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    DIO2 iodothyronine deiodinase 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 1734, updated on 10-Dec-2024

    Summary

    Official Symbol
    DIO2provided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    iodothyronine deiodinase 2provided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:HGNC:2884
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000211448 MIM:601413; AllianceGenome:HGNC:2884
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    D2; 5DII; SelY; DIOII; TXDI2; SELENOY
    Summary
    The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the iodothyronine deiodinase family. It catalyzes the conversion of prohormone thyroxine (3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine, T4) to the bioactive thyroid hormone (3,5,3'-triiodothyronine, T3) by outer ring 5'-deiodination. This gene is widely expressed, including in thyroid and brain. It is thought to be responsible for the 'local' production of T3, and thus important in influencing thyroid hormone action in these tissues. It has also been reported to be highly expressed in thyroids of patients with Graves disease, and in follicular adenomas. The intrathyroidal T4 to T3 conversion by this enzyme may contribute significantly to the relative increase in thyroidal T3 production in these patients. This protein is a selenoprotein containing the non-standard amino acid, selenocysteine (Sec), which is encoded by the UGA codon that normally signals translation termination. The 3' UTRs of selenoprotein mRNAs contain a conserved stem-loop structure, designated the Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) element, that is necessary for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon, rather than as a stop signal. Unlike the other two members (DIO1 and DIO3) of this enzyme family, the mRNA for this gene contains an additional in-frame UGA codon that has been reported (in human) to function either as a Sec or a stop codon, which can result in two isoforms with one or two Sec residues; however, only the upstream Sec (conserved with the single Sec residue found at the active site in DIO1 and DIO3) was shown to be essential for enzyme activity (PMID:10403186). Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2018]
    Expression
    Biased expression in thyroid (RPKM 69.7), endometrium (RPKM 13.6) and 2 other tissues See more
    Orthologs
    NEW
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    Genomic context

    See DIO2 in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    14q31.1
    Exon count:
    7
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 14 NC_000014.9 (80197526..80231057, complement)
    RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 14 NC_060938.1 (74407785..74441322, complement)
    RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 14 NC_000014.8 (80663869..80697400, complement)

    Chromosome 14 - NC_000014.9Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC105370591 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC105370593 Neighboring gene DIO2 antisense RNA 1 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr14:80930624-80931315 Neighboring gene centrosomal protein 128 Neighboring gene Neanderthal introgressed variant-containing enhancer experimental_37660 Neighboring gene Neanderthal introgressed variant-containing enhancer experimental_37671 Neighboring gene Neanderthal introgressed variant-containing enhancer experimental_37742 Neighboring gene high mobility group nucleosomal binding domain 2 pseudogene 2 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 8818 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 8819 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 8820 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 8821 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 8822 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr14:81439163-81439664 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr14:81439665-81440164 Neighboring gene GPRASP3 pseudogene 1 Neighboring gene thyroid stimulating hormone receptor

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

    Bibliography

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?

    Pathways from PubChem

    Interactions

    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

    Markers

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables selenium binding IC
    Inferred by Curator
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    enables thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables thyroxine 5-deiodinase activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables ubiquitin protein ligase binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in hormone biosynthetic process IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in response to lipopolysaccharide IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in selenocysteine incorporation NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in thyroid hormone generation TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in thyroid hormone metabolic process IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    involved_in thyroid hormone metabolic process IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in membrane IC
    Inferred by Curator
    more info
    PubMed 
    located_in plasma membrane TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
     

    General protein information

    Preferred Names
    type II iodothyronine deiodinase
    Names
    deiodinase, iodothyronine type II
    deiodinase-2
    deiodonase-2
    selenoprotein Y
    thyroxine deiodinase, type II
    type 2 DI
    type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase
    type-II 5'-deiodinase
    type-II 5'deiodinase
    NP_000784.3
    NP_001311391.2
    NP_001353425.1
    NP_054644.1

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

    NEW Try the new Transcript table

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_000793.6NP_000784.3  type II iodothyronine deiodinase isoform b

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (2) uses a different promoter and contains two novel 5' non-coding exons; thus, has a longer 5' UTR compared to the variant 1. Variants 1 (NM_001366496.1), 2 and 3 represent the same one-Sec containing isoform (b), considered to be the canonical form.
      Source sequence(s)
      AC007372, AF093774, AK292210, BC136514
      Related
      ENSP00000451419.1, ENST00000557010.5
    2. NM_001324462.2NP_001311391.2  type II iodothyronine deiodinase isoform b

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (3) uses a different promoter and contains a novel 5' non-coding exon; thus, has a longer 5' UTR compared to variant 1. Variants 1 (NM_001366496.1), 2 and 3 represent the same one-Sec containing isoform (b), considered to be the canonical form.
      Source sequence(s)
      AC007372, AF093774, BC136514, CD701270, JK546617
    3. NM_001366496.1NP_001353425.1  type II iodothyronine deiodinase isoform b

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (1, also known as hDII-a) represents the predominant transcript and encodes two isoforms resulting from the use of alternative in-frame translation termination codons. The shorter isoform (b) with one Sec residue results from translation termination at the second UGA codon, while the longer isoform (a) with two Sec residues results from translation termination at an in-frame downstream UAA stop codon. This RefSeq represents the shorter isoform (b), which is considered the canonical form as the protein extension past the second UGA codon is not conserved in orthologs from other vertebrate species. Variants 2 and 3 also represent isoform b.
      Source sequence(s)
      AC007372, AF093774, BC136514
    4. NM_013989.5NP_054644.1  type II iodothyronine deiodinase isoform a

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_054644.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (1, also known as hDII-a) represents the predominant transcript and encodes two isoforms resulting from the use of alternative in-frame translation termination codons. The shorter isoform (b) with one Sec residue results from translation termination at the second UGA codon, while the longer isoform (a) with two Sec residues results from translation termination at an in-frame downstream UAA stop codon. This RefSeq represents the longer isoform (a).
      Source sequence(s)
      AC007372, AF093774, BC136514
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS45146.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      B9EGK0, G3V315, Q6B0A3, Q92813, Q9HCP7, Q9HCP8, Q9P1W4, Q9UDZ1
      Related
      ENSP00000405854.5, ENST00000438257.9
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam00837
      Location:4262
      T4_deiodinase; Iodothyronine deiodinase

    RNA

    1. NR_158990.1 RNA Sequence

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (4, also known as hDII-b) contains an internal novel exon compared to variant 1. This variant is represented as non-coding because the use of the 5'-most translational start codon, as used in variant 1, renders this transcript a candidate for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD).
      Source sequence(s)
      AB041843, AC007372, AF093774, BC136514
    2. NR_158991.1 RNA Sequence

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (5, also known as hDII-c) contains two internal novel exons compared to variant 1. This variant is represented as non-coding because the use of the 5'-most translational start codon, as used in variant 1, renders this transcript a candidate for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD).
      Source sequence(s)
      AB041844, AC007372, AF093774, BC136514

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000014.9 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

      Range
      80197526..80231057 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_060938.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

      Range
      74407785..74441322 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Suppressed Reference Sequence(s)

    The following Reference Sequences have been suppressed. Explain

    1. NM_001007023.4: Suppressed sequence

      Description
      NM_001007023.4: This RefSeq was removed because it is a nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) candidate.
    2. NM_001242503.2: Suppressed sequence

      Description
      NM_001242503.2: This RefSeq was removed because currently there is partial support for the transcript but none for the protein.