J, CLOCK, and BMAL1. KDM5B has a restricted expression pattern in the testis, ovary, and transiently in the mammary gland of the pregnant female and has been shown to be upregulated in breast cancer, prostate cancer, and lung cancer, suggesting a potential role in tumorigenesis. Both KDM5A and KDM5B function as trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) demethylases. This family also includes Caenorhabditis elegans Lysine-specific demethylase 7 homolog (ceKDM7A). ceKDM7A (also termed JmjC domain-containing protein 1.2, PHD finger protein 8 homolog, or PHF8 homolog) is a plant homeodomain (PHD)- and JmjC domain-containing protein that functions as a histone demethylase specific for H3K9me2 and H3K27me2. The binding of the PHD finger to H3K4me3 guides H3K9me2- and H3K27me2-specific demethylation by its catalytic JmjC domain in a trans-histone regulation mechanism. In addition, this family includes plant protein OBERON 1 and OBERON 2, Alfin1-like (AL) proteins, histone acetyltransferases (HATs) HAC, and AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 4 (ARID4).

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 194328734 436 CIICGQPHHEEEM--MFCDMCDRGYHTFCVGL----GAIPSgRWICDCC 478
Cdd:cd15517    2 CGICNLETAAVDElwVQCDGCDKWFHQFCLGLsnerYADED-KFKCPNC 49

PHD finger found in ubiquitin-like PHD and RING finger domain-containing protein 1 (UHRF1); UHRF1 (also termed inverted CCAAT box-binding protein of 90 kDa, nuclear protein 95, nuclear zinc finger protein Np95 (Np95), RING finger protein 106, transcription factor ICBP90, or E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UHRF1) is a unique chromatin effector protein that integrates the recognition of both histone PTMs and DNA methylation. It is essential for cell proliferation and plays a critical role in the development and progression of many human carcinomas, such as laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), gastric cancer (GC), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer. UHRF1 acts as a transcriptional repressor through its binding to histone H3 when it is unmodified at Arg2. Its overexpression in human lung fibroblasts results in downregulation of expression of the tumour suppressor pRB. It also plays a role in transcriptional repression of the cell cycle regulator p21. Moreover, UHRF1-dependent repression of transcription factors can facilitate the G1-S transition. It interacts with Tat-interacting protein of 60 kDa (TIP60) and induces degradation-independent ubiquitination of TIP60. It is also an N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG)-interacting protein that binds MPG in a p53 status-independent manner in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway. In addition, UHRF1 functions as an epigenetic regulator that is important for multiple aspects of epigenetic regulation, including maintenance of DNA methylation patterns and recognition of various histone modifications. UHRF1 contains an N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain (UBL), a tandem Tudor domain (TTD), a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger, a SET and RING finger associated (SRA) domain, and a C-terminal RING-finger domain. It specifically binds to hemimethylated DNA, double-stranded CpG dinucleotides, and recruits the maintenance methyltransferase DNMT1 to its hemimethylated DNA substrate through its SRA domain. UHRF1-dependent H3K23 ubiquitylation has an essential role in maintaining DNA methylation and replication. The tandem Tudor domain directs UHRF1 binding to the heterochromatin mark histone H3K9me3 and the PHD finger targets UHRF1 to unmodified histone H3 in euchromatic regions. The RING-finger domain exhibit both autocatalytic E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase activity and activity against histone H3 and DNMT1.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 194328734 436 CIICGQPHHEEEMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCVG--LGAIPS-GRWICDCC 478
Cdd:cd15616    2 CHVCGGKQDPDKQLMCDECDMAFHIYCLNppLSSIPDdEDWYCPEC 47

PHD domain 2 found in Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2B (KMT2B); KMT2B, also termed trithorax homolog 2 or WW domain-binding protein 7 (WBP-7), is encoded by the gene that was first named myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia 2 (MLL2), a second human homolog of Drosophila trithorax, located on chromosome 19. It belongs to the MLL subfamily of H3K4-specific histone lysine methyltransferases (KMT2) and is vital for normal mammalian embryonic development. KMT2B functions as the catalytic subunit in the MLL2 complex, which contains WDR5, RbBP5, ASH2L and DPY30 as integral core subunits required for the efficient methylation activity of the complex. The MLL2 complex is highly active and specific for histone 3lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation, which stimulates chromatin transcription in a SAM- and H3K4-dependent manner. Moreover, KMT2B plays a critical role in memory formation through mediating hippocampal H3K4 di- and trimethylation. It is also required for RNA polymerase II association and protection from DNA methylation at the MagohB CpG island promoter. KMT2B contains a CxxC (x for any residue) zinc finger domain, three plant homeodomain (PHD), an extended PHD (ePHD) finger, Cys2HisCys5HisCys2His, two FY (phenylalanine tyrosine)-rich domains, and a SET (Suppressor of variegation, Enhancer of zeste, Trithorax) domain. This model corresponds to the second PHD finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 194328734 380 CGIC-LKGKESnkkgkaESLIHCSQCENSGHPSCLDMTMELVSMIKTYPWQCMEC 433
Cdd:cd15591    2 CHVCgRKNKES------KPLLECERCRNCYHPACLGPNYPKPANRKKRPWICSAC 50

PHD finger 1 found in class II Chromodomain-Helicase-DNA binding (CHD) proteins; Class II CHD proteins includes chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein CHD3, CHD4, and CHD5, which are nuclear and ubiquitously expressed chromatin remodelling ATPases generally associated with histone deacetylases (HDACs). They are involved in DNA Double Strand Break (DSB) signaling, DSB repair and/or p53-dependent pathways such as apoptosis and senescence, as well as in the maintenance of genomic stability, and/or cancer prevention. They function as subunits of the Nucleosome Remodelling and Deacetylase (NuRD) complex, which is generally associated with gene repression, heterochromatin formation, and overall chromatin compaction. In contrast to the class I CHD enzymes (CHD1 and CHD2), class II CHD proteins lack identifiable DNA-binding domains, but possess a C-terminal coiled-coil region. Moreover, in addition to the tandem chromodomains and a helicase domain, they all harbor tandem plant homeodomain (PHD) zinc fingers involved in the recognition of methylated histone tails. This model corresponds to the first PHD finger.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 194328734 436 CIICGQPHheeEMMFCDMCDRGYHTFCVG--LGAIPSGRWICDCC 478
Cdd:cd15531    2 CEVCQQGG---EIILCDTCPRAYHLVCLDpeLEKAPEGKWSCPHC 43