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Ghrl ghrelin [ Mus musculus (house mouse) ]

Gene ID: 58991, updated on 9-Dec-2024

Summary

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Official Symbol: Ghrlprovided by MGI
Official Full Name: ghrelinprovided by MGI
Primary source: MGI:MGI:1930008
See related: Ensembl:ENSMUSG00000064177 AllianceGenome:MGI:1930008
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: REVIEWED
Organism: Mus musculus
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha; Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Mus; Mus
Also known as: Ghr; m46; MTLRP; MTLRPAP; 2210006E23Rik
Summary: This gene encodes a preproprotein that undergoes proteolytic processing to yield two bioactive peptides, ghrelin and obestatin. The hormone ghrelin plays a role in enhancing appetite and has numerous other biological functions that include stimulating the secretion of growth hormone (somatotropin) from the anterior pituitary gland. Obestatin is thought to be a hormone that functions in decreasing appetite. Mice lacking the encoded protein develop normally and exhibit no gross anatomical abnormalities. This gene encodes distinct isoforms, some or all of which may undergo similar proteolytic processing. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]
Expression: Restricted expression toward stomach adult (RPKM 203.4) See more
Orthologs: human all
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Genomic context

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See Ghrl in Genome Data Viewer

Location:: 6 E3; 6 52.84 cM

Exon count:: 6

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
RS_2024_02	current	GRCm39 (GCF_000001635.27)	6	NC_000072.7 (113693080..113696872, complement)
108.20200622	previous assembly	GRCm38.p6 (GCF_000001635.26)	6	NC_000072.6 (113716119..113719911, complement)

Chromosome 6 - NC_000072.7 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to reference sequence details

Genomic Sequence:

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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See details

Project title: Mouse ENCODE transcriptome data
Description: RNA profiling data sets generated by the Mouse ENCODE project.
BioProject: PRJNA66167
Publication: PMID 25409824
Analysis date: n/a

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Mechanosensing by Piezo1 in gastric ghrelin cells contributes to hepatic lipid homeostasis in mice.
Title: Mechanosensing by Piezo1 in gastric ghrelin cells contributes to hepatic lipid homeostasis in mice.
Ghrelin is involved in regulating the progression of Echinococcus Granulosus-infected liver lesions through suppression of immunoinflammation and fibrosis.
Title: Ghrelin is involved in regulating the progression of Echinococcus Granulosus-infected liver lesions through suppression of immunoinflammation and fibrosis.
Transcription repression of estrogen receptor alpha by ghrelin/Gq/11/YAP signaling in granulosa cells promotes polycystic ovary syndrome.
Title: Transcription repression of estrogen receptor alpha by ghrelin/Gq/11/YAP signaling in granulosa cells promotes polycystic ovary syndrome.
Ghrelin induced by ultraviolet B exposure promotes the restoration of diabetic cutaneous wound healing.
Title: Ghrelin induced by ultraviolet B exposure promotes the restoration of diabetic cutaneous wound healing.
Impact of Ghrelin on Islet Size in Nonpregnant and Pregnant Female Mice.
Title: Impact of Ghrelin on Islet Size in Nonpregnant and Pregnant Female Mice.
Ghrelin-responsive mediobasal hypothalamic neurons mediate exercise-associated food intake and exercise endurance.
Title: Ghrelin-responsive mediobasal hypothalamic neurons mediate exercise-associated food intake and exercise endurance.
Ghrelin inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by upregulating autophagy to improve Alzheimer's disease.
Title: Ghrelin inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by upregulating autophagy to improve Alzheimer's disease.
Elevated Ghrelin Promotes Hippocampal Ghrelin Receptor Defects in Humanized Amyloid-beta Knockin Mice During Aging.
Title: Elevated Ghrelin Promotes Hippocampal Ghrelin Receptor Defects in Humanized Amyloid-β Knockin Mice During Aging.
Germline and conditional ghrelin knockout increases islet size.
Title: Germline and conditional ghrelin knockout increases islet size.
Ghrelin deletion and conditional ghrelin cell ablation increase pancreatic islet size in mice.
Title: Ghrelin deletion and conditional ghrelin cell ablation increase pancreatic islet size in mice.

Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (250)

Variation

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Alleles

Alleles of this type are documented at Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI)

