Putative adherens-junction anchoring region of AbLIM; AbLIM_anchor is a domain lying between the LIM actin-binding and the vilin-head domain of actin-binding LIM proteins. It is likely that this domain is involved in anchoring abLIMs to circumferential actin bundles in specific cell types.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 530376181  281 TRTSSESIISVPASSTSGSPSRVIYAKLGGEILDYRDLAALPKSKAIYDIDRPDMISYSPYISHS---AGDRQSYGE--- 354
Cdd:pfam16182   1 TRTSSESIISPPGSSISGSPSRVIYAKLDNEILDYKDLAALPKVKAIYDIERPDLISYEPYVSYSsddRLERQSYGEsls 80

                          90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 530376181  355 -------GDQDDRSYKQCRTSSPSSTGSVSLGR--YTPT-SRSPQHYSRPGSESGRSTPSLSVLSDSKPPPsTYQQAPRH 424
Cdd:pfam16182  81 tlspsseDSYDSRELRQRRSSSPGSIGSPTYSRhgYTPTlSRSPQHFHRPGSESGRSSPSLSQPSDRKSPP-TYVQAPKH 159

                         170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 530376181  425 FHVPDTGVKDNIYRKPPIYRQHAA---------------RRS---DGEDGSLDQDNRKKSSW--------LMLKGDADTR 478
Cdd:pfam16182 160 FHVPDTGVKDNIYRKPPIYKQHGTsasasqssediihssRFPasgGEEEGWNRRLLQEEELSkiqsglgkLILKEEMEAR 239

                         250       260       270       280       290       300       310       320
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 530376181  479 TNSPDLDTQSLSHSSGTDRDPlqrmagdsfhSRFPYSKSDPLPGHGKNGLDQ-RNANLAPCGADPDASWG-MREYKIYPY 556
Cdd:pfam16182 240 SGSERRDPWSSPRSSPSGSSG----------SDSPYSKSASLPGYGRNGLHRpQSADFFQYGSDGDVSWGgMREYKIYPY 309

                         330
                  ....*....|
gi 530376181  557 DSLIVTNRIR 566
Cdd:pfam16182 310 EMLAVTNRGR 319

The second LIM domain on actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins; The second LIM domain of actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins: Three homologous members of the abLIM protein family have been identified; abLIM-1, abLIM-2 and abLIM-3. The N-terminal of abLIM consists of four tandem repeats of LIM domains and the C-terminal of acting binding LIM protein is a villin headpiece domain, which has strong actin binding activity. The abLIM-1, which is expressed in retina, brain, and muscle tissue, has been indicated to function as a tumor suppressor. AbLIM-2 and -3, mainly expressed in muscle and neuronal tissue, bind to F-actin strongly. They may serve as a scaffold for signaling modules of the actin cytoskeleton and thereby modulate transcription. It has shown that LIM domains of abLIMs interact with STARS (striated muscle activator of Rho signaling), which directly binds actin and stimulates serum-response factor (SRF)-dependent transcription. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic highly conserved zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 530376181  85 GTRCFSCDQFIEGEVVSALGKTYHPDCFVCAVCRLPFPPGDRVTFNGKECMCQKCS 140
Cdd:cd09328    1 GTKCDSCQDFVEGEVVSALGKTYHPKCFVCSVCRQPFPPGDRVTFNGKECLCQKCS 56

The first LIM domain of actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins; The first LIM domain of actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins: Three homologous members of the abLIM protein family have been identified; abLIM-1, abLIM-2 and abLIM-3. The N-terminal of abLIM consists of four tandem repeats of LIM domains and the C-terminal of acting binding LIM protein is a villin headpiece domain, which has strong actin binding activity. The abLIM-1, which is expressed in retina, brain, and muscle tissue, has been indicated to function as a tumor suppressor. AbLIM-2 and -3, mainly expressed in muscle and neuronal tissue, bind to F-actin strongly. They may serve as a scaffold for signaling modules of the actin cytoskeleton and thereby modulate transcription. It has shown that LIM domains of abLIMs interact with STARS (striated muscle activator of Rho signaling), which directly binds actin and stimulates serum-response factor (SRF)-dependent transcription. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic highly conserved zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 530376181  29 CNTCGNVCKGEVLRVQDKYFHIKCFVCKACGCDLAEGGFFVRQGEYICTLDY 80
Cdd:cd09327    1 CYKCGKKCKGEVLRVQDKYFHIKCFTCKVCGCDLAQGGFFVKEGEYYCTDDY 52

Putative adherens-junction anchoring region of AbLIM; AbLIM_anchor is a domain lying between the LIM actin-binding and the vilin-head domain of actin-binding LIM proteins. It is likely that this domain is involved in anchoring abLIMs to circumferential actin bundles in specific cell types.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 530376181  281 TRTSSESIISVPASSTSGSPSRVIYAKLGGEILDYRDLAALPKSKAIYDIDRPDMISYSPYISHS---AGDRQSYGE--- 354
Cdd:pfam16182   1 TRTSSESIISPPGSSISGSPSRVIYAKLDNEILDYKDLAALPKVKAIYDIERPDLISYEPYVSYSsddRLERQSYGEsls 80

                          90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 530376181  355 -------GDQDDRSYKQCRTSSPSSTGSVSLGR--YTPT-SRSPQHYSRPGSESGRSTPSLSVLSDSKPPPsTYQQAPRH 424
Cdd:pfam16182  81 tlspsseDSYDSRELRQRRSSSPGSIGSPTYSRhgYTPTlSRSPQHFHRPGSESGRSSPSLSQPSDRKSPP-TYVQAPKH 159

                         170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 530376181  425 FHVPDTGVKDNIYRKPPIYRQHAA---------------RRS---DGEDGSLDQDNRKKSSW--------LMLKGDADTR 478
Cdd:pfam16182 160 FHVPDTGVKDNIYRKPPIYKQHGTsasasqssediihssRFPasgGEEEGWNRRLLQEEELSkiqsglgkLILKEEMEAR 239

