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CARASIL syndrome

Synonyms
CARASIL; Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy; Cerebrovascular disease with thin skin, alopecia, and disc disease; Maeda syndrome; Subcortical vascular encephalopathy, progressive
Modes of inheritance
Autosomal recessive inheritance (Orphanet)

Summary

Excerpted from the GeneReview: HTRA1 Disorder
HTRA1 disorder is a phenotypic spectrum in which some individuals have few to no symptoms and others manifest with the more severe CARASIL (cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy) phenotype. Those who have a heterozygous HTRA1 pathogenic variant may have mild neurologic findings (sometimes identified only on neuroimaging) or mild-to-moderate neurologic signs and symptoms of CARASIL. In this chapter, the term "classic CARASIL" refers to the more severe phenotype associated with biallelic pathogenic variants, and "HTRA1 cerebral small vessel disease" (HTRA1-CSVD) refers to the milder phenotype associated with a heterozygous HTRA1 pathogenic variant. Classic CARASIL is characterized by early-onset changes in the deep white matter of the brain observed on MRI, and associated neurologic findings. The most frequent initial symptom is gait disturbance from spasticity beginning between ages 20 and 40 years. Forty-four percent of affected individuals have stroke-like episodes before age 40 years. Mood changes (apathy and irritability), pseudobulbar palsy, and cognitive dysfunction begin between ages 20 and 50 years. The disease progresses slowly following the onset of neurologic symptoms. Scalp alopecia and acute mid- to lower-back pain (lumbago) before age 30 years are characteristic. The most frequent initial symptom in individuals with HTRA1-CSVD is slowly progressive gait disturbance after age 40 years, which may be followed by the development of mood changes and cognitive dysfunction. A majority of affected individuals have a stroke-like episode after age 40 years. Spondylosis and alopecia are seen in a minority of individuals with HTRA1-CSVD.
Full text of GeneReview (by section):
Summary
GeneReview Scope
Diagnosis
Clinical Characteristics
Genetically Related (Allelic) Disorders
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Genetic Counseling
Resources
Molecular Genetics
Chapter Notes
References
Authors:
Osamu Onodera
Hiroaki Nozaki
Toshio Fukutake
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Available tests

39 tests are in the database for this condition.

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Clinical tests (39 available)

Molecular Genetics Tests

Genes See tests for all associated and related genes

  • Also known as: ARMD7, CADASIL2, CARASIL, HtrA, L56, ORF480, PRSS11, HTRA1
    Summary: HtrA serine peptidase 1

Clinical features

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Imported from Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO)

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