U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

Directrices unificadas de la OMS sobre el tratamiento de la tuberculosis farmacorresistente [Internet]. Washington (DC): Organización Panamericana de la Salud; 2020.

Cover of Directrices unificadas de la OMS sobre el tratamiento de la tuberculosis farmacorresistente

Directrices unificadas de la OMS sobre el tratamiento de la tuberculosis farmacorresistente [Internet].

Show details

Referencias

1.
Manual de la OMS para la elaboración de directrices, 2.ª edición. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2014 (http://www​.who.int/publications​/guidelines​/WHO_hb_for_guideline​_development_2ed_Spanish.pdf, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019).
2.
Directrices para el manejo programático de la tuberculosis drogorresistente, actualización del 2011. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2011 (WHO/HTM/TB/2011.6; https://www​.paho.org​/hq/dmdocuments/2013​/Guias-Tecnicas-MPTD-2011-Spanish-2011​.pdf, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019).
3.
The use of bedaquiline in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Interim policy guidance. Ginebra; Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2013 (WHO/HTM/TB/2013.6; http://apps​.who.int/iris​/bitstream/10665​/84879/1/9789241505482_eng.pdf, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019). [PubMed: 23967502]
4.
The use of delamanid in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Interim policy guidance. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2014 (WHO/HTM/TB/2014.23; http://apps​.who.int/iris​/bitstream/10665​/137334/1/WHO_HTM_TB_2014.23_eng.pdf, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019). [PubMed: 26110189]
5.
The use of delamanid in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children and adolescents: interim policy guidance). Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2016 (WHO/HTM/TB/2016.14; http://apps​.who.int/iris​/bitstream/10665​/250614/1/9789241549899-eng.pdf, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019). [PubMed: 27854402]
6.
WHO treatment guidelines for drug-resistant tuberculosis, 2016 update. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2016 (WHO/HTM/TB/2016.4; http://apps​.who.int/iris​/bitstream/10665​/250125/1/9789241549639-eng.pdf, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019).
7.
Companion handbook to the WHO guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2015 (WHO/HTM/TB/2014.11; http://apps​.who.int/iris​/bitstream/10665​/130918/1/9789241548809_eng.pdf, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019). [PubMed: 25320836]
8.
Implementing tuberculosis diagnostics: a policy framework. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2015 (WHO/HTM/TB/2015.11; http://apps​.who.int/iris​/bitstream/10665​/162712/1/9789241508612_eng.pdf, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019).
9.
Wiseman CA, Gie RP, Starke JR, Schaaf HS, Donald PR, Cotton MF et al. A Proposed comprehensive classification of tuberculosis disease severity in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31(4):347–52. [PubMed: 22315002]
10.
Institutos Nacionales de Salud (Instituto Nacional del Cáncer) de los EE. UU. Criterios Terminológicos Comunes para Eventos Adversos (CTCAE). Versión 4.0. Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos de Estados Unidos; 2009 (https://evs​.nci.nih.gov​/ftp1/CTCAE/CTCAE_4​.03/CTCAE_4.03_2010-06-14​_QuickReference_5x7.pdf, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019).
11.
Active tuberculosis drug-safety monitoring and management (aDSM). Framework for implementation. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2015 (WHO/HTM/TB/2015.28; http://apps​.who.int/iris​/bitstream/10665​/204465/1/WHO_HTM_TB_2015.28_eng.pdf, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019).
12.
Definiciones y marco de trabajo para la notificación de la tuberculosis - Revisión del 2013. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2013 (WHO/HTM/TB/2013.2; https://apps​.who.int​/iris/bitstream/handle​/10665/111016/9789243505343_spa​.pdf?sequence=1, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019).
13.
Laserson KF, Thorpe LE, Leimane V, Weyer K, Mitnick CD, Riekstina V et al. Speaking the same language: treatment outcome definitions for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005;9(6):640–5. [PubMed: 15971391]
14.
Escalante P, Graviss EA, Griffith DE, Musser JM, Awe RJ. Treatment of isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis in southeastern Texas. Chest. 2001;119(6):1730–6. [PubMed: 11399698]
15.
Nolan C, Goldberg S. Treatment of isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis with isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide for 6 months. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2002;6(11):952–8. [PubMed: 12475140]
16.
Kim YH, Suh GY, Chung MP, Kim H, Kwon OJ, Lim SY et al. Treatment of isoniazid-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. BMC Infect Dis. 2008;8(1):6. [PMC free article: PMC2245946] [PubMed: 18211720]
17.
Fregonese F, Ahuja SD, Akkerman OW, Arakaki-Sanchez D, Ayakaka I, Baghaei P et al. Comparison of different treatments for isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2018;6(4):265–75. [PMC free article: PMC9017096] [PubMed: 29595509]
18.
Andrade RJ, Tulkens PM. Hepatic safety of antibiotics used in primary care. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(7):1431–46. [PMC free article: PMC3112029] [PubMed: 21586591]
19.
Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades. Update: fatal and severe liver injuries associated with rifampin and pyrazinamide for latent tuberculosis infection, and revisions in American Thoracic Society/CDC recommendations-United States, 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001;50(34):733. [PubMed: 11787580]
20.
Voogt GR, Schoeman HS. Ototoxicity of aminoglycoside drugs in tuberculosis treatment. S Afr J Commun Disord. 1996;43:3–6. [PubMed: 9265840]
21.
Gülbay BE, Gürkan ÖU, Yıldız ÖA, Önen ZP, Erkekol FÖ, Baççıoğlu A et al. Side effects due to primary antituberculosis drugs during the initial phase of therapy in 1149 hospitalized patients for tuberculosis. Respir Med. 2006;100(10):1834–42. [PubMed: 16517138]
22.
Bloss E, Kuksa L, Holtz TH, Riekstina V, Skripconoka V, Kammerer S et al. Adverse events related to multidrugresistant tuberculosis treatment, Latvia, 2000-2004. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2010;14(3):275–81. [PubMed: 20132617]
23.
Oxlade O, Falzon D, Menzies D. The impact and cost-effectiveness of strategies to detect drug-resistant tuberculosis. Eur Respir J. 2012;39(3):626–34. [PubMed: 21828030]
24.
Automated real-time nucleic acid amplification technology for rapid and simultaneous detection of tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance: Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB in adults and children. Policy update. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2013 (WHO/HTM/TB/2013.16; http://apps​.who.int/iris​/bitstream/10665​/112472/1/9789241506335_eng.pdf, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019). [PubMed: 25473701]
25.
The use of molecular line probe assays for the detection of resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2016 (WHO/HTM/TB/2016.12l; http://apps​.who.int/iris​/bitstream/10665​/250586/1/9789241511261-eng.pdf?ua=1, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019).
26.
Bollela V, Namburete N, Feliciano C, Macheque D, Harrison L, Caminero J. Detection of katG and inhA mutations to guide isoniazid and ethionamide use for drug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2016;20(8):1099–104. [PMC free article: PMC5310937] [PubMed: 27393546]
27.
Blumberg HM, Burman WJ, Chaisson RE, Daley CL. American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America: Treatment of tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167(4):603. [PubMed: 12588714]
28.
Ahmad Khan F, Minion J, Al-Motairi A, Benedetti A, Harries AD, Menzies D. An updated systematic review and meta-analysis on the treatment of active tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(8):1154–63. [PubMed: 22820541]
