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    relA GDP/GTP pyrophosphokinase [ Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655 ]

    Gene ID: 947244, updated on 3-Dec-2024

    Summary

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    Official Symbol
    relA
    Official Full Name
    GDP/GTP pyrophosphokinase
    Primary source
    ECOCYC:EG10835
    Locus tag
    b2784
    See related
    ASAP:ABE-0009125
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    PROVISIONAL
    Organism
    Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655 (strain: K-12, substrain: MG1655)
    Lineage
    Bacteria; Pseudomonadota; Gammaproteobacteria; Enterobacterales; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia
    Also known as
    ECK2778; RC
    Summary
    RelA has two physically and functionally distinct domains, the N-terminal domain, amino acids 1 to 455, is responsible for (p)ppGpp synthesis, and the C-terminal domain, amino acids 456 to 744, is responsible for self regulation. [More information is available at EcoGene: EG10835].
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    Genomic context

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    Sequence:
    NC_000913.3 (2911417..2913651, complement)

    NC_000913.3Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase Neighboring gene endoribonuclease toxin MazF Neighboring gene antitoxin of the MazF-MazE toxin-antitoxin system MazE Neighboring gene 23S rRNA m(5)U1939 methyltransferase Neighboring gene sensor histidine kinase BarA

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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    Genomic Sequence:
    NC_000913.3

    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Bibliography

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    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Nonribosomal synthesis of guanosine 5',3'-polyphosphates by the ribosomal wash of stringent Escherichia coli. Sy J, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1973 Jul. PMID 4579015, Free PMC Article
    2. Unbiased quantitation of Escherichia coli membrane proteome using phase transfer surfactants. Masuda T, et al. Mol Cell Proteomics, 2009 Dec. PMID 19767571, Free PMC Article
    3. Guanosine tetraphosphate inhibits protein synthesis in vivo. A possible protective mechanism for starvation stress in Escherichia coli. Svitil AL, et al. J Biol Chem, 1993 Feb 5. PMID 8428905
    4. Overexpression of the relA gene in Escherichia coli. Schreiber G, et al. J Biol Chem, 1991 Feb 25. PMID 1899866
    5. Cell cycle synchronization of Escherichia coli using the stringent response, with fluorescence labeling assays for DNA content and replication. Ferullo DJ, et al. Methods, 2009 May. PMID 19245839, Free PMC Article

    See all (135) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. NirD curtails the stringent response by inhibiting RelA activity in Escherichia coli.
      Title: NirD curtails the stringent response by inhibiting RelA activity in Escherichia coli.
    2. (p)ppGpp controls stringent factors by exploiting antagonistic allosteric coupling between catalytic domains.
      Title: (p)ppGpp controls stringent factors by exploiting antagonistic allosteric coupling between catalytic domains.
    3. RNA binding of Hfq monomers promotes RelA-mediated hexamerization in a limiting Hfq environment.
      Title: RNA binding of Hfq monomers promotes RelA-mediated hexamerization in a limiting Hfq environment.
    4. The results reveal that nitrogen-starved Escherichia coli synthesizes (p)ppGpp and forms a higher percentage of persister cells than nonstarved cells and that both NtrC and RelA are important for these processes.
      Title: Nitrogen Starvation Induces Persister Cell Formation in Escherichia coli.
    5. The A-site finger structural element of 23S rRNA helix 38 is crucial for RelA binding to the ribosome and consequent activation.
      Title: The ribosomal A-site finger is crucial for binding and activation of the stringent factor RelA.
    6. Deleting dksA, which encodes a regulator of the stringent response to nutrient starvation, decreases growth under glucose phosphate stress conditions. The stringent response alarmone regulator ppGpp (synthesized by RelA and SpoT) also contributes to recovery from glucose phosphate stress: as with dksA, mutating relA and spoT worsens the growth defect of an sgrS mutant during stress.
      Title: Stringent Response Regulators Contribute to Recovery from Glucose Phosphate Stress in Escherichia coli.
    7. Amino acid starvation leads to loading of cognate tRNARelA complexes at vacant ribosomal A-sites. In turn, RelA is activated and synthesizes (p)ppGpp.
      Title: Activation of the Stringent Response by Loading of RelA-tRNA Complexes at the Ribosomal A-Site.
    8. The boomerang-shaped RelA with a wingspan of more than 100 A wraps around the A/R (30S A-site/RelA-bound) tRNA.
      Title: Ribosome•RelA structures reveal the mechanism of stringent response activation.
    9. We propose that the open conformation of RelA on the ribosome relieves the autoinhibitory effect of the CTD on the NTD, thus leading to stimulation of (p)ppGpp synthesis by RelA.
      Title: The stringent factor RelA adopts an open conformation on the ribosome to stimulate ppGpp synthesis.
    10. Here we review the role of (p)ppGpp in bacterial cell cycle regulation
      Title: (p)ppGpp and the bacterial cell cycle.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (25)

    General gene information

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    Gene Ontology Provided by EcoCyc

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables ATP binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables GTP binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables GTP diphosphokinase activity IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables GTP diphosphokinase activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables GTP diphosphokinase activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables guanosine-3',5'-bis(diphosphate) 3'-diphosphatase activity IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables kinase activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in guanosine tetraphosphate biosynthetic process IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in guanosine tetraphosphate metabolic process IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    involved_in guanosine tetraphosphate metabolic process IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    acts_upstream_of_or_within guanosine tetraphosphate metabolic process IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of_or_within nucleobase-containing small molecule interconversion IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in response to starvation IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  

    General protein information

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    Preferred Names
    GDP/GTP pyrophosphokinase
    NP_417264.1

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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    Genome Annotation

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000913.3 Reference assembly

      Range
      2911417..2913651 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NP_417264.1 GDP/GTP pyrophosphokinase [Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655]

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_417264.1

      Status: PROVISIONAL

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A7A6T5V0, A0A8T5Y9N7
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      PRK10872
      Location:1 → 743
      relA; (p)ppGpp synthetase I/GTP pyrophosphokinase; Provisional
    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version

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