Diabetes in America is the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases’ compilation and assessment of epidemiologic, public health, clinical research, and clinical trial data focused on diabetes, its complications and treatment, health care utilization, and diabetes prevention in the United States. These data are intended to be a valuable resource for the research community, clinicians, policy makers, and individuals with diabetes, as well as their caregivers and family members. There have been three previous Diabetes in America editions published in 1984, 1995 and 2018. Diabetes in America has been migrated to an exclusively digital format. Starting in 2023, each updated or new article will be available on the National Library of Medicine’s NCBI Bookshelf. Diabetes in America is organized into four broad topic areas --Section I: Spectrum of Diabetes; Section II: Complications of Diabetes and Related Conditions; Section III: Medical Care for Diabetes; and Section IV: Prevention of Diabetes.

Contents

• Section I. Spectrum of Diabetes
  • Genetics of Type 1 Diabetes
    Maria J. Redondo, Suna Onengut-Gumuscu, and Kyle J. Gaulton.
    Initial Posting: December 20, 2023.
    • Summary
    • Introduction
    • Major Histocompatibility Complex and Type 1 Diabetes Risk
    • Non-Major Histocompatibility Complex Risk Loci
    • Type 1 Diabetes Risk Loci in Diverse Populations
    • From Variant to Function
    • Genes and Initiation of Type 1 Diabetes
    • Genetics and Prediction of Type 1 Diabetes Risk
    • Epigenetics of Type 1 Diabetes
    • Conclusions
    • List of Abbreviations
    • Funding
    • Acknowledgment
    • Article History
    • References
  • Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes
    Raymond J. Kreienkamp, Benjamin F. Voight, Anna L. Gloyn, and Miriam S. Udler.
    Initial Posting: December 20, 2023.
    • Summary
    • Introduction
    • Discovery of Genetic Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes
    • Determining the Function of Type 2 Diabetes Genes
    • Polygenic Scores for Prediction of Type 2 Diabetes
    • Genetic Stratification of Type 2 Diabetes
    • Summary of Type 2 Diabetes Genetics
    • Additional Insights Gained
    • Limitations of Current Approaches (and Their Solutions)
    • The Future of Research on the Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes
    • Conclusion
    • List of Abbreviations
    • Funding
    • Acknowledgments
    • Article History
    • References
  • Monogenic Forms of Diabetes
    Maria V. Salguero, Marilyn Arosemena, Toni Pollin, Siri Atma W. Greeley, Rochelle N. Naylor, Lisa Letourneau-Freiberg, Tiana L. Bowden, Diane Wei, and Louis H. Philipson.
    Initial Posting: December 20, 2023.
    • Summary
    • Introduction
    • Monogenic Diabetes
    • Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus
    • Genetic Defects in Insulin Action: Insulin Receptor and Postreceptor Defects
    • Gaps in Monogenic Diabetes Diagnosis
    • Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen) Monogenic Diabetes Expert Panels (MDEP) for Gene and Variant Curation
    • Concluding Remarks
    • Resources
    • List of Abbreviations
    • Conversions
    • Funding
    • Acknowledgment
    • Article History
    • References
  • Risk Factors for Type 1 Diabetes
    Lars C. Stene, Jill M. Norris, and Marian J. Rewers.
    Initial Posting: December 20, 2023.
    • Summary
    • Introduction
    • Genetic Factors
    • Infections
    • Nutritional Factors
    • Toxins and Chemical Compounds
    • Psychosocial and Socioeconomic Factors
    • Prenatal and Perinatal Factors
    • Omics, Interactions, and the Exposome
    • Conclusion
    • List of Abbreviations
    • Funding
    • Acknowledgments
    • Article History
    • References
• Section II. Complications of Diabetes and Related Conditions
  • Heart Disease and Diabetes
    Rita R. Kalyani, Brendan M. Everett, Leigh Perreault, and Erin D. Michos.