29.
Guidelines for the treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis and patient care, 2017 update. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2017 (WHO/HTM/TB/2017.05; http://apps​.who.int/iris​/bitstream/10665​/255052/1/9789241550000-eng.pdf; consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019).
30.
Directrices unificadas sobre el uso de los antirretrovirales en el tratamiento y la prevención de la infección por el VIH. Recomendaciones para un enfoque de salud pública, 2.ª edición. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2016 (https://apps​.who.int​/iris/bitstream/handle​/10665/129493/9789243505725_spa​.pdf?sequence=1, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019).
31.
Zignol M, Dean AS, Alikhanova N, Andres S, Cabibbe AM, Cirillo DM et al. Population-based resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates to pyrazinamide and fluoroquinolones: results from a multicountry surveillance project. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(10):1185–92. [PMC free article: PMC5030278] [PubMed: 27397590]
32.
The use of molecular line probe assays for the detection of resistance to second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. Policy guidance. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2016 (WHO/HTM/TB/2016.07; http://www​.who.int/tb​/publications/lpa-mdr-diagnostics/en/, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019).
33.
Ramachandran G, Kumar AH, Srinivasan R, Geetharani A, Sugirda P, Nandhakumar B et al. Effect of rifampicin & isoniazid on the steady state pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin. Indian J Med Res. 2012;136(6):979. [PMC free article: PMC3612327] [PubMed: 23391793]
34.
Fish DN, Chow AT. The clinical pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1997;32(2):101–19. [PubMed: 9068926]
35.
HIV drug interactions. En: University of Liverpool [sitio web] (https://www​.hiv-druginteractions​.org/checker, consultado el 1 de marzo del 2019).
36.
Lempens P, Meehan CJ, Vandelannoote K, Fissette K, de Rijk P, Van Deun A et al. Isoniazid resistance levels of Mycobacterium tuberculosis can largely be predicted by high-confidence resistance-conferring mutations. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):3246. [PMC free article: PMC5818527] [PubMed: 29459669]
37.
Nahid P, Dorman SE, Alipanah N, Barry PM, Brozek JL, Cattamanchi A et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines: Treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(7):e147–95. [PMC free article: PMC6590850] [PubMed: 27516382]
38.
WHO treatment guidelines for isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis. Supplement to the WHO treatment guidelines for drug-resistant tuberculosis. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2018 (WHO/CDS/TB/2018.7; http://apps​.who.int/iris​/bitstream/handle​/10665/260494/9789241550079-eng.pdf, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019). [PubMed: 30285343]
39.
Lista de productos del Servicio Farmacéutico Mundial (GDF). En: Stop TB Partnership [sitio web]. Ginebra: Alianza Alto a la Tuberculosis (http://www​.stoptb.org​/gdf/drugsupply/drugs_diagnostics.asp, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019).
40.
Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children, 2.ª edición. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2014 (WHO/TB/2014.03; http://apps​.who.int/iris​/bitstream/10665​/112360/1/9789241548748_eng.pdf, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019).
41.
Global tuberculosis report 2018. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2018 (WHO/CDS/TB/2018.20; http://apps​.who.int/iris​/bitstream/handle​/10665/274453/9789241565646-eng.pdf, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019).
42.
Ahuja SD, Ashkin D, Avendano M, Banerjee R, Bauer M, Bayona JN et al. Multidrug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis treatment regimens and patient outcomes: an individual patient data meta-analysis of 9,153 patients. PLoS Med. 2012;9(8):e1001300. [PMC free article: PMC3429397] [PubMed: 22952439]
43.
Ahmad N, Ahuja SD, Akkerman OW, Alffenaar J-WC, Anderson LF, Baghaei P et al. Treatment correlates of successful outcomes in pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: an individual patient data metaanalysis. Lancet. 2018;392(10150):821–34. [PMC free article: PMC6463280] [PubMed: 30215381]
44.
Harausz EP, Garcia-Prats AJ, Law S, Schaaf HS, Kredo T, Seddon JA et al. Treatment and outcomes in children with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. PLOS Med. 2018;15(7):e1002591. [PMC free article: PMC6040687] [PubMed: 29995958]
45.
Seddon JA, Hesseling AC, Godfrey-Faussett P, Schaaf HS. High treatment success in children treated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: an observational cohort study. Thorax. 2014;69(5):458–64. [PubMed: 24064441]
46.
WHO-Tuberculosis (TB). Public call for individual patient data on treatment of rifampicin and multidrugresistant (MDR/RR-TB) tuberculosis. En: Organización Mundial de la Salud [sitio web] (http://www​.who.int/tb​/features_archive/public​_call_treatment_RR_MDR_TB/en/, consultado el 1 de marzo del 2019).
47.
Safety and efficacy trial of delamanid for 6 months in patients with multidrug resistant tuberculosis. En: NIH. US Library of Medicine; ClinicalTrials​.gov [sitio web] (https:​//clinicaltrials​.gov/ct2/show/NCT01424670, consultado el 1 de marzo del 2019).
48.
WHO best-practice statement on the off-label use of bedaquiline and delamanid for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2017 (WHO/HTM/TB/2017.20; http://apps​.who.int/iris​/bitstream/10665​/258941/1/WHO-HTM-TB-2017.20-eng.pdf, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019).
49.
Tang S, Yao L, Hao X, Zhang X, Liu G, Liu X et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of linezolid for the treatment of XDR-TB: a study in China. Eur Respir J. 2015;45(1):161–70. [PubMed: 25234807]
50.
Thwaites GE, Bhavnani SM, Chau TTH, Hammel JP, Torok ME, Van Wart SA et al. Randomized pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of fluoroquinolones for tuberculous meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(7):3244–53. [PMC free article: PMC3122453] [PubMed: 21502621]
51.
Donald PR. The chemotherapy of tuberculous meningitis in children and adults. Tuberculosis. 2010;90(6):375–92. [PubMed: 20810322]
52.
Sun F, Ruan Q, Wang J, Chen S, Jin J, Shao L et al. Linezolid manifests a rapid and dramatic therapeutic effect for patients with life-threatening tuberculous meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(10):6297–301. [PMC free article: PMC4187991] [PubMed: 25092692]
53.
OMS, Fondo Mundial, GDF. Frequently asked questions on the WHO Rapid Communication: key changes to the treatment of multidrug- and rifampicin-resistant TB. 2018 (http://www​.who.int/tb​/areas-of-work/drugresistant-tb​/treatment​/MDR_RRR-TB-TaskForce-FAQs-v1.pdf, consultado el 1 de marzo del 2019).
54.
Technical report on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of medicines used in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Ginebra; Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2018 (WHO/CDS/TB/2018.6; http://apps​.who.int/iris​/bitstream/10665​/260440/1/WHO-CDS-TB-2018.6-eng.pdf, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019).
55.
The use of next-generation sequencing technologies for the detection of mutations associated with drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex: technical guide. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud/FIND; 2018 (WHO/CDS/TB/2018.19; http://apps​.who.int/iris​/bitstream/handle​/10665/274443/WHO-CDSTB-2018.19-eng.pdf, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019).
56.
Directrices para la vigilancia de la farmacorresistencia en la tuberculosis, 5.ª edición. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2015 (WHO/TB/2015.13; https://apps​.who.int​/iris/bitstream/handle​/10665/204279/9789243549132_spa​.pdf?sequence=1, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019).
