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    Arr3 arrestin 3, retinal [ Mus musculus (house mouse) ]

    Gene ID: 170735, updated on 10-Dec-2024

    Summary

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    Official Symbol
    Arr3provided by MGI
    Official Full Name
    arrestin 3, retinalprovided by MGI
    Primary source
    MGI:MGI:2159617
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSMUSG00000060890 AllianceGenome:MGI:2159617
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    VALIDATED
    Organism
    Mus musculus
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha; Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Mus; Mus
    Also known as
    Car; Arr4; Carr; Carfl
    Summary
    Enables opsin binding activity and phosphoprotein binding activity. Acts upstream of or within endocytosis and regulation of protein phosphorylation. Located in photoreceptor outer segment and synapse. Is expressed in retina. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in myopia. Orthologous to human ARR3 (arrestin 3). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Dec 2024]
    Expression
    Low expression observed in reference dataset See more
    Orthologs
    human all
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    Genomic context

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    See Arr3 in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    X C3; X 43.72 cM
    Exon count:
    12
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_02 current GRCm39 (GCF_000001635.27) X NC_000086.8 (99649086..99662099)
    108.20200622 previous assembly GRCm38.p6 (GCF_000001635.26) X NC_000086.7 (100605480..100618493)

    Chromosome X - NC_000086.8Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene acyl-CoA wax alcohol acyltransferase 1 Neighboring gene STARR-seq mESC enhancer starr_47635 Neighboring gene pyrimidinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled, 4 Neighboring gene PDZ domain containing 11 Neighboring gene kinesin family member 4 Neighboring gene predicted gene, 52438 Neighboring gene STARR-seq mESC enhancer starr_47636

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Expression

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    • Project title: Mouse ENCODE transcriptome data
    • Description: RNA profiling data sets generated by the Mouse ENCODE project.
    • BioProject: PRJNA66167
    • Publication: PMID 25409824
    • Analysis date: n/a

    Bibliography

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    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Mouse cone arrestin gene characterization: promoter targets expression to cone photoreceptors. Zhu X, et al. FEBS Lett, 2002 Jul 31. PMID 12135752
    2. Arrestin-3-assisted activation of JNK3 mediates dopaminergic behavioral sensitization. Ahmed MR, et al. Cell Rep Med, 2024 Jul 16. PMID 38936368, Free PMC Article
    3. Arrestin orchestrates crosstalk between G protein-coupled receptors to modulate the spatiotemporal activation of ERK MAPK. Cervantes D, et al. Circ Res, 2010 Jan 8. PMID 19926878, Free PMC Article
    4. Visual Cone Arrestin 4 Contributes to Visual Function and Cone Health. Deming JD, et al. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2015 Aug. PMID 26284544, Free PMC Article
    5. Arrestin-3 binds c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) and JNK2 and facilitates the activation of these ubiquitous JNK isoforms in cells via scaffolding. Kook S, et al. J Biol Chem, 2013 Dec 27. PMID 24257757, Free PMC Article

    See all (87) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. Arrestin-3-assisted activation of JNK3 mediates dopaminergic behavioral sensitization.
      Title: Arrestin-3-assisted activation of JNK3 mediates dopaminergic behavioral sensitization.
    2. The G-protein coupled receptor, DRD4, requires ARR1 and ARR4 for desensitization and internalization.
      Title: Dopamine receptor D4 internalization requires a beta-arrestin and a visual arrestin.
    3. Data indicate that In arrestin 3 deficient mice, where the alpha2B adrenergic receptor has a stronger binding to spinophilin, the hypertensive response is enhanced.
      Title: Spinophilin Is Indispensable for the α2B Adrenergic Receptor-Elicited Hypertensive Response.
    4. rrestin-3 modulates the activity of ubiquitous JNK1 and JNK2 in non-neuronal cells, impacting the signaling pathway that regulates their proliferation and survival.
      Title: Arrestin-3 binds c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) and JNK2 and facilitates the activation of these ubiquitous JNK isoforms in cells via scaffolding.
    5. Arrestin-2 and -3 association with beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (beta2AR) significantly enhanced ERK2 binding, but showed little effect on arrestin interactions with the upstream kinases c-Raf1 and MEK1.
      Title: The effect of arrestin conformation on the recruitment of c-Raf1, MEK1, and ERK1/2 activation.
    6. of arrestin3 to the beta2-adrenergic receptor orchestrates the sequestration of Gq-coupled receptor-induced ERK to the cytosol through direct binding of ERK to arrestin.
      Title: Arrestin orchestrates crosstalk between G protein-coupled receptors to modulate the spatiotemporal activation of ERK MAPK.
    7. These results show that, in MA-10 cells, the hLHR activates Fyn through an arrestin-3-dependent pathway and that this pathway is a mediator of the hLHR-provoked release of EGF-like growth factors.
      Title: Arrestin-3 is essential for the activation of Fyn by the luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) in MA-10 cells.
    8. These results demonstrate previously unknown crucial regulatory mechanisms that alter ARR/GRK expression levels in macrophages that might modify many, if not all, GPCR-mediated innate immune responses.
      Title: Toll-like receptors differentially regulate GPCR kinases and arrestins in primary macrophages.
    9. Data demonstrate that the alpha(2A)AR evokes ERK phosphorylation through both an arrestin/Src-dependent and a Src-independent pathway, both of which are G protein dependent and converge on the Ras-Raf-MEK pathway.
      Title: Arrestin serves as a molecular switch, linking endogenous alpha2-adrenergic receptor to SRC-dependent, but not SRC-independent, ERK activation.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction

    Variation

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    Alleles

    Alleles of this type are documented at Mouse Genome Informatics  (MGI)
    • Endonuclease-mediated (2) 
    • Targeted (2)  1 citation

    Interactions

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    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

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    Homology

    Gene Ontology Provided by MGI

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables G protein-coupled receptor binding IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables opsin binding IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables phosphoprotein binding IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables protein domain specific binding ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in G protein-coupled receptor internalization IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    acts_upstream_of_or_within endocytosis IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of_or_within regulation of protein phosphorylation IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of_or_within regulation of protein phosphorylation IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in signal transduction IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in visual perception IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    involved_in visual perception IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in photoreceptor inner segment ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in photoreceptor outer segment IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in synapse IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 

    General protein information

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    Preferred Names
    arrestin-C
    Names
    X-arrestin
    arrestin 4
    retinal cone arrestin-3

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_133205.3 → NP_573468.1  arrestin-C

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_573468.1

      Status: VALIDATED

      Source sequence(s)
      AL671299, BX276129
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS41075.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      Q9EQP6
      Related
      ENSMUSP00000109398.2, ENSMUST00000113769.8
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart01017
      Location:190 → 353
      Arrestin_C; Arrestin (or S-antigen), C-terminal domain
      pfam00339
      Location:14 → 171
      Arrestin_N; Arrestin (or S-antigen), N-terminal domain

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001635.27-RS_2024_02

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCm39 C57BL/6J

    Genomic

    1. NC_000086.8 Reference GRCm39 C57BL/6J

      Range
      99649086..99662099
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_006527865.3 → XP_006527928.1  arrestin-C isoform X5

      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart01017
      Location:236 → 437
      Arrestin_C; Arrestin (or S-antigen), C-terminal domain
      pfam00339
      Location:59 → 217
      Arrestin_N; Arrestin (or S-antigen), N-terminal domain

    2. XM_006527869.3 → XP_006527932.1  arrestin-C isoform X10

      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart01017
      Location:236 → 429
      Arrestin_C; Arrestin (or S-antigen), C-terminal domain
      pfam00339
      Location:59 → 217
      Arrestin_N; Arrestin (or S-antigen), N-terminal domain

    3. XM_006527872.3 → XP_006527935.1  arrestin-C isoform X14

      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart01017
      Location:236 → 401
      Arrestin_C; Arrestin (or S-antigen), C-terminal domain
      pfam00339
      Location:59 → 217
      Arrestin_N; Arrestin (or S-antigen), N-terminal domain

    4. XM_006527862.3 → XP_006527925.1  arrestin-C isoform X1

      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart01017
      Location:236 → 437
      Arrestin_C; Arrestin (or S-antigen), C-terminal domain
      pfam00339
      Location:59 → 217
      Arrestin_N; Arrestin (or S-antigen), N-terminal domain

    5. XM_006527867.3 → XP_006527930.1  arrestin-C isoform X8

      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart01017
      Location:236 → 437
      Arrestin_C; Arrestin (or S-antigen), C-terminal domain
      pfam00339
      Location:59 → 217
      Arrestin_N; Arrestin (or S-antigen), N-terminal domain

    6. XM_006527863.3 → XP_006527926.1  arrestin-C isoform X3

      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart01017
      Location:236 → 429
      Arrestin_C; Arrestin (or S-antigen), C-terminal domain
      pfam00339
      Location:59 → 217
      Arrestin_N; Arrestin (or S-antigen), N-terminal domain

