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    Hand hand [ Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) ]

    Gene ID: 34379, updated on 9-Dec-2024

    Summary

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    Official Symbol
    Handprovided by FlyBase
    Official Full Name
    handprovided by FlyBase
    Primary source
    FLYBASE:FBgn0032209
    Locus tag
    Dmel_CG18144
    See related
    AllianceGenome:FB:FBgn0032209
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Drosophila melanogaster
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Ecdysozoa; Arthropoda; Hexapoda; Insecta; Pterygota; Neoptera; Endopterygota; Diptera; Brachycera; Muscomorpha; Ephydroidea; Drosophilidae; Drosophila; Sophophora
    Also known as
    bHLHa28; CG18144; dHand; dHAND; Dhand; Dmel\CG18144; hand; HAND; hand-C
    Summary
    Enables DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific. Involved in several processes, including dendrite morphogenesis; heart development; and positive regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II. Located in nucleus. Is expressed in several structures, including cardial cell; dorsal vessel; nephrocyte; somatic precursor cell; and visceral mesoderm derivative. Orthologous to several human genes including HAND2 (heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 2). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Dec 2024]
    Orthologs
    all
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    Genomic context

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    See Hand in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    31C6-31C7; 2-40 cM
    Exon count:
    4
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    Release 6.54 current Release 6 plus ISO1 MT (GCF_000001215.4) 2L NT_033779.5 (10292679..10295385, complement)
    Release 5.57 previous assembly Release 5 (GCF_000001215.2) 2L NT_033779.4 (10292679..10295385, complement)

    Chromosome 2L - NT_033779.5Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene uncharacterized protein Neighboring gene Ubiquitin fusion-degradation 4-like Neighboring gene antisense RNA:CR44968 Neighboring gene Cylindromatosis Neighboring gene uncharacterized protein

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Bibliography

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    Related articles in PubMed

    1. The ultrastructure of Drosophila heart cells. Lehmacher C, et al. Arthropod Struct Dev, 2012 Sep. PMID 22426062
    2. Drosophila pericardial nephrocyte ultrastructure changes during ageing. Psathaki OE, et al. Mech Ageing Dev, 2018 Jul. PMID 29702130
    3. New yeast/E. coli/Drosophila triple shuttle vectors for efficient generation of Drosophila P element transformation constructs. Paululat A, et al. Gene, 2012 Dec 15. PMID 23026211
    4. Cardiac-Restricted Expression of VCP/TER94 RNAi or Disease Alleles Perturbs Drosophila Heart Structure and Impairs Function. Viswanathan MC, et al. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis, 2016 Jun. PMID 27500162, Free PMC Article
    5. The role of TORC1 in muscle development in Drosophila. Hatfield I, et al. Sci Rep, 2015 Apr 13. PMID 25866192, Free PMC Article

    See all (113) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. Drosophila Hand regulates the expression of numerous genes of diverse physiological relevancy, including distinct factors required for proper muscle development and function.
      Title: The bHLH Transcription Factor Hand Regulates the Expression of Genes Critical to Heart and Muscle Function in Drosophila melanogaster.
    2. Hand is essential for the internal organization, alignment, and positioning of wing heart muscle cells.
      Title: The bHLH transcription factor hand is required for proper wing heart formation in Drosophila.
    3. Data demonstrate that the absence of Hand activity causes semilethality during the early larval instars.
      Title: The Drosophila Hand gene is required for remodeling of the developing adult heart and midgut during metamorphosis.
    4. The homeodomain protein Tinman activates Hand expression in Drosophlla hematopoiesis and cardiogenesis.
      Title: Hand is a direct target of Tinman and GATA factors during Drosophila cardiogenesis and hematopoiesis.
    5. Hand is dispensable for the initial differentiation of the embryonic visceral mesoderm
      Title: Hand is a direct target of the forkhead transcription factor Biniou during Drosophila visceral mesoderm differentiation.
    6. demonstrate evolutionarily conserved functions of HAND transcription factors in Drosophila and mammalian cardiogenesis, and reveal a previously unrecognized requirement of Hand genes in hematopoiesis
      Title: Hand, an evolutionarily conserved bHLH transcription factor required for Drosophila cardiogenesis and hematopoiesis.
    7. Dynamics of heart differentiation, were visualized utilizing heart enhancer elements of the Drosophila melanogaster bHLH transcription factor Hand.
      Title: Dynamics of heart differentiation, visualized utilizing heart enhancer elements of the Drosophila melanogaster bHLH transcription factor Hand.
    8. Alk-mediated signal transduction drives the expression of the bHLH transcription factor Hand in vivo.
      Title: The bHLH transcription factor Hand is regulated by Alk in the Drosophila embryonic gut.
    9. Hand proteins might play a highly conserved role throughout evolution.
      Title: The highly conserved cardiogenic bHLH factor Hand is specifically expressed in circular visceral muscle progenitor cells and in all cell types of the dorsal vessel during Drosophila embryogenesis.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction

    Interactions

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    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

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    Homology

    Gene Ontology Provided by FlyBase

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables protein dimerization activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in dendrite morphogenesis IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in developmental process IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    involved_in embryonic heart tube development IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in hemopoiesis IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in larval heart development IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in negative regulation of apoptotic process IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of DNA-templated transcription ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in nucleus HDA PubMed 
    located_in nucleus IC
    Inferred by Curator
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in nucleus IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 

    General protein information

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    Preferred Names
    hand
    Names
    CG18144-PA
    Hand-PA

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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    Genome Annotation

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference assembly

    Genomic

    1. NT_033779.5 Reference assembly

      Range
      10292679..10295385 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_135526.3 → NP_609370.2  hand [Drosophila melanogaster]

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_609370.2

      Status: REVIEWED

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q9VL05
      Related
      FBpp0079662
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam00010
      Location:59 → 110
      HLH; Helix-loop-helix DNA-binding domain
    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    Q9VL05 Q9VL05

    Gene LinkOut

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