57.
BRIEFING PACKAGE Division of Anti-Infective Products Office of Antimicrobial Products CDER, FDA. SirturoTM (bedaquiline 100 mg tablets) For the treatment of adults (≥ 18 years) as part of combination therapy of pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB). Solicitante: Janssen Research and Development, LLC. Reunión del Comité Asesor sobre Medicamentos Antiinfecciosos de la FDA, Silver Spring (Maryland, Estados Unidos) Fecha: 28 de noviembre del 2012. (http://www​.natap.org​/2013/newsUpdates/20121128-AIDAC-B1-01-FDA_Backgrounder.pdf, consultado el 8 de marzo del 2019).
58.
Sirturo (bedaquilina). En: Agencia Europea de Medicamentos [sitio web] (http://www​.ema.europa​.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages​/medicines/human​/medicines/002614/human_med_001730​.jsp&mid​=WC0b01ac058001d124, consultado el 1 de marzo del 2019).
59.
Deltyba (delamanid). En: Agencia Europea de Medicamentos [sitio web] (https://www​.ema.europa​.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/deltyba, consultado el 1 de marzo del 2019).
60.
Electronic recording and reporting for tuberculosis care and control. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2012 (WHO/HTM/TB/2011.22; http://whqlibdoc​.who​.int/publications/2012​/9789241564465_eng.pdf, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019).
61.
Nunn AJ, Rusen ID, Van Deun A, Torrea G, Phillips PPJ, Chiang C-Y et al. Evaluation of a standardized treatment regimen of anti-tuberculosis drugs for patients with multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (STREAM): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2014;15:353. [PMC free article: PMC4164715] [PubMed: 25199531]
62.
Position statement on the continued use of the shorter MDR-TB regimen following an expedited review of the STREAM Stage 1 preliminary results. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2018 (https://www​.who.int/tb​/areas-of-work/drug-resistant-tb​/treatment​/WHOPositionStatementShorterRegimensSTREAMStage1.pdf, consultado el 14 de marzo del 2019).
63.
Van Deun A, Maug AKJ, Salim MAH, Das PK, Sarker MR, Daru P et al. Short, highly effective, and inexpensive standardized treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182(5):684–92. [PubMed: 20442432]
64.
Kuaban C, Noeske J, Rieder HL, Aït-Khaled N, Abena Foe JL, Trébucq A. High effectiveness of a 12-month regimen for MDR-TB patients in Cameroon. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015;19(5):517–24. [PubMed: 25868018]
65.
Piubello A, Harouna SH, Souleymane MB, Boukary I, Morou S, Daouda M et al. High cure rate with standardised short-course multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment in Niger: no relapses. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18(10):1188–94. [PubMed: 25216832]
66.
Trébucq A, Schwoebel V, Kashongwe Z, Bakayoko A, Kuaban C, Noeske J et al. Treatment outcome with a short multidrug-resistant tuberculosis regimen in nine African countries. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2018;22(1):17–25. [PubMed: 29149917]
67.
WHO position statement on the use of the shorter MDR-TB regimen. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2018 (WHO/CDS/TB/2018.2; http://www​.who.int/tb/publications/2018/, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019).
68.
Kurbatova EV, Gammino VM, Bayona J, Becerra M, Danilovitz M, Falzon D et al. Frequency and type of microbiological monitoring of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011;15(11):1553–5. [PubMed: 22008772]
69.
Mitnick CD, White RA, Lu C, Rodriguez CA, Bayona J, Becerra MC et al. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment failure detection depends on monitoring interval and microbiological method. Eur Respir J. 2016;48(4):1160–70. [PMC free article: PMC5045442] [PubMed: 27587552]
70.
Manual de bioseguridad en el laboratorio de tuberculosis. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2012 (WHO/HTM/TB/2012.11; https://apps​.who.int​/iris/bitstream/handle​/10665/92661/9789243504636_spa​.pdf?sequence=1, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019).
71.
Friedrich SO, Rachow A, Saathoff E, Singh K, Mangu CD, Dawson R et al. Assessment of the sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF assay as an early sputum biomarker of response to tuberculosis treatment. Lancet Respir Med. 2013;1(6):462–70. [PubMed: 24429244]
72.
Jayakumar A, Savic RM, Everett CK, Benator D, Alland D, Heilig CM et al. Xpert MTB/RIF assay shows faster clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA with higher levels of rifapentine exposure. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54(12):3028–33. [PMC free article: PMC5121396] [PubMed: 27733634]
73.
Burgos M, Gonzalez LC, Paz EA, Gournis E, Kawamura LM, Schecter G et al. Treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in San Francisco: an outpatient-based approach. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(7):968–75. [PubMed: 15824988]
74.
Dheda K, Shean K, Zumla A, Badri M, Streicher EM, Page-Shipp L et al. Early treatment outcomes and HIV status of patients with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2010;375(9728):1798–807. [PubMed: 20488525]
75.
Eker B, Ortmann J, Migliori GB, Sotgiu G, Muetterlein R, Centis R et al. Multidrug- and extensively drugresistant tuberculosis, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(11):1700–6. [PMC free article: PMC2630755] [PubMed: 18976552]
76.
El Sahly HM, Teeter LD, Pawlak RR, Musser JM, Graviss EA. Drug-resistant tuberculosis: a disease of target populations in Houston, Texas. J Infect. 2006;53(1):5–11. [PubMed: 16310855]
77.
Leimane V, Dravniece G, Riekstina V, Sture I, Kammerer S, Chen MP et al. Treatment outcome of multidrug/extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Latvia, 2000–2004. Eur Respir J. 2010;36(3):584–93. [PubMed: 20185428]
78.
Migliori GB, Besozzi G, Girardi E, Kliiman K, Lange C, Toungoussova OS et al. Clinical and operational value of the extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis definition. Eur Respir J. 2007;30(4):623–6. [PubMed: 17690121]
79.
Palmero D, Ritacco V, Ambroggi M, Poggi S, Güemes Gurtubay J, Alberti F et al. Tuberculosis multirresistente en pacientes con sida a comienzos del milenio. Medicina (B. Aires). 2006;66(5):399–404. [PubMed: 17137168]
80.
Shean KP, Willcox PA, Siwendu SN, Laserson KF, Gross L, Kammerer S et al. Treatment outcome and follow-up of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients, West Coast/Winelands, South Africa, 1992-2002. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008;12(10):1182–9. [PubMed: 18812049]
81.
Varma JK, Nateniyom S, Akksilp S, Mankatittham W, Sirinak C, Sattayawuthipong W et al. HIV care and treatment factors associated with improved survival during TB treatment in Thailand: an observational study. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9(1):42. [PMC free article: PMC2674442] [PubMed: 19364398]
82.
Jamal LF, Guibu IA, Tancredi MV, Ramalho MO, Vasconcelos GM, Cota IN et al. Reliability and usefulness of TB/HIV co-infection data proceeding from developing countries. En: XV Conferencia Internacional sobre el Sida, del 11 al 16 de julio del 2004;15. [Resumen n.º ThPeA6953]. (https://gateway​.nlm.nih​.gov/result_am?query=Reliability​%20and​%20usefulness%20of%20TB​/HIV%20co-infection​%20data%20proceeding​%20from%20developing​%20countries&id​=102280737&itemnum​=1&amhighlight​=Yes&amsort​=Relevance; consultado el 1 de marzo del 2019).
83.
Guía de tratamiento antirretroviral de la infección por el VIH en adultos y adolescentes Recomendaciones para un enfoque de salud pública. Revisión del 2010. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2010 (https://apps​.who.int​/iris/bitstream/handle​/10665/44539/9789243599762_spa​.pdf?sequence=1, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019).
84.
Abdool Karim SS, Naidoo K, Grobler A, Padayatchi N, Baxter C, Gray A et al. Timing of initiation of antiretroviral drugs during tuberculosis therapy. N Engl J Med. 2010;362;697–706. [PMC free article: PMC3076221] [PubMed: 20181971]
