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Hand hand [ Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) ]

Gene ID: 34379, updated on 4-Jan-2025

Summary

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Official Symbol
Handprovided by FlyBase
Official Full Name
handprovided by FlyBase
Primary source
FLYBASE:FBgn0032209
Locus tag
Dmel_CG18144
See related
AllianceGenome:FB:FBgn0032209
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Drosophila melanogaster
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Ecdysozoa; Arthropoda; Hexapoda; Insecta; Pterygota; Neoptera; Endopterygota; Diptera; Brachycera; Muscomorpha; Ephydroidea; Drosophilidae; Drosophila; Sophophora
Also known as
bHLHa28; CG18144; dHand; dHAND; Dhand; Dmel\CG18144; hand; HAND; hand-C
Summary
Enables DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific. Involved in several processes, including dendrite morphogenesis; heart development; and positive regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II. Located in nucleus. Is expressed in several structures, including circulatory system primordium; dorsal vessel; dorsal vessel wall cell; nephrocyte; and visceral trunk mesoderm derivative. Orthologous to several human genes including HAND2 (heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 2). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Jan 2025]
Orthologs
all
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Genomic context

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See Hand in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
31C6-31C7; 2-40 cM
Exon count:
4
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
Release 6.54 current Release 6 plus ISO1 MT (GCF_000001215.4) 2L NT_033779.5 (10292679..10295385, complement)
Release 5.57 previous assembly Release 5 (GCF_000001215.2) 2L NT_033779.4 (10292679..10295385, complement)

Chromosome 2L - NT_033779.5Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene uncharacterized protein Neighboring gene Ubiquitin fusion-degradation 4-like Neighboring gene antisense RNA:CR44968 Neighboring gene Cylindromatosis Neighboring gene uncharacterized protein

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Bibliography

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Related articles in PubMed

  1. The ultrastructure of Drosophila heart cells. Lehmacher C, et al. Arthropod Struct Dev, 2012 Sep. PMID 22426062
  2. Drosophila pericardial nephrocyte ultrastructure changes during ageing. Psathaki OE, et al. Mech Ageing Dev, 2018 Jul. PMID 29702130
  3. New yeast/E. coli/Drosophila triple shuttle vectors for efficient generation of Drosophila P element transformation constructs. Paululat A, et al. Gene, 2012 Dec 15. PMID 23026211
  4. Cardiac-Restricted Expression of VCP/TER94 RNAi or Disease Alleles Perturbs Drosophila Heart Structure and Impairs Function. Viswanathan MC, et al. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis, 2016 Jun. PMID 27500162, Free PMC Article
  5. The role of TORC1 in muscle development in Drosophila. Hatfield I, et al. Sci Rep, 2015 Apr 13. PMID 25866192, Free PMC Article

See all (113) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. Drosophila Hand regulates the expression of numerous genes of diverse physiological relevancy, including distinct factors required for proper muscle development and function.
    Title: The bHLH Transcription Factor Hand Regulates the Expression of Genes Critical to Heart and Muscle Function in Drosophila melanogaster.
  2. Hand is essential for the internal organization, alignment, and positioning of wing heart muscle cells.
    Title: The bHLH transcription factor hand is required for proper wing heart formation in Drosophila.
  3. Data demonstrate that the absence of Hand activity causes semilethality during the early larval instars.
    Title: The Drosophila Hand gene is required for remodeling of the developing adult heart and midgut during metamorphosis.
  4. The homeodomain protein Tinman activates Hand expression in Drosophlla hematopoiesis and cardiogenesis.
    Title: Hand is a direct target of Tinman and GATA factors during Drosophila cardiogenesis and hematopoiesis.
  5. Hand is dispensable for the initial differentiation of the embryonic visceral mesoderm
    Title: Hand is a direct target of the forkhead transcription factor Biniou during Drosophila visceral mesoderm differentiation.
  6. demonstrate evolutionarily conserved functions of HAND transcription factors in Drosophila and mammalian cardiogenesis, and reveal a previously unrecognized requirement of Hand genes in hematopoiesis
    Title: Hand, an evolutionarily conserved bHLH transcription factor required for Drosophila cardiogenesis and hematopoiesis.
  7. Dynamics of heart differentiation, were visualized utilizing heart enhancer elements of the Drosophila melanogaster bHLH transcription factor Hand.
    Title: Dynamics of heart differentiation, visualized utilizing heart enhancer elements of the Drosophila melanogaster bHLH transcription factor Hand.
  8. Alk-mediated signal transduction drives the expression of the bHLH transcription factor Hand in vivo.
    Title: The bHLH transcription factor Hand is regulated by Alk in the Drosophila embryonic gut.
  9. Hand proteins might play a highly conserved role throughout evolution.
    Title: The highly conserved cardiogenic bHLH factor Hand is specifically expressed in circular visceral muscle progenitor cells and in all cell types of the dorsal vessel during Drosophila embryogenesis.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction

Interactions

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Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

General gene information

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Homology

Gene Ontology Provided by FlyBase

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 PubMed 
enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables protein dimerization activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in dendrite morphogenesis IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in developmental process IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in embryonic heart tube development IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in hemopoiesis IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in larval heart development IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of apoptotic process IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in regulation of DNA-templated transcription ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
Component Evidence Code Pubs
located_in nucleus HDA PubMed 
located_in nucleus IC
Inferred by Curator
more info
 PubMed 
located_in nucleus IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 

General protein information

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Preferred Names
hand
Names
CG18144-PA
Hand-PA

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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Genome Annotation

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference assembly

Genomic

  1. NT_033779.5 Reference assembly

    Range
    10292679..10295385 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_135526.3 → NP_609370.2  hand [Drosophila melanogaster]

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_609370.2

    Status: REVIEWED

    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q9VL05
    Related
    FBpp0079662
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam00010
    Location:59 → 110
    HLH; Helix-loop-helix DNA-binding domain
Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
Q9VL05 Q9VL05

Gene LinkOut

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