    Initial Posting: December 20, 2023.
    • Summary
    • Introduction
    • Sources and Limitations of National Data on Heart Disease and Diabetes
    • Prevalence of Heart Disease in People With Versus Without Diabetes in the United States: Nationally Representative Survey Estimates
    • Risk Factors for the Development of Heart Disease in People With Diabetes
    • Treatment: Control of Glycemia or Other CVD Risk Factors and CVD Outcomes
    • Evidence-Based Recommendations for Diabetes Management From Professional Societies
    • Conclusion
    • List of Abbreviations
    • Conversions
    • Acknowledgment
    • Article History
    • References
    • Appendices
  • Kidney Disease and Diabetes
    Meda E. Pavkov, Alain K. Koyama, Petter Bjornstad, and Robert G. Nelson.
    Initial Posting: November 21, 2024.
    • Summary
    • Introduction
    • Sources and Limitations of National Data on Kidney Disease and Diabetes
    • Definition, Measurements, and Classification
    • Pathophysiology and Clinical Course
    • Elevated Albuminuria
    • Kidney Failure
    • Risk Factors for Diabetes-Related Kidney Disease
    • Treatment of Diabetes-Related Kidney Disease
    • Other Kidney Diseases Associated With Infections in Persons With Diabetes
    • Conclusions
    • List of Abbreviations
    • Conversions
    • Acknowledgment
    • Article History
    • Disclaimer
    • References
• Section III. Medical Care of Diabetes
  • Health Insurance and Diabetes
    Sarah S. Casagrande, Joohyun Park, William H. Herman, and Kai McKeever Bullard.
    Initial Posting: December 20, 2023.
    • Summary
    • Introduction
    • Sources and Limitations of Data on Health Insurance
    • Health Insurance Coverage and Types of Coverage by Demographics
    • Trends in Health Insurance Coverage
    • Health Insurance and Diabetes Care
    • Economic Aspects of Health Insurance Coverage
    • No Health Insurance Coverage
    • Conclusion
    • List of Abbreviations and Definitions
    • Conversions
    • Acknowledgment
    • Article History
    • Disclaimer
    • References
    • Appendices
  • Medication Use and Self-Care Practices in Persons With Diabetes
    Irl B. Hirsch, Catherine Pihoker, Alissa Roberts, Anna Zenno, and Phuc Le.
    Initial Posting: September 18, 2024.
    • Summary
    • Introduction
    • Sources and Limitations of National Data on Medication Use and Self-Care Practices and Diabetes
    • Type 1 Diabetes in Adults
    • Type 1 Diabetes in Youth
    • Type 2 Diabetes in Adults
    • Type 2 Diabetes in Youth
    • Conclusion
    • List of Abbreviations
    • Conversions
    • Acknowledgment
    • Article History
    • References
    • Appendix
  • Obesity Management for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
    Amy E. Rothberg, Jamy D. Ard, Kimberly A. Gudzune, and William H. Herman.
    Initial Posting: May 1, 2024.
    • Summary
    • Introduction
    • Sources and Limitations of National Data on Obesity Management in Diabetes
    • Diet, Physical Activity, and Other Weight Loss Strategies
    • Pharmacologic Therapies
    • Metabolic Surgery
    • Endoscopic and Endoluminal Therapies
    • Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity Among Youth
    • Conclusions
    • List of Abbreviations
    • Conversions
    • Article History
    • References
• Section IV. Prevention of Diabetes
  • Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes
    Laura M. Jacobsen, Desmond A. Schatz, Kevan C. Herold, and Jay S. Skyler.
    Initial Posting: June 6, 2024.
    • Summary
    • Introduction
    • Primary Prevention Trials
    • Secondary Prevention Trials
    • Tertiary Prevention Trials
    • Conclusions
    • List of Abbreviations
    • Conversions
    • Funding
    • Acknowledgment
    • Article History
    • References