                         250       260       270       280       290       300       310       320
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 530376181  479 TNSPDLDTQSLSHSSGTDRDPlqrmagdsfhSRFPYSKSDPLPGHGKNGLDQ-RNANLAPCGADPDASWG-MREYKIYPY 556
Cdd:pfam16182 240 SGSERRDPWSSPRSSPSGSSG----------SDSPYSKSASLPGYGRNGLHRpQSADFFQYGSDGDVSWGgMREYKIYPY 309

                         330
                  ....*....|
gi 530376181  557 DSLIVTNRIR 566
Cdd:pfam16182 310 EMLAVTNRGR 319

The second LIM domain on actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins; The second LIM domain of actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins: Three homologous members of the abLIM protein family have been identified; abLIM-1, abLIM-2 and abLIM-3. The N-terminal of abLIM consists of four tandem repeats of LIM domains and the C-terminal of acting binding LIM protein is a villin headpiece domain, which has strong actin binding activity. The abLIM-1, which is expressed in retina, brain, and muscle tissue, has been indicated to function as a tumor suppressor. AbLIM-2 and -3, mainly expressed in muscle and neuronal tissue, bind to F-actin strongly. They may serve as a scaffold for signaling modules of the actin cytoskeleton and thereby modulate transcription. It has shown that LIM domains of abLIMs interact with STARS (striated muscle activator of Rho signaling), which directly binds actin and stimulates serum-response factor (SRF)-dependent transcription. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic highly conserved zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 530376181  85 GTRCFSCDQFIEGEVVSALGKTYHPDCFVCAVCRLPFPPGDRVTFNGKECMCQKCS 140
Cdd:cd09328    1 GTKCDSCQDFVEGEVVSALGKTYHPKCFVCSVCRQPFPPGDRVTFNGKECLCQKCS 56

The first LIM domain of actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins; The first LIM domain of actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins: Three homologous members of the abLIM protein family have been identified; abLIM-1, abLIM-2 and abLIM-3. The N-terminal of abLIM consists of four tandem repeats of LIM domains and the C-terminal of acting binding LIM protein is a villin headpiece domain, which has strong actin binding activity. The abLIM-1, which is expressed in retina, brain, and muscle tissue, has been indicated to function as a tumor suppressor. AbLIM-2 and -3, mainly expressed in muscle and neuronal tissue, bind to F-actin strongly. They may serve as a scaffold for signaling modules of the actin cytoskeleton and thereby modulate transcription. It has shown that LIM domains of abLIMs interact with STARS (striated muscle activator of Rho signaling), which directly binds actin and stimulates serum-response factor (SRF)-dependent transcription. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic highly conserved zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 530376181  29 CNTCGNVCKGEVLRVQDKYFHIKCFVCKACGCDLAEGGFFVRQGEYICTLDY 80
Cdd:cd09327    1 CYKCGKKCKGEVLRVQDKYFHIKCFTCKVCGCDLAQGGFFVKEGEYYCTDDY 52

Villin headpiece domain;

                           10        20        30
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 530376181   581 HLSPEEFQEVFGMSIEEFDRLALWKRNDLKKKALLF 616
Cdd:smart00153   1 YLSDEDFEEVFGMTREEFYKLPLWKQNQLKKKKGLF 36

Zinc-binding domain present in Lin-11, Isl-1, Mec-3; Zinc-binding domain family. Some LIM domains bind protein partners via tyrosine-containing motifs. LIM domains are found in many key regulators of developmental pathways.

                           10        20        30        40        50
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 530376181   157 SCGGCGTEI-KNGQALVALDKHWHLGCFKCKSCGKLL-NAEYISKDGLPYCEAD 208
Cdd:smart00132   1 KCAGCGKPIyGTERVLRALGKVWHPECFKCATCGKPLsGDTFFEKDGKLYCKDC 54

LIM domain; This family represents two copies of the LIM structural domain.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 530376181   29 CNTCGN-VCKGEVLRVQDKYFHIKCFVCKACGCDLAEGGFFVRQGEYICTLDYQRLY 84
Cdd:pfam00412   1 CAGCNRpIYDRELVRALGKVWHPECFRCAVCGKPLTTGDFYEKDGKLYCKHDYYKLF 57

Zinc-binding domain present in Lin-11, Isl-1, Mec-3; Zinc-binding domain family. Some LIM domains bind protein partners via tyrosine-containing motifs. LIM domains are found in many key regulators of developmental pathways.

                           10        20        30        40        50
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 530376181    29 CNTCGN--VCKGEVLRVQDKYFHIKCFVCKACGCDLAEGGFFVRQGEYIC 76
Cdd:smart00132   2 CAGCGKpiYGTERVLRALGKVWHPECFKCATCGKPLSGDTFFEKDGKLYC 51

Zinc-binding domain present in Lin-11, Isl-1, Mec-3; Zinc-binding domain family. Some LIM domains bind protein partners via tyrosine-containing motifs. LIM domains are found in many key regulators of developmental pathways.

                           10        20        30
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 530376181   216 RCDSCEKYITG--RVLEAGEKHYHPSCALCVRCGQ 248
Cdd:smart00132   1 KCAGCGKPIYGteRVLRALGKVWHPECFKCATCGK 35

Putative adherens-junction anchoring region of AbLIM; AbLIM_anchor is a domain lying between the LIM actin-binding and the vilin-head domain of actin-binding LIM proteins. It is likely that this domain is involved in anchoring abLIMs to circumferential actin bundles in specific cell types.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 530376181  281 TRTSSESIISVPASSTSGSPSRVIYAKLGGEILDYRDLAALPKSKAIYDIDRPDMISYSPYISHS---AGDRQSYGE--- 354
Cdd:pfam16182   1 TRTSSESIISPPGSSISGSPSRVIYAKLDNEILDYKDLAALPKVKAIYDIERPDLISYEPYVSYSsddRLERQSYGEsls 80

