PPO1 Prophenoloxidase 1 [Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: PPO1provided by FlyBase
Official Full Name: Prophenoloxidase 1provided by FlyBase
Primary source: FLYBASE:FBgn0283437
Locus tag: Dmel_CG42639
See related: AllianceGenome:FB:FBgn0283437
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: REVIEWED
Organism: Drosophila melanogaster
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Ecdysozoa; Arthropoda; Hexapoda; Insecta; Pterygota; Neoptera; Endopterygota; Diptera; Brachycera; Muscomorpha; Ephydroidea; Drosophilidae; Drosophila; Sophophora
Also known as: A1; A[[1]]; bc; Bc; CG42639; CG5779; Dmel\CG42639; DmePPOA1; Dox-A1; DoxA1; i12; Mox; Phox; PO; PO A1; PO54; PPO; PPO-1; PPO-A1; Ppo1; pro-A; pro-PO; pro-POA[[1]]; proPO; Propo; ProPo; ProPO; ProPO A1; proPO A[[1]]; proPO-A1; PROPO-A1; proPO54; ProPO54
Old locus tag: Dmel_CG5779
Summary: Enables catechol oxidase activity and tyrosinase activity. Involved in defense response to other organism and scab formation. Located in extracellular region. Is expressed in adult head; cortical zone of lymph gland primary lobe; embryonic/larval crystal cell; embryonic/larval lymph gland; and procrystal cell. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Dec 2024]
Orthologs: all
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Genomic context

Location:: 54F6-54F6; 2-84 cM

Exon count:: 6

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
Release 6.54	current	Release 6 plus ISO1 MT (GCF_000001215.4)	2R	NT_033778.4 (17887220..17889973, complement)
Release 5.57	previous assembly	Release 5 (GCF_000001215.2)	2R	NT_033778.3 (13774725..13777478, complement)

Chromosome 2R - NT_033778.4 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Genomic Sequence:

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Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Two clip-domain serine protease homologs, cSPH35 and cSPH242, act as a cofactor for prophenoloxidase-1 activation in Drosophila melanogaster.
Title: Two clip-domain serine protease homologs, cSPH35 and cSPH242, act as a cofactor for prophenoloxidase-1 activation in Drosophila melanogaster.
This study indicates that the mechanism of prophenoloxidase activation influences phenoloxidase (PO) activity. It also suggests that PO-induced different intermediates may affect the antibacterial activity during melanization due to their toxicity.
Title: Effect of the insect phenoloxidase on the metabolism of l-DOPA.
Plant phenolics are detoxified by prophenoloxidase in the insect gut.
Title: Plant phenolics are detoxified by prophenoloxidase in the insect gut.
PPO1 and PPO2 contribute to the bulk of melanization in the hemolymph, upon septic or clean injury. In contrast, PPO3, is expressed in lamellocytes and contributes to melanization during the encapsulation process.
Title: Drosophila innate immunity: regional and functional specialization of prophenoloxidases.
Genomic insertion of a PPO1(A480V) transgene phenocopies Black cells, proving that A480V is indeed the causal mutation of the historical Black cells phenotype.
Title: The Black cells phenotype is caused by a point mutation in the Drosophila pro-phenoloxidase 1 gene that triggers melanization and hematopoietic defects.
An important role for PPO1 and PPO2 in the survival to infection with Gram-positive bacteria and fungi, underlining the importance of melanization in insect host defense.
Title: Prophenoloxidase activation is required for survival to microbial infections in Drosophila.
Therefore, rPPO1 can be sequentially cleaved in at least three places by alpha-chymotrypsin to produce activated rPO1(60-kD).
Title: Recombinant Drosophila prophenoloxidase 1 is sequentially cleaved by α-chymotrypsin during in vitro activation.
rPPO1 and rPPO2 were expressed as apo-rPPO and became holo-PPO upon Cu(2+) binding; rPPO3 was holo-PPO immediately after expression.
Title: Drosophila melanogaster prophenoloxidases respond inconsistently to Cu2+ and have different activity in vitro.
biochemical properties, activation mode and in vivo role of Pro-PO3 (PPO3) are likely distinct from those of the other two Pro-PO enzymes involved in Drosophila physiology.
Title: Involvement of pro-phenoloxidase 3 in lamellocyte-mediated spontaneous melanization in Drosophila.
An electrophoretic variant of monophenol oxidase, PHOX-S is the first thermolabile protein found in invertebrate prophenol oxidase.
Title: Thermolabile variant, PHOX-S, of prophenol oxidase in Drosophila melanogaster.

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Interactions

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Products	Interactant	Other Gene	Complex	Source	Pubs	Description

General gene information

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Homology

NCBI Orthologs

Orthologs from OrthoDB

Gene Ontology Provided by FlyBase

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables catechol oxidase activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables oxidoreductase activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables tyrosinase activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
involved_in defense response to Gram-positive bacterium	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
involved_in defense response to Gram-positive bacterium	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in defense response to fungus	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
involved_in defense response to fungus	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in dopamine metabolic process	IC Inferred by Curator more info	PubMed
involved_in hemolymph coagulation	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in melanization defense response	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
involved_in melanization defense response	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in response to wounding	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in scab formation	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in wound healing	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
located_in extracellular region	HDA more info	PubMed

General protein information

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Preferred Names: prophenoloxidase 1

Names: CG42639-PA; PPO1-PA; black cell; black cells; diphenol oxidase A1 subunit; monophenol oxidase; monophenoloxidase; phenoloxidase; pro-phenol oxidase A1; prophenol oxidase A1; prophenoloxidase; prophenoloxidase A1; prophenoloxidase A[[1]]

NP_476812.1

EC 1.-.-.-

EC 1.10.3.1

EC 1.14.18.1

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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Genome Annotation

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference assembly

Genomic

NT_033778.4 Reference assembly

Range

17887220..17889973 complement

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GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_057464.4 → NP_476812.1 prophenoloxidase 1 [Drosophila melanogaster]

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_476812.1

Status: REVIEWED

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q27598, Q7K2W6

Related

FBpp0291497

Conserved Domains (3) summary

pfam00372
Location:152 → 414

Hemocyanin_M; Hemocyanin, copper containing domain

pfam03722
Location:27 → 142

Hemocyanin_N; Hemocyanin, all-alpha domain

pfam03723
Location:423 → 682

Hemocyanin_C; Hemocyanin, ig-like domain