85.
Havlir DV, Kendall MA, Ive P, Kumwenda J, Swindells S, QasbaSS et al., for the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5521. Timing of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection and tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1482–91. [PMC free article: PMC3327101] [PubMed: 22010914]
86.
Blanc FX, Sok T, Laureillard D, Borand L, Rekacewicz C, Nerrienet E et al. Significant enhancement in survival with early (2 weeks) vs. late (8 weeks) initiation of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) in severely immunosuppressed HIV-infected adults with newly diagnosed tuberculosis. 18ª Conferencia Internacional sobre el Sida, Viena (Austria), del 18 al 23 de julio del 2010 (www​.natap.org/2010/IAS/IAS_91.htm, consultado el 1 de marzo del 2019).
87.
Fox GJ, Mitnick CD, Benedetti A, Chan ED, Becerra M, Chiang C-Y et al. Surgery as an Adjunctive treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: an individual patient data metaanalysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(7):887–95. [PubMed: 26757804]
88.
Harris RC, Khan MS, Martin LJ, Allen V, Moore DAJ, Fielding K et al. The effect of surgery on the outcome of treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):262 (http://bmcinfectdis​.biomedcentral​.com/articles/10​.1186/s12879-016-1585-0, consultado el 1 de marzo del 2019). [PMC free article: PMC4901410] [PubMed: 27283524]
89.
Bayer R, Wilkinson D. Directly observed therapy for tuberculosis: history of an idea. Lancet. 1995;345(8964):1545–8. [PubMed: 7677849]
90.
Kamolratanakul P, Sawert H, Lertmaharit S, Kasetjaroen Y, Akksilp S, Tulaporn C et al. Randomized controlled trial of directly observed treatment (DOT) for patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1999;93(5):552–7. [PubMed: 10696421]
91.
MacIntyre CR, Goebel K, Brown GV, Skull S, Starr M, Fullinfaw RO. A randomised controlled clinical trial of the efficacy of family-based direct observation of anti-tuberculosis treatment in an urban, developedcountry setting. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003;7(9):848–54. [PubMed: 12971668]
92.
Tuberculosis Research Centre. A controlled clinical trial of oral short-course regimens in the treatment of sputum-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1997;1(6):509–17. [PubMed: 9487448]
93.
Walley JD, Khan MA, Newell JN, Khan MH. Effectiveness of the direct observation component of DOTS for tuberculosis: a randomised controlled trial in Pakistan. Lancet. 2001;357(9257):664–9. [PubMed: 11247549]
94.
Zwarenstein M, Schoeman JH, Vundule C, Lombard CJ, Tatley M. Randomised controlled trial of selfsupervised and directly observed treatment of tuberculosis. Lancet. 1998;352(9137):1340–3. [PubMed: 9802271]
95.
Zwarenstein M, Schoeman JH, Vundule C, Lombard CJ, Tatley M. A randomised controlled trial of lay health workers as direct observers for treatment of tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2000;4(6):550–4. [PubMed: 10864186]
96.
Tandon M, Gupta M, Tandon S, Gupta KB. DOTS versus self-administered therapy (SAT) for patients of pulmonary tuberculosis: a randomised trial at a tertiary care hospital. Indian J Med Sci. 2002;56(1):19–21. [PubMed: 12508627]
97.
Akkslip S, Rasmithat S, Maher D, Sawert H. Direct observation of tuberculosis treatment by supervised family members in Yasothorn Province, Thailand. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999;3(12):1061–5. [PubMed: 10599008]
98.
Balasubramanian VN, Oommen K, Samuel R. DOT or not? Direct observation of anti-tuberculosis treatment and patient outcomes, Kerala State, India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2000;4(5):409–13. [PubMed: 10815733]
99.
Mathema B, Pande S, Jochem K, Houston R, Smith I, Bam D et al. Tuberculosis treatment in Nepal: a rapid assessment of government centers using different types of patient supervision. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2001;5(10):912–9. [PubMed: 11605884]
100.
Ormerod L, Horsfield N, Green R. Tuberculosis treatment outcome monitoring: Blackburn 1988–2000. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2002;6(8):662–5. [PubMed: 12150476]
101.
Tsuchida K, Koyanagi H. Outcome of directly observed therapy for tuberculosis in Yokohama City, Japan. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003;7(8):730–4. [PubMed: 12921148]
102.
Nirupa C, Sudha G, Santha T, Ponnuraja C, Fathima R, Chandrasekaran V et al. Evaluation of directly observed treatment providers in the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme. Indian J Tuberc. 2005;52(2):73–7.
103.
Daniel OJ. Pre-and post-directly observed treatment era in the management of TB: a teaching hospital experience. Trop Doct. 2006;36(3):163–5. [PubMed: 16884624]
104.
Okanurak K, Kitayaporn D, Wanarangsikul W, Koompong C. Effectiveness of DOT for tuberculosis treatment outcomes: a prospective cohort study in Bangkok, Thailand. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007;11(7):762–8. [PubMed: 17609051]
105.
Abassi A, Mansourian AR. Efficacy of DOTS strategy in treatment of respiratory tuberculosis in Gorgan, Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 2007;13(3):664–9. [PubMed: 17687840]
106.
Siemion-Szcześniak I, Kuś J. Treatment outcomes in culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Adv Respir Med. 2009;77(1):11–22. [PubMed: 19308905]
107.
Caylà JA, Rodrigo T, Ruiz-Manzano J, Caminero JA, Vidal R, García JM et al. Tuberculosis treatment adherence and fatality in Spain. Respir Res. 2009;10(1):121. [PMC free article: PMC2794858] [PubMed: 19951437]
108.
Zvavamwe Z, Ehlers VJ. Experiences of a community-based tuberculosis treatment programme in Namibia: a comparative cohort study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2009;46(3):302–9. [PubMed: 18995854]
109.
Xu W, Lu W, Zhou Y, Zhu L, Shen H, Wang J. Adherence to anti-tuberculosis treatment among pulmonary tuberculosis patients: a qualitative and quantitative study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2009;9(1):169. [PMC free article: PMC2753329] [PubMed: 19765290]
110.
Abuaku B, Tan H, Li X, Chen M, Huang X. Treatment default and death among tuberculosis patients in Hunan, China. Scand J Infect Dis. 2010;42(4):281–7. [PubMed: 20100113]
111.
Ershova JV, Podewils LJ, Bronner LE, Stockwell HG, Dlamini S, Mametja LD. Evaluation of adherence to national treatment guidelines among tuberculosis patients in three provinces of South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2014;104(5):362–8. [PMC free article: PMC4784229] [PubMed: 25212205]
112.
Weis SE, Slocum PC, Blais FX, King B, Nunn M, Matney GB et al. The effect of directly observed therapy on the rates of drug resistance and relapse in tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(17):1179–84. [PubMed: 8139628]
113.
Bashar M, Alcabes P, Rom WN, Condos R. Increased incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in diabetic patients on the Bellevue Chest Service, 1987 to 1997. Chest. 2001;120(5):1514–9. [PubMed: 11713128]
114.
Olle-Goig JE, Alvarez J. Treatment of tuberculosis in a rural area of Haiti: directly observed and non-observed regimens. The experience of Hôpital Albert Schweitzer. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2001;5(2):137–41. [PubMed: 11258507]
115.
Pungrassami P, Johnsen SP, Chongsuvivatwong V, Olsen J. Has directly observed treatment improved outcomes for patients with tuberculosis in southern Thailand? Trop Med Int Health. 2002;7(3):271–9. [PubMed: 11903990]
116.
Jasmer RM, Seaman CB, Gonzalez LC, Kawamura LM, Osmond DH, Daley CL. Tuberculosis treatment outcomes: directly observed therapy compared with self-administered therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170(5):561–6. [PubMed: 15184210]
117.
Cavalcante SC, Soares ECC, Pacheco AGF, Chaisson RE, Durovni B, Team DE. Community DOT for tuberculosis in a Brazilian favela: comparison with a clinic model. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007;11(5):544–9. [PubMed: 17439679]
118.