                          90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 530376181  355 -------GDQDDRSYKQCRTSSPSSTGSVSLGR--YTPT-SRSPQHYSRPGSESGRSTPSLSVLSDSKPPPsTYQQAPRH 424
Cdd:pfam16182  81 tlspsseDSYDSRELRQRRSSSPGSIGSPTYSRhgYTPTlSRSPQHFHRPGSESGRSSPSLSQPSDRKSPP-TYVQAPKH 159

                         170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 530376181  425 FHVPDTGVKDNIYRKPPIYRQHAA---------------RRS---DGEDGSLDQDNRKKSSW--------LMLKGDADTR 478
Cdd:pfam16182 160 FHVPDTGVKDNIYRKPPIYKQHGTsasasqssediihssRFPasgGEEEGWNRRLLQEEELSkiqsglgkLILKEEMEAR 239

                         250       260       270       280       290       300       310       320
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 530376181  479 TNSPDLDTQSLSHSSGTDRDPlqrmagdsfhSRFPYSKSDPLPGHGKNGLDQ-RNANLAPCGADPDASWG-MREYKIYPY 556
Cdd:pfam16182 240 SGSERRDPWSSPRSSPSGSSG----------SDSPYSKSASLPGYGRNGLHRpQSADFFQYGSDGDVSWGgMREYKIYPY 309

                         330
                  ....*....|
gi 530376181  557 DSLIVTNRIR 566
Cdd:pfam16182 310 EMLAVTNRGR 319

The second LIM domain on actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins; The second LIM domain of actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins: Three homologous members of the abLIM protein family have been identified; abLIM-1, abLIM-2 and abLIM-3. The N-terminal of abLIM consists of four tandem repeats of LIM domains and the C-terminal of acting binding LIM protein is a villin headpiece domain, which has strong actin binding activity. The abLIM-1, which is expressed in retina, brain, and muscle tissue, has been indicated to function as a tumor suppressor. AbLIM-2 and -3, mainly expressed in muscle and neuronal tissue, bind to F-actin strongly. They may serve as a scaffold for signaling modules of the actin cytoskeleton and thereby modulate transcription. It has shown that LIM domains of abLIMs interact with STARS (striated muscle activator of Rho signaling), which directly binds actin and stimulates serum-response factor (SRF)-dependent transcription. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic highly conserved zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 530376181  85 GTRCFSCDQFIEGEVVSALGKTYHPDCFVCAVCRLPFPPGDRVTFNGKECMCQKCS 140
Cdd:cd09328    1 GTKCDSCQDFVEGEVVSALGKTYHPKCFVCSVCRQPFPPGDRVTFNGKECLCQKCS 56

The first LIM domain of actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins; The first LIM domain of actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins: Three homologous members of the abLIM protein family have been identified; abLIM-1, abLIM-2 and abLIM-3. The N-terminal of abLIM consists of four tandem repeats of LIM domains and the C-terminal of acting binding LIM protein is a villin headpiece domain, which has strong actin binding activity. The abLIM-1, which is expressed in retina, brain, and muscle tissue, has been indicated to function as a tumor suppressor. AbLIM-2 and -3, mainly expressed in muscle and neuronal tissue, bind to F-actin strongly. They may serve as a scaffold for signaling modules of the actin cytoskeleton and thereby modulate transcription. It has shown that LIM domains of abLIMs interact with STARS (striated muscle activator of Rho signaling), which directly binds actin and stimulates serum-response factor (SRF)-dependent transcription. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic highly conserved zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 530376181  29 CNTCGNVCKGEVLRVQDKYFHIKCFVCKACGCDLAEGGFFVRQGEYICTLDY 80
Cdd:cd09327    1 CYKCGKKCKGEVLRVQDKYFHIKCFTCKVCGCDLAQGGFFVKEGEYYCTDDY 52

Villin headpiece domain;

                           10        20        30
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 530376181   581 HLSPEEFQEVFGMSIEEFDRLALWKRNDLKKKALLF 616
Cdd:smart00153   1 YLSDEDFEEVFGMTREEFYKLPLWKQNQLKKKKGLF 36

LIM is a small protein-protein interaction domain, containing two zinc fingers; LIM domains are identified in a diverse group of proteins with wide variety of biological functions, including gene expression regulation, cell fate determination, cytoskeleton organization, tumor formation and development. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes. They perform their functions through interactions with other protein partners. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic highly conserved zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. The consensus sequence of LIM domain has been defined as C-x(2)-C-x(16,23)-H-x(2)-[CH]-x(2)-C-x(2)-C-x(16,21)-C-x(2,3)-[CHD] (where X denotes any amino acid).

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 530376181 158 CGGCGTEIKNGQALVALDKHWHLGCFKCKSCGKLL-NAEYISKDGLPYCEADY 209
Cdd:cd08368    1 CAGCGKPIEGRELLRALGKKWHPECFKCAECGKPLgGDSFYEKDGKPYCEKCY 53

The first LIM domain of LIMK1 (LIM domain Kinase 1); The first LIM domain of LIMK1 (LIM domain Kinase 1): LIMK1 belongs to the LIMK protein family, which comprises LIMK1 and LIMK2. LIMK contains two LIM domains, a PDZ domain, and a kinase domain. LIMK is involved in the regulation of actin polymerization and microtubule disassembly. LIMK influences architecture of the actin cytoskeleton by regulating the activity of the cofilin family proteins cofilin1, cofilin2, and destrin. The mechanism of the activation is to phosphorylates cofilin on serine 3 and inactivates its actin-severing activity, and altering the rate of actin depolymerization. LIMKs can function in both cytoplasm and nucleus. Both LIMK1 and LIMK2 can act in the nucleus to suppress Rac/Cdc42-dependent cyclin D1 expression. LIMK1 is expressed in all tissues and is localized to focal adhesions in the cell. LIMK1 can form homodimers upon binding of HSP90 and is activated by Rho effector Rho kinase and MAPKAPK2. LIMK1 is important for normal central nervous system development, and its deletion has been implicated in the development of the human genetic disorder Williams syndrome. Moreover, LIMK1 up-regulates the promoter activity of urokinase type plasminogen activator and induces its mRNA and protein expression in breast cancer cells. The LIM domains have been shown to play an important role in regulating kinase activity and likely also contribute to LIMK function by acting as sites of protein-to-protein interactions. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 530376181 152 SQGLRSCGGCGTEIKNGQALVALDKHWHLGCFKCKSCGKLLNAEYISKDGLPYCEADY 209
Cdd:cd09462   16 GNVLPVCASCGQSIYDGQYLQALNSDWHADCFRCCECGASLSHWYYEKDGRLFCKKDY 73

