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    milt milton [ Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) ]

    Gene ID: 45683, updated on 9-Dec-2024

    Summary

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    Official Symbol
    miltprovided by FlyBase
    Official Full Name
    miltonprovided by FlyBase
    Primary source
    FLYBASE:FBgn0262872
    Locus tag
    Dmel_CG43227
    See related
    AllianceGenome:FB:FBgn0262872
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Drosophila melanogaster
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Ecdysozoa; Arthropoda; Hexapoda; Insecta; Pterygota; Neoptera; Endopterygota; Diptera; Brachycera; Muscomorpha; Ephydroidea; Drosophilidae; Drosophila; Sophophora
    Also known as
    2L6; anon-WO0153538.19; CG13777; CG31630; CG43227; Dmel\CG43227; dmilton; l(2)k04704; Milt; Milton
    Old locus tag
    Dmel_CG13777; Dmel_CG31630
    Summary
    Enables myosin binding activity and protein-macromolecule adaptor activity. Involved in axonal transport of mitochondrion; germ cell development; and mitochondrion organization. Located in mitochondrion. Is expressed in several structures, including anlage in statu nascendi; embryonic/larval midgut primordium; ganglia; head epidermis primordium; and mesoderm. Used to study neurodegenerative disease. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 68. Orthologous to human TRAK1 (trafficking kinesin protein 1) and TRAK2 (trafficking kinesin protein 2). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Dec 2024]
    Orthologs
    all
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    Genomic context

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    See milt in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    27D5-27D7; 2-24 cM
    Exon count:
    10
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    Release 6.54 current Release 6 plus ISO1 MT (GCF_000001215.4) 2L NT_033779.5 (7037823..7056010)
    Release 5.57 previous assembly Release 5 (GCF_000001215.2) 2L NT_033779.4 (7037823..7056010)

    Chromosome 2L - NT_033779.5Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene Mitochondrial Magnesium Exporter 1 Neighboring gene Rab30 Neighboring gene caper Neighboring gene Menin 1 Neighboring gene Male specific transcript 27D Neighboring gene Suppressor of exocyst mutations 1 Neighboring gene Nuf2

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Bibliography

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    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Axon Degeneration: Which Method to Choose? Coleman MP. Methods Mol Biol, 2020. PMID 32524468
    2. Optogenetic cleavage of the Miro GTPase reveals the direct consequences of real-time loss of function in Drosophila. Mattedi F, et al. PLoS Biol, 2023 Aug. PMID 37590319, Free PMC Article
    3. Single-dose ethanol intoxication causes acute and lasting neuronal changes in the brain. Knabbe J, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2022 Jun 21. PMID 35700362, Free PMC Article
    4. Inner membrane fusion mediates spatial distribution of axonal mitochondria. Yu Y, et al. Sci Rep, 2016 Jan 8. PMID 26742817, Free PMC Article
    5. Roles for Drp1, a dynamin-related protein, and milton, a kinesin-associated protein, in mitochondrial segregation, unfurling and elongation during Drosophila spermatogenesis. Aldridge AC, et al. Fly (Austin), 2007 Jan-Feb. PMID 18690063

    See all (104) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. Milton assembles large mitochondrial clusters, mitoballs, to sustain spermatogenesis.
      Title: Milton assembles large mitochondrial clusters, mitoballs, to sustain spermatogenesis.
    2. A new mode of mitochondrial sorting in polarized cell growth, whereby bi-directional mitochondrial transport undertaken exclusively by dynein is regulated by Milton in the anterograde direction and by a Miro-dependent switch to the retrograde direction.
      Title: A new mode of mitochondrial transport and polarized sorting regulated by Dynein, Milton and Miro.
    3. functions in the anchoring, unfurling, and elongation of mitochondria during sperm formation
      Title: Roles for Drp1, a dynamin-related protein, and milton, a kinesin-associated protein, in mitochondrial segregation, unfurling and elongation during Drosophila spermatogenesis.
    4. Milton controls the early acquisition of mitochondria by Drosophila oocytes
      Title: Milton controls the early acquisition of mitochondria by Drosophila oocytes.
    5. Thus, milton and miro are likely to form an essential protein complex that links KHC to mitochondria for light chain-independent, anterograde transport of mitochondria.
      Title: Axonal transport of mitochondria requires milton to recruit kinesin heavy chain and is light chain independent.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction

    Pathways from PubChem

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    Interactions

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    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

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    Homology

    Gene Ontology Provided by FlyBase

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables myosin binding IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables myosin binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables protein-macromolecule adaptor activity IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in Nebenkern assembly IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in axonal transport of mitochondrion IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in axonal transport of mitochondrion IEP
    Inferred from Expression Pattern
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in axonal transport of mitochondrion IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in establishment of mitochondrion localization IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in mitochondrion distribution IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    involved_in mitochondrion distribution IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in oocyte dorsal/ventral axis specification IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in protein targeting IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    involved_in sperm mitochondrion organization IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in vesicle transport along microtubule IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    is_active_in cytoplasmic vesicle IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    is_active_in mitochondrion IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    located_in mitochondrion IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 

    General protein information

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    Preferred Names
    milton
    Names
    CG43227-PA
    CG43227-PB
    CG43227-PC
    CG43227-PD
    CG43227-PE
    CG43227-PF
    milt-PA
    milt-PB
    milt-PC
    milt-PD
    milt-PE
    milt-PF

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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    Genome Annotation

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference assembly

    Genomic

    1. NT_033779.5 Reference assembly

      Range
      7037823..7056010
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_080765.4 → NP_542943.2  milton, isoform C [Drosophila melanogaster]

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_542943.2

      Status: REVIEWED

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      E2QCQ3
      Related
      FBpp0297339
      Conserved Domains (3) summary
      pfam04849
      Location:78 → 375
      HAP1_N; HAP1 N-terminal conserved region
      pfam05276
      Location:251 → 377
      SH3BP5; SH3 domain-binding protein 5 (SH3BP5)
      pfam12448
      Location:482 → 652
      Milton; Kinesin associated protein

    2. NM_164736.3 → NP_723249.1  milton, isoform A [Drosophila melanogaster]

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_723249.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      E2QCQ3
      Related
      FBpp0297338
      Conserved Domains (3) summary
      pfam04849
      Location:78 → 375
      HAP1_N; HAP1 N-terminal conserved region
      pfam05276
      Location:251 → 377
      SH3BP5; SH3 domain-binding protein 5 (SH3BP5)
      pfam12448
      Location:482 → 652
      Milton; Kinesin associated protein

    3. NM_001258998.3 → NP_001245927.1  milton, isoform D [Drosophila melanogaster]

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001245927.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      M9NDH7
      Conserved Domains (3) summary
      pfam05276
      Location:391 → 517
      SH3BP5; SH3 domain-binding protein 5 (SH3BP5)
      pfam12448
      Location:622 → 792
      Milton; Kinesin associated protein
      pfam14662
      Location:265 → 445
      KASH_CCD; Coiled-coil region of CCDC155 or KASH

    4. NM_001259000.3 → NP_001245929.1  milton, isoform F [Drosophila melanogaster]

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001245929.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      M9NDH7
      Conserved Domains (3) summary
      pfam05276
      Location:391 → 517
      SH3BP5; SH3 domain-binding protein 5 (SH3BP5)
      pfam12448
      Location:622 → 792
      Milton; Kinesin associated protein
      pfam14662
      Location:265 → 445
      KASH_CCD; Coiled-coil region of CCDC155 or KASH

    5. NM_001258999.2 → NP_001245928.1  milton, isoform E [Drosophila melanogaster]

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001245928.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      D0Z747
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      pfam05276
      Location:114 → 240
      SH3BP5; SH3 domain-binding protein 5 (SH3BP5)
      pfam12448
      Location:345 → 515
      Milton; Kinesin associated protein

    6. NM_164738.3 → NP_723251.1  milton, isoform B [Drosophila melanogaster]

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_723251.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      Q0E8S6, Q8SWX2, Q95NI8, Q960V3
      Related
      FBpp0297340
      Conserved Domains (3) summary
      pfam04849
      Location:118 → 381
      HAP1_N; HAP1 N-terminal conserved region
      pfam05276
      Location:257 → 383
      SH3BP5; SH3 domain-binding protein 5 (SH3BP5)
      pfam12448
      Location:488 → 658
      Milton; Kinesin associated protein
    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    D0Z747 D0Z747
    E2QCQ3 E2QCQ3
    M9NDH7 M9NDH7
    Q960V3.1 Q960V3

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