Radilla-Chávez P, Laniado-Laborín R. Results of directly observed treatment for tuberculosis in Ensenada, Mexico: not all DOTS programs are created equally. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007;11(3):289–92. [PubMed: 17352094]
119.
Anuwatnonthakate A, Limsomboon P, Nateniyom S, Wattanaamornkiat W, Komsakorn S, Moolphate S et al. Directly observed therapy and improved tuberculosis treatment outcomes in Thailand. PLoS One. 2008;3(8):e3089. [PMC free article: PMC2518105] [PubMed: 18769479]
120.
Kapella BK, Anuwatnonthakate A, Komsakorn S, Moolphate S, Charusuntonsri P, Limsomboon P et al. Directly observed treatment is associated with reduced default among foreign tuberculosis patients in Thailand. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2009;13(2):232–7. [PubMed: 19146753]
121.
Vieira AA, Ribeiro SA. Compliance with tuberculosis treatment after the implementation of the directly observed treatment, short-course strategy in the city of Carapicuíba, Brazil. J Bras Pneumol. 2011;37(2):223–31. [PubMed: 21537659]
122.
Ong’ang’o JR, Mwachari C, Kipruto H, Karanja S. The effects on tuberculosis treatment adherence from utilising community health workers: a comparison of selected rural and urban settings in Kenya. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e88937. [PMC free article: PMC3928331] [PubMed: 24558452]
123.
Das M, Isaakidis P, Armstrong E, Gundipudi NR, Babu RB, Qureshi IA et al. Directly-observed and selfadministered tuberculosis treatment in a chronic, low-intensity conflict setting in India. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e92131. [PMC free article: PMC3961301] [PubMed: 24651176]
124.
Alwood K, Keruly J, Moore-Rice K, Stanton DL, Chaulk CP, Chaisson RE. Effectiveness of supervised, intermittent therapy for tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients. AIDS. 1994;8(8):1103–8. [PubMed: 7986406]
125.
Alvarez-Uria G, Midde M, Pakam R, Naik PK. Directly-observed intermittent therapy versus unsupervised daily regimen during the intensive phase of antituberculosis therapy in HIV infected patients. BioMed Res Int. 2014;2014 (Article ID 937817). [PMC free article: PMC4071854] [PubMed: 25013814]
126.
Juan G, Lloret T, Perez C, Lopez P, Navarro R, Ramón M et al. Directly observed treatment for tuberculosis in pharmacies compared with self-administered therapy in Spain. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10(2):215–21. [PubMed: 16499264]
127.
Caylà JA, Caminero JA, Rey R, Lara N, Valles X, Galdós-Tangüis H. Current status of treatment completion and fatality among tuberculosis patients in Spain. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004;8(4):458–64. [PubMed: 15141739]
128.
Colvin M, Gumede L, Grimwade K, Maher D, Wilkinson D. Contribution of traditional healers to a rural tuberculosis control programme in Hlabisa, South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003;7(9):S86–91. [PubMed: 12971659]
129.
Singh AA, Parasher D, Shekhavat GS, Sahu S, Wares DF, Granich R. Effectiveness of urban community volunteers in directly observed treatment of tuberculosis patients: a field report from Haryana, North India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004;8(6):800–2. [PubMed: 15182154]
130.
Kingkaew N, Sangtong B, Amnuaiphon W, Jongpaibulpatana J, Anuwatnonthakate A. Effectiveness of and results from directly observed treatment of tuberculosis patients by health-care workers vs. family members, Vachira Phuket Hospital, 2005–2006. J Health Syst Res. 2008;2(2):1127–34.
131.
Tripathy SK, Kumar P, Sagili KD, Enarson DA. Effectiveness of a community-based observation of antituberculosis treatment in Bangalore City, India, 2010–2011. Public Health Action. 2013;3(3):230–4. [PMC free article: PMC4463128] [PubMed: 26393035]
132.
Wilkinson D, Davies GR. Coping with Africa’s increasing tuberculosis burden: are community supervisors an essential component of the DOT strategy? Trop Med Int Health. 1997;2(7):700–4. [PubMed: 9270739]
133.
Lwilla F, Schellenberg D, Masanja H, Acosta C, Galindo C, Aponte J et al. Evaluation of efficacy of community-based vs. institutional-based direct observed short-course treatment for the control of tuberculosis in Kilombero district, Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health. 2003;8(3):204–10. [PubMed: 12631309]
134.
Wandwalo E, Kapalata N, Egwaga S, Morkve O. Effectiveness of community-based directly observed treatment for tuberculosis in an urban setting in Tanzania: a randomised controlled trial. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004;8(10):1248–54. [PubMed: 15527158]
135.
Wright J, Walley J, Philip A, Pushpananthan S, Dlamini E, Newell J et al. Direct observation of treatment for tuberculosis: a randomized controlled trial of community health workers versus family members. Trop Med Int Health. 2004;9(5):559–65. [PubMed: 15117299]
136.
Newell JN, Baral SC, Pande SB, Bam DS, Malla P. Family-member DOTS and community DOTS for tuberculosis control in Nepal: cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;367(9514):903–9. [PubMed: 16546538]
137.
Farmer P, Robin S, Ramilus SL, Kim JY. Tuberculosis, poverty, and “compliance”: lessons from rural Haiti. Semin Respir Infect. 1991;6(4):254–60. [PubMed: 1810004]
138.
Jasmer RM, Bozeman L, Schwartzman K, Cave MD, Saukkonen JJ, Metchock B et al. Recurrent tuberculosis in the United States and Canada: relapse or reinfection? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170(12):1360–6. [PubMed: 15477492]
139.
Soares EC, Vollmer WM, Cavalcante SC, Pacheco AG, Saraceni V, Silva JS et al. Tuberculosis control in a socially vulnerable area: a community intervention beyond DOT in a Brazilian favela. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17(12):1581–6. [PubMed: 24200272]
140.
Yassin MA, Datiko DG, Tulloch O, Markos P, Aschalew M, Shargie EB et al. Innovative community-based approaches doubled tuberculosis case notification and improve treatment outcome in Southern Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e63174. [PMC free article: PMC3664633] [PubMed: 23723975]
141.
Chan P-C, Huang S-H, Yu M-C, Lee S-W, Huang Y-W, Chien S-T et al. Effectiveness of a governmentorganized and hospital-initiated treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients - a retrospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e57719. [PMC free article: PMC3581541] [PubMed: 23451263]
142.
Gärden B, Samarina A, Stavchanskaya I, Alsterlund R, Övregaard A, Taganova O et al. Food incentives improve adherence to tuberculosis drug treatment among homeless patients in Russia. Scand J Caring Sci. 2013;27(1):117–22. [PubMed: 22671304]
143.
Davidson BL. A controlled comparison of directly observed therapy vs self-administered therapy for active tuberculosis in the urban United States. Chest. 1998;114(5):1239–43. [PubMed: 9823995]
144.
Puchalski Ritchie LM, Schull MJ, Martiniuk AL, Barnsley J, Arenovich T van Lettow M, et al. A knowledge translation intervention to improve tuberculosis care and outcomes in Malawi: a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial. Implement Sci. 2015;10(1):38. [PMC free article: PMC4437452] [PubMed: 25890186]
145.
Datiko DG, Lindtjørn B. Health extension workers improve tuberculosis case detection and treatment success in southern Ethiopia: a community randomized trial. PLoS One. 2009;4(5):e5443. [PMC free article: PMC2678194] [PubMed: 19424460]
146.
Clark PM, Karagoz T, Apikoglu-Rabus S, Izzettin FV. Effect of pharmacist-led patient education on adherence to tuberculosis treatment. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007;64(5):497–505. [PubMed: 17322163]
147.
Janmeja AK, Das SK, Bhargava R, Chavan BS. Psychotherapy improves compliance with tuberculosis treatment. Respiration. 2005;72(4):375–80. [PubMed: 16088280]
148.
Liefooghe R, Suetens C, Meulemans H, Moran M-B, De Muynck A. A randomised trial of the impact of counselling on treatment adherence of tuberculosis patients in Sialkot, Pakistan. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999;3(12):1073–80. [PubMed: 10599010]
149.