LIM is a small protein-protein interaction domain, containing two zinc fingers; LIM domains are identified in a diverse group of proteins with wide variety of biological functions, including gene expression regulation, cell fate determination, cytoskeleton organization, tumor formation and development. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes. They perform their functions through interactions with other protein partners. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic highly conserved zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. The consensus sequence of LIM domain has been defined as C-x(2)-C-x(16,23)-H-x(2)-[CH]-x(2)-C-x(2)-C-x(16,21)-C-x(2,3)-[CHD] (where X denotes any amino acid).

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 530376181  88 CFSCDQFIEG-EVVSALGKTYHPDCFVCAVCRLPFPPGDRVTFNGKeCMCQKC 139
Cdd:cd08368    1 CAGCGKPIEGrELLRALGKKWHPECFKCAECGKPLGGDSFYEKDGK-PYCEKC 52

LIM domain; This family represents two copies of the LIM structural domain.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 530376181   88 CFSCDQFIEG-EVVSALGKTYHPDCFVCAVCRLPFPPGDRVTFNGKeCMCQKC 139
Cdd:pfam00412   1 CAGCNRPIYDrELVRALGKVWHPECFRCAVCGKPLTTGDFYEKDGK-LYCKHD 52

The third LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family; The third LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family: This family consists of paxillin, leupaxin, Hic-5 (ARA55), and other related proteins. There are four LIM domains in the C-terminal of the proteins and leucine-rich LD-motifs in the N-terminal region. Members of this family are adaptor proteins to recruit key components of signal-transduction machinery to specific sub-cellular locations. Paxillin is found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. Paxillin serves as a platform for the recruitment of numerous regulatory and structural proteins that together control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression that are necessary for cell migration and survival. Leupaxin is a cytoskeleton adaptor protein, which is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells. It associates with focal adhesion kinases PYK2 and pp125FAK and identified to be a component of the osteoclast pososomal signaling complex. Hic-5 controls cell proliferation, migration and senescence by functioning as coactivator for steroid receptors such as androgen receptor, glucocorticoid receptor and progesterone receptor. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 530376181 158 CGGCGTEIKnGQALVALDKHWHLGCFKCKSCGK-LLNAEYISKDGLPYCEADYH 210
Cdd:cd09338    1 CGGCNKPIL-ENYISALNTQWHPECFVCRECHKpFINGSFFEHEGLPYCETHYH 53

The Lim domain of DA1; The Lim domain of DA1: DA1 contains one copy of LIM domain and a domain of unknown function. DA1 is predicted as an ubiquitin receptor, which sets final seed and organ size by restricting the period of cell proliferation. The LIM domain is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 530376181 158 CGGCGTEIKNGQALVALDKHWHLGCFKCKSCGK-LLNAEYISKDGLPY 204
Cdd:cd09396    1 CAGCKSEIGHGRFLSALGAVWHPECFRCHACRKpIAEHEFSVSGNDPY 48

The first LIM domain of LIMK2 (LIM domain Kinase 2); The first LIM domain of LIMK2 (LIM domain Kinase 2): LIMK2 is a member of the LIMK protein family, which comprises LIMK1 and LIMK2. LIMK contains two LIM domains, a PDZ domain, and a kinase domain. LIMK is involved in the regulation of actin polymerization and microtubule disassembly. LIMK influences architecture of the actin cytoskeleton by regulating the activity of the cofilin family proteins cofilin1, cofilin2, and destrin. The mechanism of the activation is to phosphorylates cofilin on serine 3 and inactivates its actin-severing activity, altering the rate of actin depolymerization. LIMK activity is activated by phosphorylation of a threonine residue within the activation loop of the kinase by p21-activated kinases 1 and 4 and by Rho kinase. LIMKs can function in both cytoplasm and nucleus. Both LIMK1 and LIMK2 can act in the nucleus to suppress Rac/Cdc42-dependent cyclin D1 expression. LIMK2 is expressed in all tissues. While LIMK1 localizes mainly at focal adhesions, LIMK2 is found in cytoplasmic punctae, suggesting that they may have different cellular functions. The activity of LIM kinase 2 to regulate cofilin phosphorylation is inhibited by the direct binding of Par-3. LIMK2 activation promotes cell cycle progression. The phenotype of Limk2 knockout mice shows a defect in spermatogenesis. The LIM domains have been shown to play an important role in regulating kinase activity and likely also contribute to LIMK function by acting as sites of protein-to-protein interactions. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 530376181 158 CGGCGTEIKNGQALVALDKHWHLGCFKCKSCGKLLNAEYISKDGLPYCEADY 209
Cdd:cd09463    1 CTGCGGRIQDSFHYRVVQEAWHNSCFQCSVCQDLLTNWYYEKDGKLYCHKHY 52

This family represents the LIM domain of ALP, actinin-associated LIM protein; This family represents the LIM domain of ALP, actinin-associated LIM protein. ALP contains an N-terminal PDZ domain, a C-terminal LIM domain and an ALP-subfamily-specific 34-amino-acid motif termed ALP-like motif (AM), which contains a putative consensus protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation site and two alpha-helices. ALP proteins are found in heart and in skeletal muscle. ALP may act as a signaling molecule which is regulated by PKC-dependent signaling. ALP plays an essential role in the development of RV (right ventricle) chamber. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 530376181  29 CNTCGNVCKGEVLRVQDKYFHIKCFVCKACGCDLAEGGFFVRQGEYIC 76
Cdd:cd09450    1 CDKCGSGIVGTVVKARDKYRHPECFVCSDCNLNLKQKGYFFVEGQLYC 48