    7. XM_006527871.3 → XP_006527934.1  arrestin-C isoform X13

      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart01017
      Location:236 → 429
      Arrestin_C; Arrestin (or S-antigen), C-terminal domain
      pfam00339
      Location:59 → 217
      Arrestin_N; Arrestin (or S-antigen), N-terminal domain

    8. XM_006527864.3 → XP_006527927.1  arrestin-C isoform X4

      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart01017
      Location:236 → 409
      Arrestin_C; Arrestin (or S-antigen), C-terminal domain
      pfam00339
      Location:59 → 217
      Arrestin_N; Arrestin (or S-antigen), N-terminal domain

    9. XM_006527868.3 → XP_006527931.1  arrestin-C isoform X9

      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart01017
      Location:236 → 401
      Arrestin_C; Arrestin (or S-antigen), C-terminal domain
      pfam00339
      Location:59 → 217
      Arrestin_N; Arrestin (or S-antigen), N-terminal domain

    10. XM_006527870.3 → XP_006527933.1  arrestin-C isoform X11

      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart01017
      Location:236 → 399
      Arrestin_C; Arrestin (or S-antigen), C-terminal domain
      pfam00339
      Location:59 → 217
      Arrestin_N; Arrestin (or S-antigen), N-terminal domain

    11. XM_017318398.2 → XP_017173887.1  arrestin-C isoform X2

      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart01017
      Location:235 → 436
      Arrestin_C; Arrestin (or S-antigen), C-terminal domain
      pfam00339
      Location:59 → 216
      Arrestin_N; Arrestin (or S-antigen), N-terminal domain

    12. XM_017318400.2 → XP_017173889.1  arrestin-C isoform X12

      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart01017
      Location:235 → 398
      Arrestin_C; Arrestin (or S-antigen), C-terminal domain
      pfam00339
      Location:59 → 216
      Arrestin_N; Arrestin (or S-antigen), N-terminal domain

    13. XM_006527873.3 → XP_006527936.1  arrestin-C isoform X16

      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart01017
      Location:236 → 361
      Arrestin_C; Arrestin (or S-antigen), C-terminal domain
      cl22903
      Location:59 → 97
      Arrestin_N; Arrestin (or S-antigen), N-terminal domain

    14. XM_006527866.3 → XP_006527929.1  arrestin-C isoform X6

      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart01017
      Location:206 → 407
      Arrestin_C; Arrestin (or S-antigen), C-terminal domain
      pfam00339
      Location:29 → 187
      Arrestin_N; Arrestin (or S-antigen), N-terminal domain

    15. XM_017318399.2 → XP_017173888.1  arrestin-C isoform X7

      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart01017
      Location:205 → 406
      Arrestin_C; Arrestin (or S-antigen), C-terminal domain
      pfam00339
      Location:29 → 186
      Arrestin_N; Arrestin (or S-antigen), N-terminal domain

    16. XM_017318401.2 → XP_017173890.1  arrestin-C isoform X15

      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart01017
      Location:205 → 368
      Arrestin_C; Arrestin (or S-antigen), C-terminal domain
      pfam00339
      Location:29 → 186
      Arrestin_N; Arrestin (or S-antigen), N-terminal domain

    17. XM_017318402.2 → XP_017173891.1  arrestin-C isoform X17

      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart01017
      Location:75 → 276
      Arrestin_C; Arrestin (or S-antigen), C-terminal domain
      cl22903
      Location:4 → 56
      Arrestin_N; Arrestin (or S-antigen), N-terminal domain

    18. XM_017318404.2 → XP_017173893.1  arrestin-C isoform X17

      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart01017
      Location:75 → 276
      Arrestin_C; Arrestin (or S-antigen), C-terminal domain
      cl22903
      Location:4 → 56
      Arrestin_N; Arrestin (or S-antigen), N-terminal domain

    19. XM_017318403.2 → XP_017173892.1  arrestin-C isoform X17

      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart01017
      Location:75 → 276
      Arrestin_C; Arrestin (or S-antigen), C-terminal domain
      cl22903
      Location:4 → 56
      Arrestin_N; Arrestin (or S-antigen), N-terminal domain

    20. XM_006527875.4 → XP_006527938.1  arrestin-C isoform X17

      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart01017
      Location:75 → 276
      Arrestin_C; Arrestin (or S-antigen), C-terminal domain
      cl22903
      Location:4 → 56
      Arrestin_N; Arrestin (or S-antigen), N-terminal domain

    RNA

    1. XR_386916.3 RNA Sequence

    2. XR_003953000.1 RNA Sequence

    3. XR_004940328.1 RNA Sequence

    Nucleotide Protein Strain
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    Q9EQP6.1 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:Q9EQP6

    Gene LinkOut

    The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

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