B2m beta-2 microglobulin [Mus musculus (house mouse)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: B2mprovided by MGI
Official Full Name: beta-2 microglobulinprovided by MGI
Primary source: MGI:MGI:88127
See related: Ensembl:ENSMUSG00000060802 AllianceGenome:MGI:88127
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: VALIDATED
Organism: Mus musculus
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha; Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Mus; Mus
Also known as: Ly-m11; beta2m; beta2-m
Summary: Predicted to enable several functions, including MHC class II protein complex binding activity; peptide antigen binding activity; and protein homodimerization activity. Involved in learning or memory; negative regulation of cell differentiation; and sensory perception of smell. Acts upstream of or within several processes, including antigen processing and presentation of exogenous protein antigen via MHC class Ib, TAP-dependent; cellular response to iron(III) ion; and multicellular organismal-level iron ion homeostasis. Located in external side of plasma membrane. Is expressed in several structures, including central nervous system; early conceptus; genitourinary system; hemolymphoid system gland; and retina. Used to study hemochromatosis. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in arthritis; immunodeficiency 43; and inflammatory bowel disease. Orthologous to human B2M (beta-2-microglobulin). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Nov 2024]
Expression: Broad expression in liver adult (RPKM 838.6), mammary gland adult (RPKM 675.3) and 20 other tissues See more
Orthologs: human all
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Genomic context

Location:: 2 E5; 2 60.55 cM

Exon count:: 4

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
RS_2024_02	current	GRCm39 (GCF_000001635.27)	2	NC_000068.8 (121978168..121983563)
108.20200622	previous assembly	GRCm38.p6 (GCF_000001635.26)	2	NC_000068.7 (122147687..122153082)

Chromosome 2 - NC_000068.8 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to reference sequence details

Genomic Sequence:

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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See details

Project title: Mouse ENCODE transcriptome data
Description: RNA profiling data sets generated by the Mouse ENCODE project.
BioProject: PRJNA66167
Publication: PMID 25409824
Analysis date: n/a

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

T-Cell Mediated Immune Rejection of Beta-2-Microglobulin Knockout Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Kidney Organoids.
Title: T-Cell Mediated Immune Rejection of Beta-2-Microglobulin Knockout Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Kidney Organoids.
B2M gene expression shapes the immune landscape of lung adenocarcinoma and determines the response to immunotherapy.
Title: B2M gene expression shapes the immune landscape of lung adenocarcinoma and determines the response to immunotherapy.
Single-cell transcriptomics following ischemic injury identifies a role for B2M in cardiac repair.
Title: Single-cell transcriptomics following ischemic injury identifies a role for B2M in cardiac repair.
Knockout of beta-2 microglobulin reduces stem cell-induced immune rejection and enhances ischaemic hindlimb repair via exosome/miR-24/Bim pathway.
Title: Knockout of beta-2 microglobulin reduces stem cell-induced immune rejection and enhances ischaemic hindlimb repair via exosome/miR-24/Bim pathway.
Data show that serum beta-2 microglobulin (beta2M) level was increased in patients with hypertension and further increased in patients with chronic heart failure (HF).
Title: Mechanical stresses induce paracrine β-2 microglobulin from cardiomyocytes to activate cardiac fibroblasts through epidermal growth factor receptor.
When no programmed delay interval was imposed, the beta2m-deficient mice acquired the task as fast as controls, suggesting that discrimination of left and right positions is not impaired by the total loss of hippocampal asymmetry. beta2m-deficient mice made fewer correct responses than control mice when variable delay was imposed, suggesting that the asymmetry of hippocampal circuitry plays an important role in working...
Title: The asymmetry defect of hippocampal circuitry impairs working memory in β2-microglobulin deficient mice.
The results show that, although other factors influence the fibril growth kinetics, a striking difference in the solubility of the proteins is a key determinant of the different amyloidogenicity of human B2M and mouse B2M.
Title: Comparison of the aggregation of homologous β2-microglobulin variants reveals protein solubility as a key determinant of amyloid formation.
Use of shRNA against beta-2-microglobulin offers a simple and effective approach to minimize immunogenicity of the main cellular components of cardiac tissue constructs in non-syngeneic recipients.
Title: Downregulation of beta-microglobulin to diminish T-lymphocyte lysis of non-syngeneic cell sources of engineered heart tissue constructs.
systemic B2M accumulation in aging blood promotes age-related cognitive dysfunction and impairs neurogenesis
Title: β2-microglobulin is a systemic pro-aging factor that impairs cognitive function and neurogenesis.
Because all forms of H-2K(b) are internalized but little beta2m-receptive heavy chain is present at the cell surface, it is likely that beta2m dissociation and recognition of the heavy chain for lysosomal degradation take place in an endocytic compartment.
Title: Dissociation of β2-microglobulin determines the surface quality control of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules.

Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (39)

Variation

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Alleles

Alleles of this type are documented at Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI)

Endonuclease-mediated (12) 1 citation
Spontaneous (2) 1 citation
Targeted (10) 1 citation

Interactions

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Products	Interactant	Other Gene	Complex	Source	Pubs	Description

General gene information

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Markers

B2m (e-PCR), detects polymorphism
- UniSTS:516652

B2m (e-PCR), detects polymorphism
- UniSTS:141147

B2m (e-PCR), detects polymorphism
- UniSTS:141148

PMC58764P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:273370

PMC58764P2 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:273371

PMC58764P3 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:273372

PMC96655P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:273629

B2m (e-PCR), detects polymorphism
- UniSTS:532447

PMC116546P2 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270315

Gene Ontology Provided by MGI

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables MHC class II protein complex binding	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables identical protein binding	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
enables peptide antigen binding	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables protein binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
enables protein homodimerization activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables protein homodimerization activity	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
enables structural molecule activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables structural molecule activity	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
acts_upstream_of_or_within T cell differentiation in thymus	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of T cell mediated cytotoxicity	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in amyloid fibril formation	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in amyloid fibril formation	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in antibacterial humoral response	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within antigen processing and presentation of exogenous protein antigen via MHC class Ib, TAP-dependent	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within cellular defense response	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in cellular response to iron ion	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within cellular response to iron(III) ion	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in cellular response to lipopolysaccharide	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in cellular response to nicotine	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in cellular response to nicotine	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in defense response to Gram-negative bacterium	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in defense response to Gram-positive bacterium	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in innate immune response	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in intracellular iron ion homeostasis	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in intracellular iron ion homeostasis	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within iron ion transport	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in learning or memory	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in learning or memory	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within multicellular organismal-level iron ion homeostasis	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in negative regulation of forebrain neuron differentiation	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in negative regulation of forebrain neuron differentiation	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in negative regulation of neurogenesis	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in negative regulation of neurogenesis	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within negative regulation of neuron projection development	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
involved_in negative regulation of receptor binding	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in peptide antigen assembly with MHC class I protein complex	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in peptide antigen assembly with MHC class I protein complex	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in peptide antigen assembly with MHC class II protein complex	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in positive regulation of T cell activation	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in positive regulation of T cell cytokine production	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of T cell cytokine production	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of cellular senescence	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of cellular senescence	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of ferrous iron binding	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of immune response	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in positive regulation of protein binding	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of receptor binding	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of transferrin receptor binding	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in protein homotetramerization	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in protein homotetramerization	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within protein refolding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within regulation of erythrocyte differentiation	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of iron ion transport	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in regulation of iron ion transport	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in regulation of membrane depolarization	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within response to molecule of bacterial origin	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in sensory perception of smell	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
located_in Golgi apparatus	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
located_in Golgi apparatus	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
part_of HFE-transferrin receptor complex	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
part_of HFE-transferrin receptor complex	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
part_of MHC class I peptide loading complex	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
part_of MHC class I peptide loading complex	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
part_of MHC class I protein complex	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
part_of MHC class II protein complex	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in cytosol	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
located_in cytosol	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
located_in external side of plasma membrane	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in extracellular space	HDA more info	PubMed
located_in extracellular space	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
is_active_in late endosome membrane	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
is_active_in lysosomal membrane	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in phagocytic vesicle membrane	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
located_in plasma membrane	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info

General protein information

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Preferred Names: beta-2-microglobulin

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_009735.3 → NP_033865.2 beta-2-microglobulin precursor

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_033865.2

Status: VALIDATED

Source sequence(s)

AK019389

Consensus CDS

CCDS16654.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

P01887, Q91XJ8

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q3U679

Related

ENSMUSP00000099534.5, ENSMUST00000102476.5

Conserved Domains (1) summary

cd05770
Location:23 → 116

IgC1_beta2m; Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) beta-2-microglobulin; member of the C1-set of Ig superfamily (IgSF) domains