Baral SC, Aryal Y, Bhattrai R, King R, Newell JN. The importance of providing counselling and financial support to patients receiving treatment for multi-drug resistant TB: mixed method qualitative and pilot intervention studies. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):46. [PMC free article: PMC3898066] [PubMed: 24438351]
150.
Martins N, Morris P, Kelly PM. Food incentives to improve completion of tuberculosis treatment: randomised controlled trial in Dili, Timor-Leste. BMJ. 2009;339:b4248. [PMC free article: PMC2767482] [PubMed: 19858174]
151.
Lutge E, Lewin S, Volmink J, Friedman I, Lombard C. Economic support to improve tuberculosis treatment outcomes in South Africa: a pragmatic cluster-randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2013;14(1):154. [PMC free article: PMC3680200] [PubMed: 23714270]
152.
Jahnavi G, Sudha CH. Randomised controlled trial of food supplements in patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis and wasting. Singapore Med J. 2010;51(12):957. [PubMed: 21221502]
153.
Sinclair D, Abba K, Grobler L, Sudarsanam TD. Nutritional supplements for people being treated for active tuberculosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(11):CD006086. [PubMed: 22071828]
154.
Álvarez Gordillo G del C, Álvarez Gordillo JF, Dorantes Jiménez JE. Estrategia educativa para incrementar el cumplimiento del régimen antituberculoso en Chiapas, México. Rev Panam Salud Pública. 2003;14(6):402–8. [PubMed: 14769157]
155.
Demissie M, Getahun H, Lindtjørn B. Community tuberculosis care through “TB clubs” in rural North Ethiopia. Soc Sci Med. 2003;56(10):2009–18. [PubMed: 12697193]
156.
Dick J, Lombard C. Shared vision—a health education project designed to enhance adherence to antituberculosis treatment [planning and practice]. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1997;1(2):181–6. [PubMed: 9441085]
157.
Banerjee A, Harries AD, Mphasa N, Nyirenda TE, Veen J, Ringdal T et al. Evaluation of a unified treatment regimen for all new cases of tuberculosis using guardian-based supervision. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2000;4(4):333–9. [PubMed: 10777082]
158.
Becx-Bleumink M, Wibowo H, Apriani W, Vrakking H. High tuberculosis notification and treatment success rates through community participation in central Sulawesi, Republic of Indonesia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2001;5(10):920–5. [PubMed: 11605885]
159.
Dobler CC, Korver S, Batbayar O, Oyuntsetseg S, Tsolmon B, Wright C et al. Success of community-based directly observed anti-tuberculosis treatment in Mongolia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015;19(6):657–62. [PubMed: 25946355]
160.
Dudley L, Azevedo V, Grant R, Schoeman JH, Dikweni L, Maher D. Evaluation of community contribution to tuberculosis control in Cape Town, South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003;7(9):S48–55. [PubMed: 12971654]
161.
Maciel ELN, Guidoni LM, Brioshi AP, Prado TN do, Fregona G, Hadad DJ et al. Household members and health care workers as supervisors of tuberculosis treatment. Rev Saude Publica. 2010;44(2):339–43. [PubMed: 20339634]
162.
Miti S, Mfungwe V, Reijer P, Maher D. Integration of tuberculosis treatment in a community-based home care programme for persons living with HIV/AIDS in Ndola, Zambia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003;7(9):S92–8. [PubMed: 12971660]
163.
Moalosi G, Floyd K, Phatshwane J, Moeti T, Binkin N, Kenyon T. Cost-effectiveness of home-based care versus hospital care for chronically ill tuberculosis patients, Francistown, Botswana. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003;7(9):S80–5. [PubMed: 12971658]
164.
Niazi AD, Al-Delaimi AM. Impact of community participation on treatment outcomes and compliance of DOTS patients in Iraq. East Mediterrranean Health J. 2003;9(4):709–17. [PubMed: 15748068]
165.
Wares D, Akhtar M, Singh S. DOT for patients with limited access to health care facilities in a hill district of eastern Nepal. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2001;5(8):732–40. [PubMed: 11495264]
166.
Arora VK, Singla N, Gupta R. Community mediated domiciliary DOTS execution - a study from New Delhi. Indian J Tuberc. 2003;50:143–50.
167.
Kironde S, Meintjies M. Tuberculosis treatment delivery in high burden settings: does patient choice of supervision matter? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2002;6(7):599–608. [PubMed: 12102299]
168.
van den Boogaard J, Lyimo R, Irongo CF, Boeree MJ, Schaalma H, Aarnoutse RE et al. Community vs. facilitybased directly observed treatment for tuberculosis in Tanzania’s Kilimanjaro Region. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2009;13(12):1524–9. [PubMed: 19919771]
169.
Manders AJE, Banerjee A, Van den Borne HW, Harries AD, Kok GJ, Salaniponi FML. Can guardians supervise TB treatment as well as health workers? A study on adherence during the intensive phase. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2001;5(9):838–42. [PubMed: 11573895]
170.
Akhtar S, Rozi S, White F, Hasan R. Cohort analysis of directly observed treatment outcomes for tuberculosis patients in urban Pakistan. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011;15(1):90–6. [PubMed: 21276303]
171.
Chuck C, Robinson E, Macaraig M, Alexander M, Burzynski J. Enhancing management of tuberculosis treatment with video directly observed therapy in New York City. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2016;20(5):588–93. [PubMed: 27084810]
172.
Wade VA, Karnon J, Eliott JA, Hiller JE. Home videophones improve direct observation in tuberculosis treatment: a mixed methods evaluation. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e50155. [PMC free article: PMC3511425] [PubMed: 23226243]
173.
Khortwong P, Kaewkungwal J. Thai health education program for improving TB migrant’s compliance. J Med Assoc Thai. 2013;96(3):365–73. [PubMed: 23539943]
174.
Morisky DE, Malotte CK, Choi P, Davidson P, Rigler S, Sugland B et al. A patient education program to improve adherence rates with antituberculosis drug regimens. Health Educ Q. 1990;17(3):253–66. [PubMed: 2228629]
175.
Drabo M, Zerbo R, Berthe A, Ouedrago L, Konfe S, Mugisho É et al. Implication communautaire aux soins tuberculeux dans 3 districts sanitaires du Burkina Faso. Santé Publique. 2009;21(5):485–97. [PubMed: 20229641]
176.
Thiam S, LeFevre AM, Hane F, Ndiaye A, Ba F, Fielding KL et al. Effectiveness of a strategy to improve adherence to tuberculosis treatment in a resource-poor setting: a cluster randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007;297(4):380–6. [PubMed: 17244834]
177.
Hsieh C-J, Lin L-C, Kuo BI-T, Chiang C-H, Su W-J, Shih J-F. Exploring the efficacy of a case management model using DOTS in the adherence of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. J Clin Nurs. 2008;17(7):869–75. [PubMed: 17850292]
178.
Atkins S, Lewin S, Jordaan E, Thorson A. Lay health worker-supported tuberculosis treatment adherence in South Africa: an interrupted time-series study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011;15(1):84–9. [PubMed: 21276302]
179.
Iribarren S, Chirico C, Echevarria M, Cardinali D. TextTB: a parallel design randomized control pilot study to evaluate acceptance and feasibility of a patient-driven mobile phone based intervention to support adherence to TB treatment. J Mob Technol Med. 2012;1(4S):23–4.
180.
Krishnaswami KV, Somasundaram PR, Tripathy SP, Vaidyanathan B, Radhakrishna S, Fox W. A randomised study of two policies for managing default in out-patients collecting supplies of drugs for pulmonary tuberculosis in a large city in South India. Tubercle. 1981;62(2):103–12. [PubMed: 6171080]
181.
Kunawararak P, Pongpanich S, Chantawong S, Pokaew P, Traisathit P, Srithanaviboonchai K et al. Tuberculosis treatment with mobile-phone medication reminders in northern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2011;42(6):1444–51. [PubMed: 22299414]
182.
Mohan A, Nassir H, Niazi A. Does routine home visiting improve the return rate and outcome of DOTS patients who delay treatment? East Mediterr Health J. 2003;9(4):702–8. [PubMed: 15748067]
183.