Endonuclease-mediated (11) 1 citation
Targeted (7) 1 citation

General gene information

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Markers

Ghrl (e-PCR), detects polymorphism
- UniSTS:506935

PMC262394P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:272300

PMC262394P3 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:272302

D6Oda23 (e-PCR), detects polymorphism
- UniSTS:515327

Gene Ontology Provided by MGI

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables G protein-coupled receptor binding	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
enables ghrelin receptor binding	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables ghrelin receptor binding	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
enables ghrelin receptor binding	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
enables growth hormone-releasing hormone activity	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables growth hormone-releasing hormone activity	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
enables growth hormone-releasing hormone activity	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
enables hormone activity	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
enables hormone activity	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
enables hormone activity	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
enables protein tyrosine kinase activator activity	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
enables protein tyrosine kinase activator activity	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
involved_in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in actin polymerization or depolymerization	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in actin polymerization or depolymerization	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in adult feeding behavior	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in decidualization	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in decidualization	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within dendrite development	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within dendrite development	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in dendrite development	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within excitatory postsynaptic potential	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in gastric acid secretion	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in gastric acid secretion	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in gastric acid secretion	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in negative regulation of apoptotic process	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in negative regulation of apoptotic process	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in negative regulation of inflammatory response	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in negative regulation of inflammatory response	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in negative regulation of inflammatory response	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within negative regulation of insulin secretion	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within negative regulation of insulin secretion	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info	PubMed
involved_in negative regulation of insulin secretion	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in negative regulation of interleukin-6 production	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in negative regulation of interleukin-6 production	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within negative regulation of locomotion	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in positive regulation of MAPK cascade	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of MAPK cascade	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in positive regulation of adipose tissue development	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of adipose tissue development	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of appetite	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of appetite	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of appetite	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
NOT acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of appetite	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of appetite	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of appetite	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of bone development	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of bone development	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of corticotropin secretion	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of corticotropin secretion	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of cortisol secretion	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of cortisol secretion	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in positive regulation of eating behavior	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of eating behavior	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of feeding behavior	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of growth	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of growth hormone secretion	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in positive regulation of growth hormone secretion	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of growth hormone secretion	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of growth rate	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of growth rate	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of insulin secretion	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of insulin secretion	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of response to food	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of response to food	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in positive regulation of small intestinal transit	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of small intestinal transit	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of sprouting angiogenesis	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of sprouting angiogenesis	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of synapse assembly	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of synapse assembly	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of synapse assembly	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in regulation of cell population proliferation	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in regulation of cell population proliferation	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in regulation of gastric motility	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in regulation of gastric motility	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in regulation of postsynapse organization	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in regulation of postsynapse organization	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in regulation of response to food	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in regulation of response to food	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in regulation of response to food	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in regulation of transmission of nerve impulse	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in regulation of transmission of nerve impulse	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in response to electrical stimulus	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in response to estrogen	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in response to estrogen	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in response to hormone	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in response to hormone	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
acts_upstream_of synapse assembly	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within visual learning	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
located_in Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
is_active_in Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
located_in axon	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
located_in axon	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
located_in cytoplasm	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in extracellular region	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in extracellular region	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
located_in extracellular region	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
is_active_in extracellular space	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in extracellular space	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
located_in extracellular space	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
located_in glutamatergic synapse	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
is_active_in glutamatergic synapse	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
is_active_in neuronal dense core vesicle lumen	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in postsynapse	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info

General protein information

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Preferred Names: appetite-regulating hormone

Names: growth hormone secretagogue; growth hormone-releasing peptide; motilin-related peptide; preproghrelin; proghrelin

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_001286404.1 → NP_001273333.1 appetite-regulating hormone isoform 2 preproprotein

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001273333.1

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR and uses an alternate in-frame splice site in the 5' coding region compared to variant 1. This results in a shorter protein (isoform 2) compared to isoform 1.

Source sequence(s)

AK008658, AV079302, BY149645

Consensus CDS

CCDS85127.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

Q9EQX0

Related

ENSMUSP00000145096.2, ENSMUST00000204163.3

Conserved Domains (2) summary

pfam04643
Location:56 → 114

Motilin_assoc; Motilin/ghrelin-associated peptide

pfam04644
Location:25 → 50

Motilin_ghrelin; Motilin/ghrelin
NM_001286405.1 → NP_001273334.1 appetite-regulating hormone isoform 3 precursor

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001273334.1

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 5' UTR and lacks an exon in the 3' coding region resulting in a frameshift, compared to variant 1. The encoded protein (isoform 3) is shorter than isoform 1 and has a distinct C-terminus. This isoform (3) may undergo proteolytic processing similar to isoform 1.

Source sequence(s)

AK008860, BC094911

Consensus CDS

CCDS85128.1

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q811T4

Related

ENSMUSP00000145366.2, ENSMUST00000203363.3

Conserved Domains (1) summary

pfam04644
Location:25 → 51

Motilin_ghrelin; Motilin/ghrelin
NM_001286406.1 → NP_001273335.1 appetite-regulating hormone isoform 4 precursor

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001273335.1

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (4) differs in the 5' UTR and lacks an in-frame exon in the 5' coding region compared to variant 1. The encoded protein (isoform 4) is shorter than isoform 1. This isoform (4) may undergo proteolytic processing similar to isoform 1.

Source sequence(s)

AB111891, AK008860

Consensus CDS

CCDS85126.1

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q7TSD1

Related

ENSMUSP00000145514.2, ENSMUST00000203588.2

Conserved Domains (2) summary

pfam04643
Location:36 → 76

Motilin_assoc; Motilin/ghrelin-associated peptide

pfam04644
Location:24 → 36

Motilin_ghrelin; Motilin/ghrelin
NM_001379129.1 → NP_001366058.1 appetite-regulating hormone isoform 1 preproprotein

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (6), as well as variant 1, encodes isoform 1.

Source sequence(s)

AC117596

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

Q9EQX0, Q9WUZ1

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

A2RSS9

Related

ENSMUSP00000145281.2, ENSMUST00000203770.3

Conserved Domains (2) summary

pfam04643
Location:57 → 115

Motilin_assoc; Motilin/ghrelin-associated peptide

pfam04644
Location:24 → 51

Motilin_ghrelin; Motilin/ghrelin
NM_021488.5 → NP_067463.2 appetite-regulating hormone isoform 1 preproprotein

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_067463.2

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript and encodes the longest isoform (1).

Source sequence(s)

AC117596, AK008658, AV079302

Consensus CDS

CCDS20432.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

Q9EQX0, Q9WUZ1

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

A2RSS9

Related

ENSMUSP00000069567.6, ENSMUST00000064993.8

Conserved Domains (2) summary

pfam04643
Location:57 → 115

Motilin_assoc; Motilin/ghrelin-associated peptide

pfam04644
Location:24 → 51

Motilin_ghrelin; Motilin/ghrelin

RNA

NR_138135.1 RNA Sequence

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (5) lacks multiple exons and contains an alternate 5' terminal exon compared to variant 1. This variant is represented as non-coding because the predicted protein does not meet RefSeq quality criteria.

Source sequence(s)

AC117596, AV079302, CK137452

Related

ENSMUST00000204533.3