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    HK2 hexokinase 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 3099, updated on 9-Dec-2024

    Summary

    Official Symbol
    HK2provided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    hexokinase 2provided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:HGNC:4923
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000159399 MIM:601125; AllianceGenome:HGNC:4923
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    HKII; HXK2
    Summary
    Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate, the first step in most glucose metabolism pathways. This gene encodes hexokinase 2, the predominant form found in skeletal muscle. It localizes to the outer membrane of mitochondria. Expression of this gene is insulin-responsive, and studies in rat suggest that it is involved in the increased rate of glycolysis seen in rapidly growing cancer cells. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2009]
    Expression
    Broad expression in fat (RPKM 34.4), colon (RPKM 24.2) and 19 other tissues See more
    Orthologs
    NEW
    Try the new Gene table
    Try the new Transcript table

    Genomic context

    See HK2 in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    2p12
    Exon count:
    20
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 2 NC_000002.12 (74834127..74893359)
    RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 2 NC_060926.1 (74842983..74902233)
    RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 2 NC_000002.11 (75061254..75120486)

    Chromosome 2 - NC_000002.12Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC102724497 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC102724482 Neighboring gene ribosomal protein S28 pseudogene 5 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr2:75017750-75017897 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 11673 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 11674 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:75061972-75062848 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:75064008-75064523 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 11570 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16083 Neighboring gene HK2 divergent transcript Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:75082772-75083312 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC105374809 Neighboring gene long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1291 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:75185356-75185856 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:75185857-75186357 Neighboring gene DNA polymerase epsilon 4, accessory subunit

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

    Expression

    • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
    • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
    • BioProject: PRJEB4337
    • Publication: PMID 24309898
    • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

    Bibliography

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?

    Phenotypes

    EBI GWAS Catalog

    Description
    Bivariate genome-wide association analyses of femoral neck bone geometry and appendicular lean mass.
    EBI GWAS Catalog

    HIV-1 interactions

    Protein interactions

    Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
    Rev rev HIV-1 Rev interacting protein, hexokinase 2 (HK2), is identified by the in-vitro binding experiments involving cytosolic or nuclear extracts from HeLa cells PubMed
    Vpr vpr A stable-isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture coupled with mass spectrometry-based proteomics identifies upregulation of hexokinase 2 (HK2) expression by HIV-1 Vpr in Vpr transduced macrophages PubMed

    Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

    Pathways from PubChem

    Interactions

    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

    Markers

    Clone Names

    • DKFZp686M1669

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables ATP binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    enables D-glucose binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    enables fructokinase activity IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    enables fructokinase activity ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    enables glucokinase activity IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    enables glucokinase activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables glucokinase activity TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
     
    enables hexokinase activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    acts_upstream_of_or_within apoptotic mitochondrial changes IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in canonical glycolysis TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
     
    involved_in carbohydrate phosphorylation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in cellular response to leukemia inhibitory factor IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in fructose 6-phosphate metabolic process ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    involved_in glucose 6-phosphate metabolic process IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    involved_in glucose 6-phosphate metabolic process IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in glucose metabolic process IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    involved_in glycolytic process IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    involved_in glycolytic process TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in intracellular glucose homeostasis IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    involved_in lactation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in maintenance of protein location in mitochondrion IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in negative regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in positive regulation of angiogenesis IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of type 2 mitophagy IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of D-glucose import IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in response to hypoxia IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in response to ischemia IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in centrosome IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
     
    is_active_in cytosol IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    located_in cytosol IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
     
    located_in cytosol TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
     
    located_in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
     
    located_in membrane HDA PubMed 
    located_in mitochondrial outer membrane IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    is_active_in mitochondrion IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    located_in mitochondrion IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
     
    located_in sarcoplasmic reticulum IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     

    General protein information

    Preferred Names
    hexokinase-2
    Names
    hexokinase type II
    hexokinase-2, muscle
    hexokinase-B
    muscle form hexokinase
    NP_000180.2
    NP_001358454.1
    XP_005264337.1
    XP_011531109.1
    XP_016859434.1
    XP_047300040.1
    XP_047300041.1
    XP_054197615.1
    XP_054197616.1
    XP_054197617.1
    XP_054197618.1

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

    NEW Try the new Transcript table

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_000189.5NP_000180.2  hexokinase-2 isoform 1

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_000180.2

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC019069, AC104135
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS1956.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      D6W5J2, P52789, Q8WU87, Q9UN82
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A8K2U2
      Related
      ENSP00000290573.2, ENST00000290573.7
      Conserved Domains (3) summary
      PTZ00107
      Location:12460
      PTZ00107; hexokinase; Provisional
      pfam00349
      Location:471667
      Hexokinase_1
      pfam03727
      Location:673907
      Hexokinase_2
    2. NM_001371525.1NP_001358454.1  hexokinase-2 isoform 2

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC019069, AC104135
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS92787.1
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      E9PB90, Q68E10
      Related
      ENSP00000387140.1, ENST00000409174.1
      Conserved Domains (3) summary
      PTZ00107
      Location:1432
      PTZ00107; hexokinase; Provisional
      pfam00349
      Location:443639
      Hexokinase_1
      pfam03727
      Location:645879
      Hexokinase_2

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000002.12 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

      Range
      74834127..74893359
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_005264280.3XP_005264337.1  hexokinase-2 isoform X1

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A8K2U2
      Conserved Domains (3) summary
      PTZ00107
      Location:12460
      PTZ00107; hexokinase; Provisional
      pfam00349
      Location:21219
      Hexokinase_1; Hexokinase
      pfam03727
      Location:694928
      Hexokinase_2; Hexokinase
    2. XM_011532807.3XP_011531109.1  hexokinase-2 isoform X3

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A8K2U2
      Conserved Domains (3) summary
      PTZ00107
      Location:430897
      PTZ00107; hexokinase; Provisional
      pfam00349
      Location:439656
      Hexokinase_1; Hexokinase
      pfam03727
      Location:662896
      Hexokinase_2; Hexokinase
    3. XM_017003945.3XP_016859434.1  hexokinase-2 isoform X4

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A8K2U2
    4. XM_047444084.1XP_047300040.1  hexokinase-2 isoform X2

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q68E10
    5. XM_047444085.1XP_047300041.1  hexokinase-2 isoform X2

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q68E10

    Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_060926.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

      Range
      74842983..74902233
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_054341640.1XP_054197615.1  hexokinase-2 isoform X1

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A8K2U2
    2. XM_054341642.1XP_054197617.1  hexokinase-2 isoform X3

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A8K2U2
    3. XM_054341643.1XP_054197618.1  hexokinase-2 isoform X4

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A8K2U2
    4. XM_054341641.1XP_054197616.1  hexokinase-2 isoform X2

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q68E10