Paramasivan R, Parthasarathy RT, Rajasekaran S. Short course chemotherapy: a controlled study of indirect defaulter retrieval method. Indian J Tuberc. 1993;40:185–90.
184.
Tanke ED, Leirer VO. Automated telephone reminders in tuberculosis care. Med Care. 1994;32(4):380–9. [PubMed: 8139302]
185.
Moulding TS, Caymittes M. Managing medication compliance of tuberculosis patients in Haiti with medication monitors. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2002;6(4):313–9. [PubMed: 11936740]
186.
Liu X, Lewis JJ, Zhang H, Lu W, Zhang S, Zheng G et al. Effectiveness of electronic reminders to improve medication adherence in tuberculosis patients: a cluster-randomised trial. PLoS Med. 2015;12(9):e1001876. [PMC free article: PMC4570796] [PubMed: 26372470]
187.
Bronner LE, Podewils LJ, Peters A, Somnath P, Nshuti L, van der Walt M et al. Impact of community tracer teams on treatment outcomes among tuberculosis patients in South Africa. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):621. [PMC free article: PMC3490985] [PubMed: 22871071]
188.
Snidal SJ, Barnard G, Atuhairwe E, Amor YB. Use of eCompliance, an innovative biometric system for monitoring of tuberculosis treatment in rural Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92(6):1271–9. [PMC free article: PMC4458837] [PubMed: 25846297]
189.
Thomson KA, Cheti EO, Reid T. Implementation and outcomes of an active defaulter tracing system for HIV, prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT), and TB patients in Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2011;105(6):320–6. [PubMed: 21511317]
190.
Al-Hajjaj MS, Al-Khatim IM. High rate of non-compliance with anti-tuberculosis treatment despite a retrieval system: a call for implementation of directly observed therapy in Saudi Arabia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2000;4(4):345–9. [PubMed: 10777084]
191.
Broomhead S, Mars M. Retrospective return on investment analysis of an electronic treatment adherence device piloted in the Northern Cape Province. Telemed J E Health. 2012;18(1):24–31. [PubMed: 22150713]
192.
Ngamvithayapong-Yanai J, Luangjina S, Nedsuwan S, Kantipong P, Wongyai J, Ishikawa N. Engaging women volunteers of high socioeconomic status in supporting socioeconomically disadvantaged tuberculosis patients in Chiang Rai, Thailand. West Pac Surveill Response J. 2013;4(1):34–8. [PMC free article: PMC3729105] [PubMed: 23908953]
193.
Zou G, Wei X, Witter S, Yin J, Walley J, Liu S et al. Incremental cost-effectiveness of improving treatment results among migrant tuberculosis patients in Shanghai. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17(8):1056–64. [PubMed: 23827030]
194.
Lu H, Yan F, Wang W, Wu L, Ma W, Chen J et al. Do transportation subsidies and living allowances improve tuberculosis control outcomes among internal migrants in urban Shanghai, China? West Pac Surveill Response J. 2013;4(1):19. [PMC free article: PMC3729107] [PubMed: 23908951]
195.
Wei X, Zou G, Yin J, Walley J, Yang H, Kliner M et al. Providing financial incentives to rural-to-urban tuberculosis migrants in Shanghai: an intervention study. Infect Dis Poverty. 2012;1(1):9. [PMC free article: PMC3710084] [PubMed: 23849348]
196.
Cantalice Filho JP. Food baskets given to tuberculosis patients at a primary health care clinic in the city of Duque de Caxias, Brazil: effect on treatment outcomes. J Bras Pneumol. 2009;35(10):992–7. [PubMed: 19918632]
197.
Sripad A, Castedo J, Danford N, Zaha R, Freile C. Effects of Ecuador’s national monetary incentive program on adherence to treatment for drug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18(1):44–8. [PubMed: 24365551]
198.
Tsai W-C, Kung P-T, Khan M, Campbell C, Yang W-T, Lee T-F et al. Effects of pay-for-performance system on tuberculosis default cases control and treatment in Taiwan. J Infect. 2010;61(3):235–43. [PMC free article: PMC7126002] [PubMed: 20624421]
199.
Bock NN, Sales RM, Rogers T, DeVoe B. A spoonful of sugar…: improving adherence to tuberculosis treatment using financial incentives. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2001;5(1):96–8. [PubMed: 11263524]
200.
Safdar N, Hinderaker SG, Baloch NA, Enarson DA, Khan MA, Morkve O. Childhood tuberculosis deskguide and monitoring: an intervention to improve case management in Pakistan. BMC Health Serv Res. 2011;11(1):187. [PMC free article: PMC3162501] [PubMed: 21831308]
201.
Shin S, Livchits V, Connery HS, Shields A, Yanov S, Yanova G et al. Effectiveness of alcohol treatment interventions integrated into routine tuberculosis care in Tomsk, Russia. Addiction. 2013;108(8):1387–96. [PMC free article: PMC3710528] [PubMed: 23490304]
202.
Floyd K, Hutubessy R, Kliiman K, Centis R, Khurieva N, Jakobowiak W et al. Cost and cost-effectiveness of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment in Estonia and Russia. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(1):133–42. [PubMed: 22362862]
203.
Suárez PG, Floyd K, Portocarrero J, Alarcón E, Rapiti E, Ramos G et al. Feasibility and cost-effectiveness of standardised second-line drug treatment for chronic tuberculosis patients: a national cohort study in Peru. Lancet. 2002;359(9322):1980–9. [PubMed: 12076553]
204.
Tupasi TE, Gupta R, Quelapio MID, Orillaza RB, Mira NR, Mangubat NV et al. Feasibility and cost-effectiveness of treating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a cohort study in the Philippines. PLoS Med. 2006;3(9):e352. [PMC free article: PMC1564168] [PubMed: 16968123]
205.
Fitzpatrick C, Floyd K. A systematic review of the cost and cost effectiveness of treatment for multidrugresistant tuberculosis. Pharmacoeconomics. 2012;30(1):63–80. Erratum in: Pharmacoeconomics. 2012;30(1):81. [PubMed: 22070215]
206.
End TB Strategy. Global strategy and targets for tuberculosis prevention, care and control after 2015. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2014 (http://www​.who.int/tb/strategy/en/, consultado el 15 de febrero del 2019).
207.
Cox H, Hughes J, Daniels J, Azevedo V, McDermid C, Poolman M et al. Community-based treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Khayelitsha, South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18(4):441–8. [PubMed: 24670700]
208.
Gler MT, Podewils LJ, Munez N, Galipot M, Quelapio MID, Tupasi TE. Impact of patient and program factors on default during treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16(7):955–60. [PMC free article: PMC4616015] [PubMed: 22584124]
209.
Loveday M, Wallengren K, Brust J, Roberts J, Voce A, Margot B et al. Community-based care vs. centralised hospitalisation for MDR-TB patients, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015;19(2):163–71. [PMC free article: PMC4324454] [PubMed: 25574914]
210.
Musa BM, John D, Habib AG, Kuznik A. Cost-optimization in the treatment of multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Nigeria. Trop Med Int Health. 2016;21(2):176–82. [PubMed: 26610176]
211.
Sinanovic E, Ramma L, Vassall A, Azevedo V, Wilkinson L, Ndjeka N et al. Impact of reduced hospitalisation on the cost of treatment for drug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015;19(2):172–8. [PMC free article: PMC4447891] [PubMed: 25574915]
212.
Narita M, Alonso P, Lauzardo M, Hollender ES, Pitchenik AE, Ashkin D. Treatment experience of multidrugresistant tuberculosis in Florida, 1994–1997. Chest. 2001;120(2):343–8. [PubMed: 11502627]
213.
Ho J, Byrne AL, Linh NN, Jaramillo E, Fox GJ. Decentralized care for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bull World Health Organ. 2017;95(8):584–93. [PMC free article: PMC5537756] [PubMed: 28804170]
214.
WHO Policy on TB infection control in health-care facilities, congregate settings and households. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2009. (WHO/HTM/TB/2009.419). [PubMed: 24432438]
215.
Efficacy and safety of levofloxacin for the treatment of MDR-TB (Opti-Q). En: NIH US Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials​.gov [sitio web] (https:​//clinicaltrials​.gov/show/NCT01918397; acceso más reciente: 1 de marzo del 2019).
© Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2020.

