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    RHOD ras homolog family member D [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 29984, updated on 10-Dec-2024

    Summary

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    Official Symbol
    RHODprovided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    ras homolog family member Dprovided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:HGNC:670
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000173156 MIM:605781; AllianceGenome:HGNC:670
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    Rho; ARHD; RHOM; RHOHP1
    Summary
    Ras homolog, or Rho, proteins interact with protein kinases and may serve as targets for activated GTPase. They play a critical role in muscle differentiation. The protein encoded by this gene binds GTP and is a member of the small GTPase superfamily. It is involved in endosome dynamics and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, and it may coordinate membrane transport with the function of the cytoskeleton. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]
    Expression
    Ubiquitous expression in esophagus (RPKM 14.1), skin (RPKM 7.1) and 20 other tissues See more
    Orthologs
    mouse all
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    Genomic context

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    See RHOD in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    11q13.2
    Exon count:
    5
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 11 NC_000011.10 (67056847..67072017)
    RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 11 NC_060935.1 (67051322..67066491)
    RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 11 NC_000011.9 (66824318..66839488)

    Chromosome 11 - NC_000011.10Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124902849 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:66769673-66770332 Neighboring gene P300/CBP strongly-dependent group 1 enhancer GRCh37_chr11:66788895-66790094 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:66791036-66791536 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:66791537-66792037 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 5064 Neighboring gene synaptotagmin 12 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:66799719-66800558 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 5065 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 5066 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:66816246-66816774 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 5067 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 3610 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 3609 Neighboring gene microRNA 6860 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:66841392-66841892 Neighboring gene MPRA-validated peak1310 silencer Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:66845407-66846302 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 5068 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 3611 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 5069 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 5070 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr11:66867665-66868165 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC107984341 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 3612 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 3613 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 5072 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 3614 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 3615 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 3616 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 3617 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 3618 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124902695 Neighboring gene lysine demethylase 2A

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Bibliography

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    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Rho GTPase gene expression and breast cancer risk: a Mendelian randomization analysis. Kazmi N, et al. Sci Rep, 2022 Jan 27. PMID 35087170, Free PMC Article
    2. Dual function of rhoD in vesicular movement and cell motility. Murphy C, et al. Eur J Cell Biol, 2001 Jun. PMID 11484930
    3. Rho proteins: linking signaling with membrane trafficking. Ridley AJ. Traffic, 2001 May. PMID 11350626
    4. Assignment of the human RhoHP1 gene (ARHD) to chromosome 11q14.3 by radiation hybrid mapping. Kim HS, et al. Cytogenet Cell Genet, 2000. PMID 10894936
    5. A novel agent, methylophiopogonanone B, promotes Rho activation and tubulin depolymerization. Ito Y, et al. Mol Cell Biochem, 2007 Mar. PMID 17029007