The first LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family; The first LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family: This family consists of paxillin, leupaxin, Hic-5 (ARA55), and other related proteins. There are four LIM domains in the C-terminal of the proteins and leucine-rich LD-motifs in the N-terminal region. Members of this family are adaptor proteins to recruit key components of signal-transduction machinery to specific sub-cellular locations. Paxillin is found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. Paxillin serves as a platform for the recruitment of numerous regulatory and structural proteins that together control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression that are necessary for cell migration and survival. Leupaxin is a cytoskeleton adaptor protein, which is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells. It associates with focal adhesion kinases PYK2 and pp125FAK and identified to be a component of the osteoclast pososomal signaling complex. Hic-5 controls cell proliferation, migration and senescence by functioning as coactivator for steroid receptors such as androgen receptor, glucocorticoid receptor and progesterone receptor. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 530376181  88 CFSCDQFIEGEVVSALGKTYHPDCFVCAVCR 118
Cdd:cd09336    1 CAACNKPIVGQVVTALGKTWHPEHFVCVHCQ 31

The first LIM domain of Lrg1p, a LIM and RhoGap domain containing protein; The first LIM domain of Lrg1p, a LIM and RhoGap domain containing protein: The members of this family contain three tandem repeats of LIM domains and a Rho-type GTPase activating protein (RhoGap) domain. Lrg1p is a Rho1 GTPase-activating protein required for efficient cell fusion in yeast. Lrg1p-GAP domain strongly and specifically stimulates the GTPase activity of Rho1p, a regulator of beta (1-3)-glucan synthase in vitro. The LIM domain is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 530376181 158 CGGCGTEIkNGQALVALDKHWHLGCFKCKSCGKLLNAEYISKDG------LPYCEADY 209
Cdd:cd09391    1 CAKCGKPI-TGQFVRALGDVYHLDCFTCHDCGKPVASKFFPVDDpdtseqVPLCETDY 57

Zinc-binding domain present in Lin-11, Isl-1, Mec-3; Zinc-binding domain family. Some LIM domains bind protein partners via tyrosine-containing motifs. LIM domains are found in many key regulators of developmental pathways.

                           10        20        30        40        50
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 530376181    87 RCFSCDQFIEG--EVVSALGKTYHPDCFVCAVCRLPFpPGDRVTFNGKECMCQKC 139
Cdd:smart00132   1 KCAGCGKPIYGteRVLRALGKVWHPECFKCATCGKPL-SGDTFFEKDGKLYCKDC 54

The fourth LIM domain of protein PINCH; The fourth LIM domain of protein PINCH: PINCH plays a pivotal role in the assembly of focal adhesions (FAs), regulating diverse functions in cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation through LIM-mediated protein-protein interactions. PINCH comprises an array of five LIM domains that interact with integrin-linked kinase (ILK), Nck2 (also called Nckbeta or Grb4) and other interaction partners. These interactions are essential for triggering the FA assembly and for relaying diverse mechanical and biochemical signals between Cell-extracellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton. The PINCH LIM4 domain recognizes the third SH3 domain of another adaptor protein, Nck2. This step is an important component of integrin signaling event. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assem bly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 530376181 158 CGGCGTEIkNGQALVALDKHWHLGCFKCKSCGK-LLNAEYISKDGLPYCEADY 209
Cdd:cd09334    3 CGACRRPI-EGRVVTALGKHWHVEHFVCAKCEKpFLGHRHYEKKGLAYCETHY 54

The second LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family; The second LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family: This family consists of paxillin, leupaxin, Hic-5 (ARA55), and other related proteins. There are four LIM domains in the C-terminal of the proteins and leucine-rich LD-motifs in the N-terminal region. Members of this family are adaptor proteins to recruit key components of signal-transduction machinery to specific sub-cellular locations. Paxillin is found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. Paxillin serves as a platform for the recruitment of numerous regulatory and structural proteins that together control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression that are necessary for cell migration and survival. Leupaxin is a cytoskeleton adaptor protein, which is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells. It associates with focal adhesion kinases PYK2 and pp125FAK and identified to be a component of the osteoclast pososomal signaling complex. Hic-5 controls cell proliferation, migration and senescence by functioning as coactivator for steroid receptors such as androgen receptor, glucocorticoid receptor and progesterone receptor. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 530376181 158 CGGCGTEIKnGQALVALDKHWHLGCFKCKSCGKLLNAE-YISKDGLPYCEADY 209
Cdd:cd09337    1 CAYCNGPIL-DKCVTALDKTWHPEHFFCAQCGKPFGDEgFHEKDGKPYCREDY 52

The first LIM domain of Leupaxin; The first LIM domain of Leupaxin: Leupaxin is a cytoskeleton adaptor protein, which is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells. Leupaxin belongs to the paxillin focal adhesion protein family. Same as other members of the family, it has four leucine-rich LD-motifs in the N-terminus and four LIM domains in the C-terminus. It may function in cell type-specific signaling by associating with interaction partners PYK2, FAK, PEP and p95PKL. When expressed in human leukocytic cells, leupaxin significantly suppressed integrin-mediated cell adhesion to fibronectin and the tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin. These findings indicate that leupaxin may negatively regulate the functions of paxillin during integrin signaling. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 530376181 158 CGGCGTEIKnGQALVALDKHWHLGCFKCKSCGKLLNAE-YISKDGLPYCEADYH 210
Cdd:cd09406    3 CASCQKPIA-GQVVTALGQTWHPEHFVCCQCGKELGSRpFFERNGQAYCEEDYH 55

