toy twin of eyeless [Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: toyprovided by FlyBase
Official Full Name: twin of eyelessprovided by FlyBase
Primary source: FLYBASE:FBgn0019650
Locus tag: Dmel_CG11186
See related: AllianceGenome:FB:FBgn0019650
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: REVIEWED
Organism: Drosophila melanogaster
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Ecdysozoa; Arthropoda; Hexapoda; Insecta; Pterygota; Neoptera; Endopterygota; Diptera; Brachycera; Muscomorpha; Ephydroidea; Drosophilidae; Drosophila; Sophophora
Also known as: CG11186; Dmel\CG11186; l(4)102CDg; l(4)8; Pax-6; Toy; TOY
Summary: Enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Involved in brain development; ocellus development; and positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process. Is expressed in several structures, including anlage in statu nascendi; embryonic neuromere; head epidermis primordium; neuroblasts; and transmedullary neurons. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia; eye disease (multiple); glucose intolerance; and paranoid schizophrenia. Orthologous to human PAX6 (paired box 6). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Dec 2024]
Orthologs: all
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Genomic context

Location:: 102F4-102F5; 4-0 cM

Exon count:: 9

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
Release 6.54	current	Release 6 plus ISO1 MT (GCF_000001215.4)	4	NC_004353.4 (989725..1007922)
Release 5.57	previous assembly	Release 5 (GCF_000001215.2)	4	NC_004353.3 (1010351..1028548)

Chromosome 4 - NC_004353.4 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Genomic Sequence:

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

This study set Hipk and the master regulators Toy and Ey in an enzyme-substrate relationship. The interaction and phosphorylation of the master regulator Toy by Hipk may be important for precise tuning of signalling within the retinal determination gene network and therefore for Drosophila eye development.
Title: Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase phosphorylates the Drosophila Paired box protein 6 (Pax6) homologues Twin of eyeless and Eyeless.
Our results indicate that the head-specific gap gene empty spiracles can act as a repressor of Toy, while ocelliless (oc) and spalt major (salm) appear to act as positive regulators of toy gene expression.
Title: Regulation of twin of eyeless during Drosophila development.
Data indicate that Hipk as a repressor of both Twin of eyeless (Toy) and Eyeless (Ey).
Title: Hipk promotes photoreceptor differentiation through the repression of Twin of eyeless and Eyeless expression.
Regulation of ocellar specification and size by twin of eyeless and homothorax.
Title: Regulation of ocellar specification and size by twin of eyeless and homothorax.
Mutations of the twin of eyeless gene cause defects in embryonic brain patterning as well as in post-embryonic development of the mushroom bodies.
Title: Brain patterning defects caused by mutations of the twin of eyeless gene in Drosophila melanogaster.
Toy harbors transactivation domains within the CT segment. This activity requires additional domains, possibly including the PD doman.
Title: Transcriptional activities of the Pax6 gene eyeless regulate tissue specificity of ectopic eye formation in Drosophila.
Toy and Ey, to some extent, can substitute for each other.
Title: The Drosophila Pax6 paralogs have different functions in head development but can partially substitute for each other.
We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated
Title: Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster.
Twin of eyeless (toy) directly regulates eyeless (ey), which is necessary for initiating the eye developmental pathway.
Title: Functional divergence between eyeless and twin of eyeless in Drosophila melanogaster.

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Interactions

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Products	Interactant	Other Gene	Complex	Source	Pubs	Description

General gene information

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Homology

NCBI Orthologs

Orthologs from OrthoDB

mobile_element

Loc: 990777-991087 mobile_element_type = transposon:INE-1{}3324
Loc: 994290-994374 mobile_element_type = transposon:INE-1{}3326
Loc: 994847-994946 mobile_element_type = transposon:INE-1{}3327
Loc: 995442-995666 mobile_element_type = transposon:INE-1{}5431
Loc: 999149-999513 mobile_element_type = transposon:INE-1{}5433
Loc: 999517-1001425 mobile_element_type = transposon:INE-1{}3345
Loc: 999638-1000846 mobile_element_type = transposon:R1A1{}1547

Gene Ontology Provided by FlyBase

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables DNA binding	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
involved_in brain development	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in brain morphogenesis	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in compound eye development	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in eye-antennal disc development	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in mushroom body development	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in ocellus development	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
involved_in ocellus development	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of gene expression	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of DNA-templated transcription	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in sensory organ development	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info

General protein information

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Preferred Names: twin of eyeless

Names: CG11186-PA; CG11186-PC; CG11186-PD; eyeless; lethal(4)102CDg; toy-PA; toy-PC; toy-PD; twin-of-eyeless

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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Genome Annotation

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference assembly

Genomic

NC_004353.4 Reference assembly

Range

989725..1007922

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GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_001382011.1 → NP_001368990.1 twin of eyeless, isoform D [Drosophila melanogaster]

Status: REVIEWED

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

A0A6H2EG63, Q9XZC2

Conserved Domains (3) summary

smart00351
Location:29 → 153

PAX; Paired Box domain

COG5576
Location:253 → 368

COG5576; Homeodomain-containing transcription factor [Transcription]

pfam00046
Location:269 → 322

Homeobox; Homeobox domain
NM_001272151.1 → NP_001259080.1 twin of eyeless, isoform C [Drosophila melanogaster]

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001259080.1

Status: REVIEWED

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

L0MPR7, Q9XZC2

Conserved Domains (3) summary

smart00351
Location:29 → 153

PAX; Paired Box domain

COG5576
Location:253 → 364

COG5576; Homeodomain-containing transcription factor [Transcription]

pfam00046
Location:269 → 317

Homeobox; Homeobox domain
NM_079899.4 → NP_524638.3 twin of eyeless, isoform A [Drosophila melanogaster]

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_524638.3

Status: REVIEWED

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q961N4, Q9V490, Q9XZC2

Related

FBpp0088249

Conserved Domains (3) summary

smart00351
Location:29 → 153

PAX; Paired Box domain

COG5576
Location:253 → 368

COG5576; Homeodomain-containing transcription factor [Transcription]

pfam00046
Location:269 → 321

Homeobox; Homeobox domain