Ventas, derechos y licencias: para adquirir publicaciones de la OPS, véase www.publications.paho.org. Para presentar solicitudes de uso comercial y consultas sobre derechos y licencias, véase www.paho.org/permissions.

Materiales de terceros: si se desea reutilizar material contenido en esta obra que sea propiedad de terceros, como cuadros, figuras o imágenes, corresponde al usuario determinar si se necesita autorización para tal reutilización y obtener la autorización del titular del derecho de autor. Recae exclusivamente sobre el usuario el riesgo de que se deriven reclamaciones de la infracción de los derechos de uso de un elemento que sea propiedad de terceros.

Algunos derechos reservados. Esta obra está disponible en virtud de la licencia Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 3.0 Organizaciones intergubernamentales de Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/deed.es).

Con arreglo a las condiciones de la licencia, se permite copiar, redistribuir y adaptar la obra con fines no comerciales, siempre que se utilice la misma licencia o una licencia equivalente de Creative Commons y se cite correctamente, como se indica a continuación. En ningún uso que se haga de esta obra debe darse a entender que la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) respalda una organización, producto o servicio específicos. No está permitido utilizar el logotipo de la OPS.

Bookshelf ID: NBK583534
Contents

Views

Other titles in this collection

Related information

  • PMC
    PubMed Central citations
  • PubMed
    Links to PubMed

Recent Activity

ClearTurn OffTurn On

Your browsing activity is empty.

Activity recording is turned off.

Turn recording back on

See more...