The second LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family; The second LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family: This family consists of paxillin, leupaxin, Hic-5 (ARA55), and other related proteins. There are four LIM domains in the C-terminal of the proteins and leucine-rich LD-motifs in the N-terminal region. Members of this family are adaptor proteins to recruit key components of signal-transduction machinery to specific sub-cellular locations. Paxillin is found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. Paxillin serves as a platform for the recruitment of numerous regulatory and structural proteins that together control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression that are necessary for cell migration and survival. Leupaxin is a cytoskeleton adaptor protein, which is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells. It associates with focal adhesion kinases PYK2 and pp125FAK and identified to be a component of the osteoclast pososomal signaling complex. Hic-5 controls cell proliferation, migration and senescence by functioning as coactivator for steroid receptors such as androgen receptor, glucocorticoid receptor and progesterone receptor. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 530376181  88 CFSCDQFIEGEVVSALGKTYHPDCFVCAVCRLPF 121
Cdd:cd09337    1 CAYCNGPILDKCVTALDKTWHPEHFFCAQCGKPF 34

The first LIM domain of Lhx9; The first LIM domain of Lhx9: Lhx9 belongs to the LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. Lhx9 is highly homologous to Lhx2. It is expressed in several regions of the developing mouse brain, the spinal cord, the pancreas, in limb mesenchyme, and in the urogenital region. Lhx9 plays critical roles in gonad development. Homozygous mice lacking functional Lhx9 alleles exhibit numerous urogenital defects, such as gonadal agenesis, infertility, and undetectable levels of testosterone and estradiol coupled with high FSH levels. Lhx9 null mice have reduced levels of the Sf1 nuclear receptor that is required for gonadogenesis, and recent studies have shown that Lhx9 is able to activate the Sf1/FtzF1 gene. Lhx9 null mice are phenotypically female, even those that are genotypically male. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 530376181 158 CGGCGTEIKNGQALVALDKHWHLGCFKCKSCGKLLNAEY--ISKDGLPYCEADY 209
Cdd:cd09470    1 CAGCGGKISDRYYLLAVDKQWHLRCLKCCECKLALESELtcFAKDGSIYCKEDY 54

The first LIM domain of Lhx3 and Lhx4 family; The first LIM domain of Lhx3-Lhx4 family: Lhx3 and Lhx4 belong to the LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. The LHX3 and LHX4 LIM-homeodomain transcription factors play essential roles in pituitary gland and nervous system development. Although LHX3 and LHX4 share marked sequence homology, the genes have different expression patterns. They play overlapping, but distinct functions during the establishment of the specialized cells of the mammalian pituitary gland and the nervous system. Lhx3 proteins have been demonstrated the ability to directly bind to the promoters/enhancers of several pituitary hormone gene promoters to cause increased transcription. Lhx3a and Lhx3b, whose mRNAs have distinct temporal expression profiles during development, are two isoforms of Lhx3. LHX4 plays essential roles in pituitary gland and nervous system development. In mice, the lhx4 gene is expressed in the developing hindbrain, cerebral cortex, pituitary gland, and spinal cord. LHX4 shows significant sequence similarity to LHX3, particularly to isoforms Lhx3a. In gene regulation experiments, the LHX4 protein exhibits regulation roles towards pituitary genes, acting on their promoters/enhancers. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 530376181 158 CGGCGTEIKNGQALVALDKHWHLGCFKCKSCGKLLNAEYISKDGLPYCEADY 209
Cdd:cd09368    1 CGGCQEHILDRFILKVLDRTWHAKCLKCNDCGAQLTDKCFARNGHVYCKDDF 52

The LIM domain of ALP (actinin-associated LIM protein) family; This family represents the LIM domain of ALP (actinin-associated LIM protein) family. Four proteins: ALP, CLP36, RIL, and Mystique have been classified into the ALP subfamily of LIM domain proteins. Each member of the subfamily contains an N-terminal PDZ domain and a C-terminal LIM domain. Functionally, these proteins bind to alpha-actinin through their PDZ domains and bind or other signaling molecules through their LIM domains. ALP proteins have been implicated in cardiac and skeletal muscle structure, function and disease, platelet, and epithelial cell motility. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 530376181  29 CNTCGNVCKGEVLRVQDKYFHIKCFVCKACGCDLAEGGFFVRQGEYIC 76
Cdd:cd09360    1 CDKCGNGIVGVVVKARDKNRHPECFVCADCGLNLKNKGYFFIEDELYC 48

The second LIM domain of Ajuba-like proteins; The second LIM domain of Ajuba-like proteins: Ajuba like LIM protein family includes three highly homologous proteins Ajuba, Limd1, and WTIP. Members of the family contain three tandem C-terminal LIM domains and a proline-rich N-terminal region. This family of proteins functions as scaffolds, participating in the assembly of numerous protein complexes. In the cytoplasm, Ajuba binds Grb2 to modulate serum-stimulated ERK activation. Ajuba also recruits the TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) to p62 and activates PKCKappa activity. Ajuba interacts with alpha-catenin and F-actin to contribute to the formation or stabilization of adheren junctions by linking adhesive receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. Although Ajuba is a cytoplasmic protein, it can shuttle into the nucleus. In nucleus, Ajuba functions as a corepressor for the zinc finger-protein Snail. It binds to the SNAG repression domain of Snail through its LIM region. Arginine methyltransferase-5 (Prmt5), a protein in the complex, is recruited to Snai l through an interaction with Ajuba. This ternary complex functions to repress E-cadherin, a Snail target gene. In addition, Ajuba contains functional nuclear-receptor interacting motifs and selectively interacts with retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and rexinoid receptor (RXRs) to negatively regulate retinoic acid signaling. Wtip, the Wt1-interacting protein, was originally identified as an interaction partner of the Wilms tumour protein 1 (WT1). Wtip is involved in kidney and neural crest development. Wtip interacts with the receptor tyrosine kinase Ror2 and inhibits canonical Wnt signaling. LIMD1 was reported to inhibit cell growth and metastases. The inhibition may be mediated through an interaction with the protein barrier-to-autointegration (BAF), a component of SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling protein; or through the interaction with retinoblastoma protein (pRB), resulting in inhibition of E2F-mediated transcription, and expression of the majority of genes with E2F1- responsive elements. Recently, Limd1 was shown to interact with the p62/sequestosome protein and influence IL-1 and RANKL signaling by facilitating the assembly of a p62/TRAF6/a-PKC multi-protein complex. The Limd1-p62 interaction affects both NF-kappaB and AP-1 activity in epithelial cells and osteoclasts. Moreover, LIMD1 functions as tumor repressor to block lung tumor cell line in vitro and in vivo. Recent studies revealed that LIM proteins Wtip, LIMD1 and Ajuba interact with components of RNA induced silencing complexes (RISC) as well as eIF4E and the mRNA m7GTP cap-protein complex and are required for microRNA-mediated gene silencing. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.