    See all (58) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. Rho GTPase gene expression and breast cancer risk: a Mendelian randomization analysis.
      Title: Rho GTPase gene expression and breast cancer risk: a Mendelian randomization analysis.
    2. The actin nucleation factors JMY and WHAMM enable a rapid Arp2/3 complex-mediated intrinsic pathway of apoptosis.
      Title: The actin nucleation factors JMY and WHAMM enable a rapid Arp2/3 complex-mediated intrinsic pathway of apoptosis.
    3. The GTPase deficient atypical Rho GTPases, which have a stalled GTPase activity, RhoD has an elevated intrinsic GDP/GTP exchange activity, rendering the protein constitutively active.
      Title: RhoD localization and function is dependent on its GTP/GDP-bound state and unique N-terminal motif.
    4. RhoD recruits Pak6 to the plasma membrane to antagonize RhoC signaling during cell contraction and blebbing
      Title: RhoD Inhibits RhoC-ROCK-Dependent Cell Contraction via PAK6.
    5. RhoD silencing leads to increased actin filament-containing structures and disruption of cell migration and proliferation.
      Title: The atypical Rho GTPase RhoD is a regulator of actin cytoskeleton dynamics and directed cell migration.
    6. A novel signaling pathway involving RhoD and its binding partner WHAMM, regulate Golgi dynamics.
      Title: RhoD is a Golgi component with a role in anterograde protein transport from the ER to the plasma membrane.
    7. Activated p42/44-MAP kinase, Rho GTPase.
      Title: Paxillin mediates stretch-induced Rho signaling and endothelial permeability via assembly of paxillin-p42/44MAPK-GEF-H1 complex.
    8. Fetal RHD detection in early pregnancy using a single-exon assay in a routine clinical setting is feasible and accurate after its implementation in an unselected pregnant population.
      Title: Noninvasive single-exon fetal RHD determination in a routine screening program in early pregnancy.
    9. It regulates relaxation of vascular smooth muscle.
      Title: [Role of the Rho-kinase pathway in pulmonary arterial hypertension].
    10. Data from differentiating cultured erythroid precursor cells suggest that RhAG (Rh-associated glycoprotein) knockdown abolishes Rh blood group expression (RhoD; ICAM4 [intercellular adhesion molecule 4]; CD47 Rh-related antigen) in erythroid cells.
      Title: In vitro generated Rh(null) red cells recapitulate the in vivo deficiency: a model for rare blood group phenotypes and erythroid membrane disorders.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (28)

    Phenotypes

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    Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

    EBI GWAS Catalog

    Description
    Hundreds of variants clustered in genomic loci and biological pathways affect human height.
    EBI GWAS Catalog

    Variation

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    See variants in ClinVar

    See studies and variants in dbVar

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

    HIV-1 interactions

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    Replication interactions

    Interaction Pubs
    Knockdown of ras homolog family member D (RHOD) by siRNA inhibits HIV-1 replication in HeLa P4/R5 cells PubMed

    Protein interactions

    Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
    Tat tat The function and activity of CREB is required for both Tat-induced Rho signaling and nuclear targeting of ZO-1 PubMed
    matrix gag HIV-1 MA-induced upregulation of collagen-I and alpha-SMA expression is dependent on CXCR2 via the Rho/ROCK-1 pathway PubMed
    gag HIV-1 p17-mediated activation of the Rho/ROCK-signaling pathway is required for p17-mediated monocyte adhesion and migration PubMed

    Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

    Pathways from PubChem

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    Interactions

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    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

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    Markers

    Homology

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    enables protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in Rho protein signal transduction TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in actin filament bundle assembly IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in focal adhesion assembly IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in lamellipodium assembly IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of cell adhesion IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of cell migration IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in Golgi membrane TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    located_in cytosol TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    located_in early endosome IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    located_in endosome membrane TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    located_in mitochondrial outer membrane TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    located_in plasma membrane TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  

    General protein information

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    Preferred Names
    rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoD
    Names
    Rho-related protein HP1
    ras homolog D
    ras homolog gene family, member A
    ras homolog gene family, member D

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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    NEW Try the new Transcript table

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001300886.2 → NP_001287815.1  rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoD isoform 2

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001287815.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (2) lacks an alternate in-frame segment compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (2) has the same N- and C-termini but is shorter compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      BM761353, CB853597, CN305061
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS73330.1
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      E9PIG5
      Related
      ENSP00000432003.1, ENST00000532559.1
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cl38936
      Location:16 → 144
      P-loop_NTPase; P-loop containing Nucleoside Triphosphate Hydrolases

    2. NM_014578.4 → NP_055393.1  rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoD isoform 1

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_055393.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longer transcript and encodes the longer isoform (1).
      Source sequence(s)
      BC001338, BM761362, CA433897
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS8155.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      O00212
      Related
      ENSP00000308576.2, ENST00000308831.7
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cd04132
      Location:16 → 210
      Rho4_like; Ras homology family 4 (Rho4) of small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases)-like

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000011.10 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

      Range
      67056847..67072017
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_060935.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

      Range
      67051322..67066491
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    O00212.3 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:O00212

    Gene LinkOut

    The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

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