Tnp2 transition protein 2 [Mus musculus (house mouse)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: Tnp2provided by MGI
Official Full Name: transition protein 2provided by MGI
Primary source: MGI:MGI:98785
See related: Ensembl:ENSMUSG00000043050 AllianceGenome:MGI:98785
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: PROVISIONAL
Organism: Mus musculus
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha; Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Mus; Mus
Also known as: TP2; Tp-2
Summary: Predicted to enable zinc ion binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of protein processing and sperm DNA condensation. Acts upstream of or within several processes, including binding activity of sperm to zona pellucida; flagellated sperm motility; and penetration of zona pellucida. Located in male germ cell nucleus. Part of nucleosome. Is expressed in spermatid and testis. Orthologous to human TNP2 (transition protein 2). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Nov 2024]
Expression: Restricted expression toward testis adult (RPKM 8790.1) See more
Orthologs: human all
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Genomic context

Location:: 16 A1; 16 5.83 cM

Exon count:: 2

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
RS_2024_02	current	GRCm39 (GCF_000001635.27)	16	NC_000082.7 (10605799..10606519, complement)
108.20200622	previous assembly	GRCm38.p6 (GCF_000001635.26)	16	NC_000082.6 (10787935..10788655, complement)

Chromosome 16 - NC_000082.7 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Genomic Sequence:

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Expression

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See details

Project title: Mouse ENCODE transcriptome data
Description: RNA profiling data sets generated by the Mouse ENCODE project.
BioProject: PRJNA66167
Publication: PMID 25409824
Analysis date: n/a

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

juvenile spermatids from Ip6k1(-/-) mice display premature expression of the transition protein TNP2 and the protamine PRM2 due to translational derepression.
Title: IP6K1 is essential for chromatoid body formation and temporal regulation of Tnp2 and Prm2 expression in mouse spermatids.
The association of Tp2 expression via binding to the conserved RNA binding motifs of GRTH protein and the basis for understanding GRTH in the regulation of the genes essential for germ cell elongation and completion of spermatogenesis is revealed.
Title: Elucidation of RNA binding regions of gonadotropin-regulated testicular RNA helicase (GRTH/DDX25) to transcripts of a chromatin remodeling protein essential for spermatogenesis.
Testis-specific miRNA-469 up-regulated in gonadotropin-regulated testicular RNA helicase (GRTH/DDX25)-null mice silences transition protein 2 and protamine 2 messages at sites within coding region: implications of its role in germ cell development.
Title: Testis-specific miRNA-469 up-regulated in gonadotropin-regulated testicular RNA helicase (GRTH/DDX25)-null mice silences transition protein 2 and protamine 2 messages at sites within coding region: implications of its role in germ cell development.
Cannabinoid receptor 1 influences chromatin remodeling in mouse spermatids by affecting content of transition protein 2 mRNA.
Title: Cannabinoid receptor 1 influences chromatin remodeling in mouse spermatids by affecting content of transition protein 2 mRNA and histone displacement.
Data show that Parp2 interacts significantly with both the transition protein TP2 and the transition chaperone HSPA2, whereas Parp1 binds weakly to HSPA2.
Title: Parp2 is required for the differentiation of post-meiotic germ cells: identification of a spermatid-specific complex containing Parp1, Parp2, TP2 and HSPA2.
Specific microRNAs, such as Mirn122a, could be involved in the posttranscriptional regulation of mRNAs such as Tnp2 in the mammalian testis.
Title: MicroRNA Mirn122a reduces expression of the posttranscriptionally regulated germ cell transition protein 2 (Tnp2) messenger RNA (mRNA) by mRNA cleavage.
TPs are required for normal chromatin condensation, for reducing the number of DNA breaks, and for preventing the formation of secondary defects in spermatozoa, eventual loss of genomic integrity, and sterility
Title: Transition nuclear proteins are required for normal chromatin condensation and functional sperm development.
The elevated levels of the remaining TP in Tnp-mutant mice appeared to be a consequence of the prolonged nucleus retention, rather than increased synthesis
Title: Nucleoprotein transitions during spermiogenesis in mice with transition nuclear protein Tnp1 and Tnp2 mutations.
These results show clearly that a strict temporal and stage-specific Tnp2 translation is necessary for the correct differentiation of round spermatids into mature spermatozoa and for male fertility.
Title: Premature translation of transition protein 2 mRNA causes sperm abnormalities and male infertility.
Epididymal sperm from Tnp2 null genotypes demonstrated a general decrease in normal morphology, motility, chromatin condensation, and degree of protamine 2 processing with decreasing levels of transition proteins in mutant sperm.
Title: Abnormalities and reduced reproductive potential of sperm from Tnp1- and Tnp2-null double mutant mice.

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Variation

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Alleles

Alleles of this type are documented at Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI)

Targeted (2) 1 citation

General gene information

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Markers

Tnp2 (e-PCR), detects polymorphism
- UniSTS:526986

Gene Ontology Provided by MGI

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables DNA binding	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables metal ion binding	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables zinc ion binding	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables zinc ion binding	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
involved_in acrosome reaction	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within acrosome reaction	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within binding of sperm to zona pellucida	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within flagellated sperm motility	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
involved_in penetration of zona pellucida	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within penetration of zona pellucida	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of protein processing	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in sperm DNA condensation	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in spermatogenesis	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within spermatogenesis	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
located_in male germ cell nucleus	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in male germ cell nucleus	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
part_of nucleosome	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in nucleus	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
is_active_in nucleus	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
located_in nucleus	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info

General protein information

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Preferred Names: nuclear transition protein 2

Names: transition protein 2 (alt.)

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.