                         10        20        30
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 530376181  88 CFSCDQFIEGEVVSALGKTYHPDCFVCAVC 117
Cdd:cd09355    1 CAVCGHLIMEMILQALGKSYHPGCFRCCVC 30

The LIM domain of LIM and SH3 Protein (LASP)-like proteins; The LIM domain of LIM and SH3 Protein (LASP) like proteins: This family contains two types of LIM containing proteins; LASP and N-RAP. LASP family contains two highly homologous members, LASP-1 and LASP-2. LASP contains a LIM motif at its amino terminus, a src homology 3 (SH3) domains at its C-terminal part, and a nebulin-like region in the middle. LASP-1 and -2 are highly conserved in their LIM, nebulin-like, and SH3 domains, but differ significantly at their linker regions. Both proteins are ubiquitously expressed and involved in cytoskeletal architecture, especially in the organization of focal adhesions. LASP-1 and LASP-2, are important during early embryo- and fetogenesis and are highly expressed in the central nervous system of the adult. However, only LASP-1 seems to participate significantly in neuronal differentiation and plays an important functional role in migration and proliferation of certain cancer cells while the role of LASP-2 is more structural. The expression of LASP-1 in breast tumors is increased significantly. N-RAP is a muscle-specific protein concentrated at myotendinous junctions in skeletal muscle and intercalated disks in cardiac muscle. LIM domain is found at the N-terminus of N-RAP and the C-terminal of N-RAP contains a region with multiple of nebulin repeats. N-RAP functions as a scaffolding protein that organizes alpha-actinin and actin into symmetrical I-Z-I structures in developing myofibrils. Nebulin repeat is known as actin binding domain. The N-RAP is hypothesized to form antiparallel dimerization via its LIM domain. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 530376181 158 CGGCGTEIKNGQALVALDKHWHLGCFKCKSCGKLLNAE-YISKDGLPYCEADY 209
Cdd:cd09359    1 CARCGKIVYPTEKVNCLDKTWHKACFHCEVCKMTLNMNnYKGYQKKPYCNAHY 53

The first LIM domain of Lrg1p, a LIM and RhoGap domain containing protein; The first LIM domain of Lrg1p, a LIM and RhoGap domain containing protein: The members of this family contain three tandem repeats of LIM domains and a Rho-type GTPase activating protein (RhoGap) domain. Lrg1p is a Rho1 GTPase-activating protein required for efficient cell fusion in yeast. Lrg1p-GAP domain strongly and specifically stimulates the GTPase activity of Rho1p, a regulator of beta (1-3)-glucan synthase in vitro. The LIM domain is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.

                         10        20        30
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 530376181  88 CFSCDQFIEGEVVSALGKTYHPDCFVCAVC 117
Cdd:cd09391    1 CAKCGKPITGQFVRALGDVYHLDCFTCHDC 30

The first LIM domain of Isl, a member of LHX protein family; The first LIM domain of Isl: Isl is a member of LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Isl1 and Isl2 are the two conserved members of this family. Proteins in this group are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. Isl-1 is one of the LHX proteins isolated originally by virtue of its ability to bind DNA sequences from the 5'-flanking region of the rat insulin gene in pancreatic insulin-producing cells. Mice deficient in Isl-1 fail to form the dorsal exocrine pancreas and islet cells fail to differentiate. On the other hand, Isl-1 takes part in the pituitary development by activating the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene together with LHX3 and steroidogenic factor 1. Mouse Is l2 is expressed in the retinal ganglion cells and the developing spinal cord where it plays a role in motor neuron development. Same as Isl1, Isl2 may also be able to bind to the insulin gene enhancer to promote gene activation. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 530376181 158 CGGCGTEIKNGQAL-VALDKHWHLGCFKCKSCGKLL--NAEYISKDGLPYCEADY 209
Cdd:cd09366    1 CVGCGGKIHDQYILrVAPDLEWHAACLKCAECGQYLdeTCTCFVRDGKTYCKRDY 55

The first LIM domain of paxillin; The first LIM domain of paxillin: Paxillin is an adaptor protein, which recruits key components of the signal-transduction machinery to specific sub-cellular locations to respond to environmental changes rapidly. The C-terminal region of paxillin contains four LIM domains which target paxillin to focal adhesions, presumably through a direct association with the cytoplasmic tail of beta-integrin. The N-terminal of paxillin is leucine-rich LD-motifs. Paxillin is found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. The binding partners of paxillin are diverse and include protein tyrosine kinases, such as Src and FAK, structural proteins, such as vinculin and actopaxin, and regulators of actin organization. Paxillin recruits these proteins to their function sites to control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight cons erved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 530376181 158 CGGCGTEIKnGQALVALDKHWHLGCFKCKSCGKLLNAE-YISKDGLPYCEADYH 210
Cdd:cd09405    2 CGACKKPIA-GQVVTAMGKTWHPEHFVCTHCQEEIGSRnFFERDGQPYCEKDYH 54

