Grem2 gremlin 2, DAN family BMP antagonist [Mus musculus (house mouse)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: Grem2provided by MGI
Official Full Name: gremlin 2, DAN family BMP antagonistprovided by MGI
Primary source: MGI:MGI:1344367
See related: Ensembl:ENSMUSG00000050069 AllianceGenome:MGI:1344367
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: VALIDATED
Organism: Mus musculus
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha; Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Mus; Mus
Also known as: Prdc; Gremlin2
Summary: Enables BMP binding activity; heparin binding activity; and identical protein binding activity. Involved in several processes, including determination of dorsal identity; embryonic body morphogenesis; and regulation of signal transduction. Located in extracellular space. Is expressed in several structures, including central nervous system; chondrocranium; gut; integument; and lung. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in tooth agenesis. Orthologous to human GREM2 (gremlin 2, DAN family BMP antagonist). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Dec 2024]
Expression: Broad expression in ovary adult (RPKM 15.0), lung adult (RPKM 14.2) and 20 other tissues See more
Orthologs: human all
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Genomic context

Location:: 1 H3; 1 81.08 cM

Exon count:: 4

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
RS_2024_02	current	GRCm39 (GCF_000001635.27)	1	NC_000067.7 (174661352..174749386, complement)
108.20200622	previous assembly	GRCm38.p6 (GCF_000001635.26)	1	NC_000067.6 (174833785..174921911, complement)

Chromosome 1 - NC_000067.7 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Genomic Sequence:

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

BMP Antagonist Gremlin 2 Regulates Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Is Associated with Seizure Susceptibility and Anxiety.
Title: BMP Antagonist Gremlin 2 Regulates Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Is Associated with Seizure Susceptibility and Anxiety.
GREM2 inactivation increases trabecular bone mass in mice.
Title: GREM2 inactivation increases trabecular bone mass in mice.
The inhibitory effect of Gremlin-2 on adipogenesis suppresses breast cancer cell growth and metastasis.
Title: The inhibitory effect of Gremlin-2 on adipogenesis suppresses breast cancer cell growth and metastasis.
Deletion of Gremlin-2 alters estrous cyclicity and disrupts female fertility in micedagger.
Title: Deletion of Gremlin-2 alters estrous cyclicity and disrupts female fertility in mice†.
Grem2 knockdown inhibited cardiomyocyte differentiation, and this effect was similar to that of Notch1 pathway inhibition in vitro. Grem2 enhances the protective effect of cardiac progenitor cells on heart function in a mouse model of myocardial infarction.
Title: Gremlin2 Regulates the Differentiation and Function of Cardiac Progenitor Cells via the Notch Signaling Pathway.
Grem2 provides a molecular barrier that controls the extent of inflammatory cell infiltration by suppressing BMP2 after myocardial infarction.
Title: BMP Antagonist Gremlin 2 Limits Inflammation After Myocardial Infarction.
Grem2 expression is regulated during development and embryonic stem cell differentiation.
Title: Gremlin 2 promotes differentiation of embryonic stem cells to atrial fate by activation of the JNK signaling pathway.
PRDC binds heparin with high affinity and that heparin binding to PRDC interferes with BMP antagonism.
Title: Structure of protein related to Dan and Cerberus: insights into the mechanism of bone morphogenetic protein antagonism.
We show that Tbx2 directly represses Grem1 in distal regions of the posterior limb mesenchyme allowing Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling to abrogate Fgf4/9/17 expression in the overlying epithelium.
Title: Tbx2 terminates shh/fgf signaling in the developing mouse limb bud by direct repression of gremlin1.
Through a combination of biophysical and biochemical studies, the authors determined that PRDC forms biologically active dimers that potently inhibit BMP ligands.
Title: Members of the DAN family are BMP antagonists that form highly stable noncovalent dimers.

Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (14)

Variation

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Alleles

Alleles of this type are documented at Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI)

Endonuclease-mediated (6) 1 citation
Gene trapped (1) 1 citation
Targeted (2) 1 citation

General gene information

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Gene Ontology Provided by MGI

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables BMP binding	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables BMP binding	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
enables cytokine activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables heparin binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables identical protein binding	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
enables identical protein binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
enables receptor ligand activity	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
involved_in cytokine-mediated signaling pathway	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in determination of dorsal identity	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in embryonic body morphogenesis	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in negative regulation of BMP signaling pathway	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of cytokine activity	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in sequestering of BMP from receptor via BMP binding	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in sequestering of BMP from receptor via BMP binding	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
is_active_in extracellular space	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in extracellular space	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed

General protein information

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Preferred Names: gremlin-2

Names: Gremlin1; cysteine knot superfamily 1, BMP antagonist 2; gremlin 2 homolog, cysteine knot superfamily; protein related to DAN and cerberus

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_001421483.1 → NP_001408412.1 gremlin-2 precursor

Status: VALIDATED

Source sequence(s)

AC117627

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

O88273

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q3TST1
NM_001421484.1 → NP_001408413.1 gremlin-2 precursor

Status: VALIDATED

Source sequence(s)

AC117627

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

O88273

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q3TST1
NM_001421485.1 → NP_001408414.1 gremlin-2 precursor

Status: VALIDATED

Source sequence(s)

AC117627

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

O88273

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q3TST1
NM_001421486.1 → NP_001408415.1 gremlin-2 precursor

Status: VALIDATED

Source sequence(s)

AC117627

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

O88273

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q3TST1
NM_011825.2 → NP_035955.1 gremlin-2 precursor

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_035955.1

Status: VALIDATED

Source sequence(s)

AC117627

Consensus CDS

CCDS15545.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

O88273

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q3TST1

Related

ENSMUSP00000049640.4, ENSMUST00000055294.4

Conserved Domains (1) summary

pfam03045
Location:51 → 158

DAN; DAN domain