hlh-2 Helix-loop-helix protein hlh-2 [Caenorhabditis elegans] - Gene

Summary

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Official Symbol: hlh-2
Official Full Name: Helix-loop-helix protein hlh-2
Primary source: WormBase:WBGene00001949
Locus tag: CELE_M05B5.5
See related: AllianceGenome:WB:WBGene00001949
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: REVIEWED
Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans (strain: Bristol N2)
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Ecdysozoa; Nematoda; Chromadorea; Rhabditida; Rhabditina; Rhabditomorpha; Rhabditoidea; Rhabditidae; Peloderinae; Caenorhabditis
Summary: Enables several functions, including RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity; bHLH transcription factor binding activity; and protein dimerization activity. Contributes to RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Involved in several processes, including generation of neurons; nematode male tail tip morphogenesis; and positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process. Located in cytoplasm and nucleus. Part of RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex. Is expressed in several structures, including gonad. Used to study obesity. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in several diseases, including Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy; Lynch syndrome; Pitt-Hopkins syndrome; agammaglobulinemia (multiple); and craniosynostosis. Orthologous to human TCF12 (transcription factor 12); TCF3 (transcription factor 3); and TCF4 (transcription factor 4). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Dec 2024]
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Genomic context

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See hlh-2 in Genome Data Viewer

Location:: chromosome: I

Exon count:: 6

Sequence:: Chromosome: I; NC_003279.8 (7190788..7193920, complement)

Chromosome I - NC_003279.8 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to reference sequence details

Genomic Sequence:: NC_003279.8

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Influences of HLH-2 stability on anchor cell fate specification during Caenorhabditis elegans gonadogenesis.
Title: Influences of HLH-2 stability on anchor cell fate specification during Caenorhabditis elegans gonadogenesis.
Redox-mediated regulation of aging and healthspan by an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor HLH-2/Tcf3/E2A.
Title: Redox-mediated regulation of aging and healthspan by an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor HLH-2/Tcf3/E2A.
Authors provide a potential deterministic mechanism for the HLH-2 expression bias by showing that hlh-2 is required for LIN-12 expression in the alpha cells
Title: HLH-2/E2A Expression Links Stochastic and Deterministic Elements of a Cell Fate Decision during C. elegans Gonadogenesis.
CDK-8 Mediator kinase module acts together with a proneural protein, HLH-2, and in parallel to the proneural protein HLH-3 to promote I4 neurogenesis.
Title: The CDK8 Complex and Proneural Proteins Together Drive Neurogenesis from a Mesodermal Lineage.
each regulatory cell expresses a distinct complement of basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-encoding genes-and therefore distinct HLH-2:bHLH dimers-and formulate a "bHLH code" hypothesis for regulatory cell identity.
Title: A bHLH Code for Sexually Dimorphic Form and Function of the C. elegans Somatic Gonad.
This work identifies HLH-2 as a regulator of the invasive phenotype in the anchor cell, adding to our understanding of the transcriptional networks that control cell invasion.
Title: The transcription factor HLH-2/E/Daughterless regulates anchor cell invasion across basement membrane in C. elegans.
The transcription factor hlh-2 is required for up-regulation of ina-1 at the onset of distal tip cell migration.
Title: Transcription factor hlh-2/E/Daughterless drives expression of α integrin ina-1 during DTC migration in C. elegans.
HLH-2 functions in both sexes to promote leader cell specification and distal tip cell function in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Title: C. elegans HLH-2/E/Daughterless controls key regulatory cells during gonadogenesis.
9 genes were defined as novel CeTwist and CeE/DA targets
Title: Identification of novel target genes of CeTwist and CeE/DA.

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Interactions

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Products	Interactant	Other Gene	Complex	Source	Pubs	Description

General gene information

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Markers

M05B5.5 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:319534

Homology

Orthologs from OrthoDB

Gene Ontology Provided by WormBase

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables DNA binding	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
enables RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
contributes_to RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables bHLH transcription factor binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
enables protein binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
enables protein dimerization activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables protein heterodimerization activity	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
enables protein homodimerization activity	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
enables sequence-specific DNA binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
involved_in basement membrane disassembly	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in body morphogenesis	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in cell fate specification	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in embryo development ending in birth or egg hatching	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in germ-line stem cell population maintenance	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in gonad development	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in gonad morphogenesis	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in nematode larval development	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in nematode male tail tip morphogenesis	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
involved_in nematode male tail tip morphogenesis	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in nervous system development	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in neuroblast fate specification	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
involved_in neuroblast fate specification	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in neuron development	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
involved_in neuron fate specification	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of distal tip cell migration	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of gene expression	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of programmed cell death	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of programmed cell death	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of ATP metabolic process	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of establishment of cell polarity	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of generation of precursor metabolites and energy	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in reproductive process	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in response to food	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in vulval development	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
part_of RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
part_of RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
located_in cytoplasm	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in nucleus	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in nucleus	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info

General protein information

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Preferred Names: Helix-loop-helix protein hlh-2

NP_001021581.1

Confirmed by transcript evidence

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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Genome Annotation

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference assembly

Genomic

NC_003279.8 Reference assembly

Range

7190788..7193920 complement

Download

GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_001026410.5 → NP_001021581.1 Helix-loop-helix protein hlh-2 [Caenorhabditis elegans]

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001021581.1

Status: REVIEWED

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

G5EEG9, Q17326, Q17358

Conserved Domains (1) summary

cd18943
Location:297 → 368

bHLH_E-protein_E47-like; basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain found in transcription factor E47 and similar proteins