The LIM domain of ALP (actinin-associated LIM protein) family; This family represents the LIM domain of ALP (actinin-associated LIM protein) family. Four proteins: ALP, CLP36, RIL, and Mystique have been classified into the ALP subfamily of LIM domain proteins. Each member of the subfamily contains an N-terminal PDZ domain and a C-terminal LIM domain. Functionally, these proteins bind to alpha-actinin through their PDZ domains and bind or other signaling molecules through their LIM domains. ALP proteins have been implicated in cardiac and skeletal muscle structure, function and disease, platelet, and epithelial cell motility. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 530376181  88 CFSCDQFIEGEVVSALGKTYHPDCFVCAVC 117
Cdd:cd09360    1 CDKCGNGIVGVVVKARDKNRHPECFVCADC 30

The second LIM domain of thymus LIM protein (TLP); The second LIM domain of thymus LIM protein (TLP): TLP is the distant member of the CRP family of proteins. TLP has two isomers (TLP-A and TLP-B) and sharing approximately 30% with each of the three other CRPs. Like CRP1, CRP2 and CRP3/MLP, TLP has two LIM domains, connected by a flexible linker region. Unlike the CRPs, TLP lacks the nuclear targeting signal (K/R-K/R-Y-G-P-K) and is localized solely in the cytoplasm. TLP is specifically expressed in the thymus in a subset of cortical epithelial cells. TLP has a role in development of normal thymus and in controlling the development and differentiation of thymic epithelial cells. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 530376181 158 CGGCGTEIKNGQALVALDKHWHLGCFKCKSCGKLLNA-EYISKDGLPYC 205
Cdd:cd09477    1 CPGCGKPVYFAEKVMSLGRNWHRPCLRCQRCKKTLTAgGHAEHDGSPYC 49

The second LIM domain of Cysteine Rich Protein 2 (CRP2); The second LIM domain of Cysteine Rich Protein 2 (CRP2): Cysteine-rich proteins (CRPs) are characterized by the presence of two LIM domains linked to short glycine-rich repeats (GRRs). The CRP family members include CRP1, CRP2, CRP3/MLP and TLPCRP1, CRP2 and CRP3 share a conserved nuclear targeting signal (K/R-K/R-Y-G-P-K), which supports the fact that these proteins function not only in the cytoplasm but also in the nucleus. CRPs control regulatory pathways during cellular differentiation, and involve in complex transcription circuits, and the organization as well as the arrangement of the myofibrillar/cytoskeletal network.CRP3 also called Muscle LIM Protein (MLP), which is a striated muscle-specific factor that enhances myogenic differentiation. The second LIM domain of CRP3/MLP interacts with cytoskeletal protein beta-spectrin. CRP3/MLP also interacts with the basic helix-loop-helix myogenic transcription factors MyoD, myogenin, and MRF4 thereby increasing their affinity for specific DNA regulatory elements. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 530376181 158 CGGCGTEIKNGQALVALDKHWHLGCFKCKSCGKLLNAEYIS-KDGLPYCEADY 209
Cdd:cd09840    1 CSRCGDSVYAAEKIMGAGKPWHKNCFRCAKCGKSLESTTLTeKEGEIYCKGCY 53

The second LIM domain of Enigma-like family; The second LIM domain of Enigma-like family: The Enigma LIM domain family is comprised of three members: Enigma, ENH, and Cypher (mouse)/ZASP (human). These subfamily members contain a single PDZ domain at the N-terminus and three LIM domains at the C-terminus. Enigma was initially characterized in humans and is expressed in multiple tissues, such as skeletal muscle, heart, bone and brain. The third LIM domain specifically interacts with the insulin receptor and the second LIM domain interacts with the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret and the adaptor protein APS. Thus Enigma is implicated in signal transduction processes, such as mitogenic activity, insulin related actin organization, and glucose metabolism. The second member, ENH protein, was first identified in rat brain. It has been shown that ENH interacts with protein kinase D1 (PKD1) via its LIM domains and forms a complex with PKD1 and the alpha1C subunit of cardiac L-type voltage-gated calcium channel in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. The N-terminal PDZ domain interacts with alpha-actinin at the Z-line. ZASP/Cypher is required for maintenance of Z-line structure during muscle contraction, but not required for Z-line assembly. In heart, Cypher/ZASP plays a structural role through its interaction with cytoskeletal Z-line proteins. In addition, there is increasing evidence that Cypher/ZASP also performs signaling functions. Studies reveal that Cypher/ZASP interacts with and directs PKC to the Z-line, where PKC phosphorylates downstream signaling targets. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 530376181  88 CFSCDQFIEGEVVSALGKTYHPDCFVCAVCRLPF 121
Cdd:cd09362    1 CARCHKKILGEVMHALKQTWHVSCFVCAACKQPI 34

The third LIM domain of paxillin; The third LIM domain of paxillin: Paxillin is an adaptor protein, which recruits key components of the signal-transduction machinery to specific sub-cellular locations to respond to environmental changes rapidly. The C-terminal region of paxillin contains four LIM domains which target paxillin to focal adhesions, presumably through a direct association with the cytoplasmic tail of beta-integrin. The N-terminal of paxillin is leucine-rich LD-motifs. Paxillin is found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. The binding partners of paxillin are diverse and include protein tyrosine kinases, such as Src and FAK, structural proteins, such as vinculin and actopaxin, and regulators of actin organization. Paxillin recruits these proteins to their function sites to control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 530376181 158 CGGCGTEIKNgQALVALDKHWHLGCFKCKSC-GKLLNAEYISKDGLPYCEADYH 210
Cdd:cd09409    1 CGGCARAILE-NYISALNTLWHPECFVCRECfTPFVNGSFFEHDGQPYCEAHYH 53

LIM is a small protein-protein interaction domain, containing two zinc fingers; LIM domains are identified in a diverse group of proteins with wide variety of biological functions, including gene expression regulation, cell fate determination, cytoskeleton organization, tumor formation and development. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes. They perform their functions through interactions with other protein partners. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic highly conserved zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. The consensus sequence of LIM domain has been defined as C-x(2)-C-x(16,23)-H-x(2)-[CH]-x(2)-C-x(2)-C-x(16,21)-C-x(2,3)-[CHD] (where X denotes any amino acid).