Gck glucokinase [Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: Gckprovided by RGD
Official Full Name: glucokinaseprovided by RGD
Primary source: RGD:2670
See related: EnsemblRapid:ENSRNOG00000061527 AllianceGenome:RGD:2670
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: VALIDATED
Organism: Rattus norvegicus
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha; Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Rattus
Also known as: GLK; GLUKA; RNGK2
Summary: Enables several functions, including D-glucose binding activity; adenyl ribonucleotide binding activity; and hexokinase activity. Involved in several processes, including hexose metabolic process; positive regulation of phosphate metabolic process; and regulation of secretion by cell. Located in several cellular components, including actin filament; basal cortex; and secretory granule. Used to study obesity; steatotic liver disease; and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in artery disease (multiple) and glucose metabolism disease (multiple). Orthologous to human GCK (glucokinase). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Nov 2024]
Expression: Biased expression in Liver (RPKM 79.4) and Heart (RPKM 6.0) See more
Orthologs: human mouse all
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Genomic context

Location:: 14q21

Exon count:: 12

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
RS_2024_02	current	GRCr8 (GCF_036323735.1)	14	NC_086032.1 (84999019..85041098, complement)
RS_2023_06	previous assembly	mRatBN7.2 (GCF_015227675.2)	14	NC_051349.1 (80785060..80829842, complement)
106	previous assembly	Rnor_6.0 (GCF_000001895.5)	14	NC_005113.4 (86149146..86191589, complement)

Chromosome 14 - NC_086032.1 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to reference sequence details

Genomic Sequence:

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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See details

Project title: A rat RNA-Seq transcriptomic BodyMap across 11 organs and 4 developmental stages
Description: 320 RNA samples isolated from 11 organs (adrenal gland, brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, spleen, thymus, and testes or uterus) from both sexes of Fischer 344 rats across four developmental stages (2-, 6-, 21-, and 104-weeks-old)
BioProject: PRJNA238328
Publication: PMID 24510058
Analysis date: Mon Jun 6 17:44:12 2016

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

NGF effects promote the maturation of rat pancreatic beta cells by regulating GLUT2 levels and distribution, and glucokinase activity.
Title: NGF effects promote the maturation of rat pancreatic beta cells by regulating GLUT2 levels and distribution, and glucokinase activity.
BMAL1 Regulates Glucokinase Expression Through E-Box Elements In Vitro.
Title: BMAL1 Regulates Glucokinase Expression Through E-Box Elements In Vitro.
Study in different rat models demonstrated that glucokinase (GCK)-mediated glucose phosphorylation is the rate-controlling step in insulin-stimulated hepatic glycogen synthesis in vivo under both normal and pathophysiological conditions of fatty liver-associated hepatic insulin resistance and it is controlled chiefly through GCK translocation.
Title: Metabolic control analysis of hepatic glycogen synthesis in vivo.
The enhancing effect of INGAP-PP on glucose-induced insulin release could be partly ascribed to its effect on glucokinase activity and glucose metabolism and is mainly mediated by the PI3K/AKT pathway.
Title: Role of Islet Glucokinase, Glucose Metabolism, and Insulin Pathway in the Enhancing Effect of Islet Neogenesis-Associated Protein on Glucose-Induced Insulin Secretion.
Arcuate nucleus glucokinase activation may represent a CNS mechanism that underlies the oft-described phenomena of the "sweet tooth" and carbohydrate craving.
Title: Glucokinase activity in the arcuate nucleus regulates glucose intake.
Atf3-silencing reversed ethanol-mediated Gck down-regulation and beta-cell dysfunction, followed by the amelioration of impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance.
Title: Chronic ethanol consumption inhibits glucokinase transcriptional activity by Atf3 and triggers metabolic syndrome in vivo.
Chronic treatment with glucose kinase activators in animal models of diabetes provided sustained lowering of blood glucose.
Title: Chronic glucokinase activator treatment at clinically translatable exposures gives durable glucose lowering in two animal models of type 2 diabetes.
F0 maternal BPA exposure during gestation and lactation can induce impaired glucose homeostasis in the F2 offspring through DNA methylation change in Gck.
Title: F0 maternal BPA exposure induced glucose intolerance of F2 generation through DNA methylation change in Gck.
Data indicate that iron facilitates diabetes-mediated elevation of oxidative/nitrative stress, simultaneously impairs liver glucokinase, and can be a link between enzymatic changes and hepatic dysfunction.
Title: Iron increases liver injury through oxidative/nitrative stress in diabetic rats: Involvement of nitrotyrosination of glucokinase.
The inhibitory effect of Urotensin IIon insulin secretion is associated with a suppression of GCK expression, not regulation of PDX-1 expression.
Title: [Urotensin II inhibits glucokinase expression and glucose-induced insulin secretion].

Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (57)

General gene information

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Markers

PMC133987P3 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270701

RH94415 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:119663

Gck (e-PCR), detects polymorphism
- UniSTS:256889

RH94778 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:120025

Gene Ontology Provided by RGD

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables ADP binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables ATP binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables ATP binding	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables ATP binding	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
enables ATP binding	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
enables D-glucose binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables D-glucose binding	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables D-glucose binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
enables D-glucose binding	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
enables D-glucose binding	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
enables fructokinase activity	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables fructokinase activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables glucokinase activity	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables glucokinase activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables glucokinase activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables glucokinase activity	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
enables glucokinase activity	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
enables glucose sensor activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables hexokinase activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables hexokinase activity	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
enables magnesium ion binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables mannokinase activity	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables mannokinase activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables protein binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
enables protein phosphatase binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
acts_upstream_of_or_within NADP metabolic process	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in calcium ion import	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in carbohydrate phosphorylation	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in carbohydrate phosphorylation	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within carbohydrate phosphorylation	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in cellular response to glucose starvation	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in cellular response to insulin stimulus	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in cellular response to leptin stimulus	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in fructose 2,6-bisphosphate metabolic process	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in fructose 6-phosphate metabolic process	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in glucose 6-phosphate metabolic process	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in glucose 6-phosphate metabolic process	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in glucose 6-phosphate metabolic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in glucose 6-phosphate metabolic process	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in glucose catabolic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in glucose catabolic process	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in glucose catabolic process	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within glucose homeostasis	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in glucose homeostasis	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in glucose homeostasis	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in glucose metabolic process	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in glucose metabolic process	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within glucose metabolic process	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in glycogen biosynthetic process	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in glycolytic process	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in glycolytic process	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in glycolytic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in hexose metabolic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in intracellular glucose homeostasis	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in intracellular glucose homeostasis	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in intracellular glucose homeostasis	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within intracellular glucose homeostasis	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in intracellular glucose homeostasis	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in lipid homeostasis	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in mannose metabolic process	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in negative regulation of epinephrine secretion	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in negative regulation of gluconeogenesis	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in negative regulation of gluconeogenesis	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in negative regulation of gluconeogenesis	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in positive regulation of glycolytic process	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of insulin secretion	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of insulin secretion	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of insulin secretion	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of insulin secretion	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in positive regulation of insulin secretion	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in positive regulation of phosphorylation	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of glucose mediated signaling pathway	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of insulin secretion	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within regulation of insulin secretion	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in regulation of insulin secretion	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within regulation of potassium ion transport	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
involved_in response to glucose	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in response to glucose	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
located_in actin filament	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in basal cortex	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in cell cortex	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in cytoplasm	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
is_active_in cytosol	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in cytosol	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
located_in cytosol	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
is_active_in mitochondrion	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in mitochondrion	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
located_in nucleoplasm	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in nucleus	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in nucleus	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
located_in secretory granule	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed

General protein information

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Preferred Names: hexokinase-4

Names: HK IV; HK4; hexokinase type IV; hexokinase-D

NP_001257778.1

EC 2.7.1.1

NP_001257779.1

EC 2.7.1.1

NP_036697.1

EC 2.7.1.1

XP_006251241.1

EC 2.7.1.1

XP_038947547.1

EC 2.7.1.1

XP_063128934.1

EC 2.7.1.1

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_001270849.1 → NP_001257778.1 hexokinase-4 isoform 1

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001257778.1

Status: VALIDATED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript and encodes the longest isoform (1).

Source sequence(s)

X53589

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

A0A0G2JTC6, A0A8I6G3J1, A6IKR2, Q63219, Q64596

Related

ENSRNOP00000068656.1, ENSRNOT00000080147.3

Conserved Domains (2) summary

pfam00349
Location:100 → 248

Hexokinase_1

pfam03727
Location:254 → 488

Hexokinase_2
NM_001270850.1 → NP_001257779.1 hexokinase-4 isoform 3

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001257779.1

Status: VALIDATED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 5' UTR and coding region and uses two alternate splice junctions compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (3) has a shorter and distinct N-terminus and contains two alternate internal segments compared to isoform 1.

Source sequence(s)

JAXUCZ010000014, X53588

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

A6IKQ9

Conserved Domains (2) summary

pfam00349
Location:15 → 198

Hexokinase_1

pfam03727
Location:204 → 438

Hexokinase_2
NM_012565.2 → NP_036697.1 hexokinase-4 isoform 2

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_036697.1

Status: VALIDATED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (2) lacks an alternate coding exon and uses an alternate splice junction at the 3' end of another coding exon compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (2) has the same N-and C-termini but differs in an internal segment compared to isoform 1.

Source sequence(s)

X53588, X53589

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

A6IKR1

Related

ENSRNOP00000071435.1, ENSRNOT00000086343.3

Conserved Domains (2) summary

pfam00349
Location:16 → 215

Hexokinase_1

pfam03727
Location:221 → 455

Hexokinase_2

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_036323735.1-RS_2024_02

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCr8

Genomic

NC_086032.1 Reference GRCr8

Range

84999019..85041098 complement

Download

GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

XM_006251179.5 → XP_006251241.1 hexokinase-4 isoform X2

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_006251241.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

P17711, P17712

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

X2G6B3

Related

ENSRNOP00000069954.2, ENSRNOT00000086474.3

Conserved Domains (2) summary

COG5026
Location:8 → 458

COG5026; Hexokinase [Carbohydrate transport and metabolism]

pfam00349
Location:15 → 215

Hexokinase_1
XM_063272864.1 → XP_063128934.1 hexokinase-4 isoform X1
XM_039091619.2 → XP_038947547.1 hexokinase-4 isoform X3

Conserved Domains (2) summary

COG5026
Location:4 → 446

COG5026; Hexokinase [Carbohydrate transport and metabolism]

pfam00349
Location:4 → 203

Hexokinase_1