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    GCG glucagon [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 2641, updated on 9-Dec-2024

    Summary

    Official Symbol
    GCGprovided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    glucagonprovided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:HGNC:4191
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000115263 MIM:138030; AllianceGenome:HGNC:4191
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    GLP1; GLP2; GRPP; GLP-1
    Summary
    The protein encoded by this gene is actually a preproprotein that is cleaved into four distinct mature peptides. One of these, glucagon, is a pancreatic hormone that counteracts the glucose-lowering action of insulin by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Glucagon is a ligand for a specific G-protein linked receptor whose signalling pathway controls cell proliferation. Two of the other peptides are secreted from gut endocrine cells and promote nutrient absorption through distinct mechanisms. Finally, the fourth peptide is similar to glicentin, an active enteroglucagon. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
    Expression
    Biased expression in pancreas (RPKM 204.8), small intestine (RPKM 57.7) and 2 other tissues See more
    Orthologs
    NEW
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    Genomic context

    See GCG in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    2q24.2
    Exon count:
    6
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 2 NC_000002.12 (162142882..162152247, complement)
    RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 2 NC_060926.1 (162599534..162608895, complement)
    RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 2 NC_000002.11 (162999392..163008757, complement)

    Chromosome 2 - NC_000002.12Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene DPP4 -4.2 kb glucocorticoid response element Neighboring gene translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8A pseudogene 1 Neighboring gene DPP4 divergent transcript Neighboring gene P300/CBP strongly-dependent group 1 enhancer GRCh37_chr2:162949234-162950433 Neighboring gene EIF3E pseudogene 2 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 10348 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC101929532 Neighboring gene GCG promoter region Neighboring gene Neanderthal introgressed variant-containing enhancer experimental_54994 Neighboring gene fibroblast activation protein alpha Neighboring gene Neanderthal introgressed variant-containing enhancer experimental_55025 Neighboring gene Neanderthal introgressed variant-containing enhancer experimental_55061 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC105373724

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

    Expression

    • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
    • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
    • BioProject: PRJEB4337
    • Publication: PMID 24309898
    • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

    Bibliography

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?

    Pathways from PubChem

    Interactions

    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

    Markers

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables glucagon receptor binding IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    enables hormone activity IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    enables identical protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables receptor ligand activity TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
     
    enables signaling receptor binding TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    involved_in cellular response to glucagon stimulus TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
     
    involved_in feeding behavior TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in gluconeogenesis IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in glucose homeostasis ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    involved_in negative regulation of apoptotic process IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    involved_in negative regulation of execution phase of apoptosis IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in positive regulation of calcium ion import IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in positive regulation of gluconeogenesis IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    involved_in protein kinase A signaling IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    involved_in regulation of insulin secretion ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    involved_in regulation of insulin secretion TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
     
    involved_in response to activity ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in endoplasmic reticulum lumen TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
     
    located_in extracellular region TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
     
    is_active_in extracellular space IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    located_in extracellular space ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    located_in plasma membrane IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    located_in secretory granule lumen TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
     

    General protein information

    Preferred Names
    pro-glucagon
    Names
    glicentin-related polypeptide
    glucagon-like peptide 1
    glucagon-like peptide 2
    preproglucagon

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

    NEW Try the new Transcript table

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_002054.5NP_002045.1  pro-glucagon preproprotein

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_002045.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      BC005278, CB069629
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS46439.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A6NN65, P01275, Q53TP6
      Related
      ENSP00000387662.2, ENST00000418842.7
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam00123
      Location:5380
      Hormone_2; Peptide hormone

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000002.12 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

      Range
      162142882..162152247 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_060926.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

      Range
      162599534..162608895 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)