how held out wings [Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: howprovided by FlyBase
Official Full Name: held out wingsprovided by FlyBase
Primary source: FLYBASE:FBgn0264491
Locus tag: Dmel_CG10293
See related: AllianceGenome:FB:FBgn0264491
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: REVIEWED
Organism: Drosophila melanogaster
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Ecdysozoa; Arthropoda; Hexapoda; Insecta; Pterygota; Neoptera; Endopterygota; Diptera; Brachycera; Muscomorpha; Ephydroidea; Drosophilidae; Drosophila; Sophophora
Also known as: 0904/17; 24B; anon-EST:Liang-2.39; CG10293; clone 2.39; Dmel\CG10293; How; HOW; KH93F; l(3)j5B5; l(3)j5D5; l(3)S053606; l(3)S090417; l(3)s2612; P62; qkr; qkr[93F]; sci; stru; SZ1; who; Who/How
Summary: Enables mRNA 3'-UTR binding activity and mRNA 5'-UTR binding activity. Involved in several processes, including apposition of dorsal and ventral imaginal disc-derived wing surfaces; nervous system development; and oenocyte development. Located in cytoplasm and nucleus. Is expressed in several structures, including germline cell; glial cell; imaginal disc; muscle cell; and visceral mesoderm derivative. Orthologous to human QKI (QKI, KH domain containing RNA binding). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Dec 2024]
Orthologs: all
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Genomic context

Location:: 94A1-94A1; 3-74 cM

Exon count:: 10

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
Release 6.54	current	Release 6 plus ISO1 MT (GCF_000001215.4)	3R	NT_033777.3 (22042191..22079321)
Release 5.57	previous assembly	Release 5 (GCF_000001215.2)	3R	NT_033777.2 (17867913..17905043)

Chromosome 3R - NT_033777.3 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to reference sequence details

Genomic Sequence:

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Identification of two putative HOW Response Elements within the dgrasp open reading frame for binding to Held Out Wings (HOW).
Title: The Drosophila RNA-binding protein HOW controls the stability of dgrasp mRNA in the follicular epithelium.
HOW is required for SXL to retain msl2 transcripts in the nucleus
Title: Sex-lethal promotes nuclear retention of msl2 mRNA via interactions with the STAR protein HOW.
Spatiotemporal regulation of HOW expression is required to specify the four spermatogonial transit-amplifying divisions.
Title: HOW is required for stem cell maintenance in the Drosophila testis and for the onset of transit-amplifying divisions.
MAPK/ERK-dependent phosphorylation of HOW promotes the formation of HOW dimers and thus enhances its activity in controlling mRNA levels of key muscle-specific genes
Title: Phosphorylation of the Drosophila melanogaster RNA-binding protein HOW by MAPK/ERK enhances its dimerization and activity.
HOW has different roles in male and female Drosophila germline differentiation
Title: Differential roles of HOW in male and female Drosophila germline differentiation.
The regulation of glial-specific splicing of Neurexin IV requires HOW and Cdk12 activity.
Title: The regulation of glial-specific splicing of Neurexin IV requires HOW and Cdk12 activity.
suggest that HOW(L) enhances the sensitivity of MG cells to apoptotic signals by reducing the levels of diap1 in these cells in, demonstrating a novel mode of regulation of PCD at the mRNA level
Title: Enhanced sensitivity of midline glial cells to apoptosis is achieved by HOW(L)-dependent repression of Diap1.
The Drosophila TGFbeta homolog, dpp is a novel direct target for HOW negative regulation in the wing imaginal disc.
Title: Dissection of the target specificity of the RNA-binding protein HOW reveals dpp mRNA as a novel HOW target.
Four mRNAs were found to be specifically elevated in the mesoderm of how germline clone embryos, and to exhibit specific binding to HOW via their 3' UTRs.
Title: Post-transcriptional repression of the Drosophila midkine and pleiotrophin homolog miple by HOW is essential for correct mesoderm spreading.
Cell divisions in the drosophila embryonic mesoderm are repressed via posttranscriptional regulation of string/cdc25 by Held Out Wing protein.
Title: Cell divisions in the drosophila embryonic mesoderm are repressed via posttranscriptional regulation of string/cdc25 by HOW.

Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (11)

Interactions

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Products	Interactant	Other Gene	Complex	Source	Pubs	Description

General gene information

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Homology

NCBI Orthologs

Orthologs from OrthoDB

Gene Ontology Provided by FlyBase

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables RNA binding	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables mRNA 3'-UTR binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables mRNA 5'-UTR binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables mRNA binding	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables mRNA binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
involved_in apposition of dorsal and ventral imaginal disc-derived wing surfaces	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in axon ensheathment	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in cell adhesion	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in cell differentiation	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in cell migration	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in germ-line stem cell population maintenance	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in glial cell migration	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in mesoderm development	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed
involved_in mesodermal cell migration	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in muscle attachment	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in muscle cell fate determination	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in muscle organ development	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in negative regulation of RNA export from nucleus	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in oenocyte development	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of alternative mRNA splicing, via spliceosome	HMP more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of alternative mRNA splicing, via spliceosome	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of embryonic development	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of heart contraction	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of mRNA splicing, via spliceosome	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in sarcomere organization	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in somatic muscle development	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in spermatogonial cell division	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
located_in cytoplasm	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
is_active_in nucleus	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in nucleus	IC Inferred by Curator more info	PubMed
located_in nucleus	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed

General protein information

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Preferred Names: held out wings

Names: CG10293-PA; CG10293-PB; CG10293-PC; CG10293-PD; CG10293-PE; CG10293-PF; Held-out wings; KH motif at 93F; held Out wing; how-PA; how-PB; how-PC; how-PD; how-PE; how-PF; lethal (3) S053606; lethal (3) S090417; quaking related, 93F; scorpion; struthio; wings held out; wings held-out

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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Genome Annotation

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference assembly

Genomic

NT_033777.3 Reference assembly

Range

22042191..22079321

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GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_001275893.1 → NP_001262822.1 held out wings, isoform F [Drosophila melanogaster]

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001262822.1

Status: REVIEWED

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

A0A0B4KHV5

Conserved Domains (2) summary

cd02395
Location:139 → 260

SF1_like-KH; Splicing factor 1 (SF1) K homology RNA-binding domain (KH). Splicing factor 1 (SF1) specifically recognizes the intron branch point sequence (BPS) UACUAAC in the pre-mRNA transcripts during spliceosome assembly. We show that the KH-QUA2 region of SF1 ...

pfam16544
Location:75 → 123

STAR_dimer; Homodimerization region of STAR domain protein
NM_079723.4 → NP_524447.2 held out wings, isoform A [Drosophila melanogaster]

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_524447.2

Status: REVIEWED

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

O01367, O02392, P91680, Q4AB28, Q8IN11, Q8T999, Q94539

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

B3DNL7

Related

FBpp0083575

Conserved Domains (2) summary

cd02395
Location:139 → 260

SF1_like-KH; Splicing factor 1 (SF1) K homology RNA-binding domain (KH). Splicing factor 1 (SF1) specifically recognizes the intron branch point sequence (BPS) UACUAAC in the pre-mRNA transcripts during spliceosome assembly. We show that the KH-QUA2 region of SF1 ...

pfam16544
Location:75 → 123

STAR_dimer; Homodimerization region of STAR domain protein
NM_001170212.2 → NP_001163683.1 held out wings, isoform D [Drosophila melanogaster]

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001163683.1

Status: REVIEWED

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

O01367, O02392, P91680, Q4AB28, Q8IN11, Q8T999, Q94539

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

B3DNL7

Conserved Domains (2) summary

cd02395
Location:139 → 260

SF1_like-KH; Splicing factor 1 (SF1) K homology RNA-binding domain (KH). Splicing factor 1 (SF1) specifically recognizes the intron branch point sequence (BPS) UACUAAC in the pre-mRNA transcripts during spliceosome assembly. We show that the KH-QUA2 region of SF1 ...

pfam16544
Location:75 → 123

STAR_dimer; Homodimerization region of STAR domain protein
NM_001170213.2 → NP_001163684.1 held out wings, isoform E [Drosophila melanogaster]

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001163684.1

Status: REVIEWED

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

E1JIT0

Conserved Domains (2) summary

cd02395
Location:139 → 260

SF1_like-KH; Splicing factor 1 (SF1) K homology RNA-binding domain (KH). Splicing factor 1 (SF1) specifically recognizes the intron branch point sequence (BPS) UACUAAC in the pre-mRNA transcripts during spliceosome assembly. We show that the KH-QUA2 region of SF1 ...

pfam16544
Location:75 → 123

STAR_dimer; Homodimerization region of STAR domain protein
NM_001032032.3 → NP_001027203.1 held out wings, isoform C [Drosophila melanogaster]

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001027203.1

Status: REVIEWED

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

O01367

Conserved Domains (2) summary

cd02395
Location:139 → 260

SF1_like-KH; Splicing factor 1 (SF1) K homology RNA-binding domain (KH). Splicing factor 1 (SF1) specifically recognizes the intron branch point sequence (BPS) UACUAAC in the pre-mRNA transcripts during spliceosome assembly. We show that the KH-QUA2 region of SF1 ...

pfam16544
Location:75 → 123

STAR_dimer; Homodimerization region of STAR domain protein
NM_169992.3 → NP_732695.1 held out wings, isoform B [Drosophila melanogaster]

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_732695.1

Status: REVIEWED

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

O01367

Related

FBpp0083576

Conserved Domains (2) summary

cd02395
Location:139 → 260

SF1_like-KH; Splicing factor 1 (SF1) K homology RNA-binding domain (KH). Splicing factor 1 (SF1) specifically recognizes the intron branch point sequence (BPS) UACUAAC in the pre-mRNA transcripts during spliceosome assembly. We show that the KH-QUA2 region of SF1 ...

pfam16544
Location:75 → 123

STAR_dimer; Homodimerization region of STAR domain protein