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WHO guideline for non-surgical management of chronic primary low back pain in adults in primary and community care settings [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023.

Cover of WHO guideline for non-surgical management of chronic primary low back pain in adults in primary and community care settings

WHO guideline for non-surgical management of chronic primary low back pain in adults in primary and community care settings [Internet].

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Abbreviations and acronyms

AHRQ

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

BDZ

benzodiazepine

BMI

body mass index

CBT

cognitive behavioural therapy

CERQual

confidence in the evidence from reviews of qualitative research

CI

confidence interval

COX-2

cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor

CPLBP

chronic primary low back pain

CU

confidentiality undertaking

DOI

declaration of interests

EMG

electromyography

EPOC

Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care

ERG

External Review Group

EtD

Evidence-to-Decision

GBD

Global Burden of Disease

GDG

Guideline Development Group

GRADE

Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation

GRC

Guideline Review Committee

HIC

high-income country

HRQoL

health-related quality of life

IASP

International Association for the Study of Pain

ICD

International Classification of Diseases

ICOPE

Integrated Care for Older People

IHME

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

kg

kilogram

LIC

low-income country

LBP

low back pain

LMIC

lower middle-income country

MBSR

mindfulness-based stress reduction

MCA

Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing

MCID

minimal clinically important difference

MD

mean difference

mg/dL

milligram per decilitre

mhGAP

mental health Gap Action Programme

MHz

megahertz

mmol/L

millimole per litre

n

sample size

NCD

noncommunicable disease

NSAID

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

PICO

population, intervention, comparator and outcome

QES

qualitative evidence synthesis

RCT

randomized controlled trial

RR

risk ratio

SD

standard deviation

SMD

standardized mean difference

SMT

spinal manipulative therapy

SNRI

serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor

spp.

species (plural)

TC

tricyclic

TCI

traditional, complementary and integrative medicine

TCM

traditional Chinese medicine

TENS

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

UHC

universal health coverage

UMIC

upper middle-income country

W/cm2

Watt per square centimetre

WHO

World Health Organization

YLD

years lived with disability

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Bookshelf ID: NBK599199

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