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Breath-holding spell

MedGen UID:: 1052602
•Concept ID:: CN378302
•: Finding

HPO:	HP:6000950

Definition

A benign paroxysmal nonepileptic disorder occurring in healthy children 6 to 48 months of age. The episodes start with a provocation such as emotional upset or minor injury, and might progress to breath holding, cyanosis, and syncope. [from HPO]

Term Hierarchy

GTR
MeSH

CClinical test, RResearch test, OOMIM, GGeneReviews, VClinVar

CROGVBreath-holding spell

Phenotypic abnormality
- Abnormality of the respiratory system
  - Abnormal respiratory system physiology
    - Abnormal pattern of respiration
      - Breath-holding spell

Conditions with this feature

Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome

MedGen UID:: 377668
•Concept ID:: C1852406
•: Disease or Syndrome

Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome (BSTVS) is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by the furrowed skin disorder of cutis gyrata, acanthosis nigricans, craniosynostosis, craniofacial dysmorphism, digital anomalies, umbilical and anogenital abnormalities, and early death (summary by Przylepa et al., 1996).

See: Condition Record

Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Effect of Piracetam and Iron Treatment on Heart Rate Variability in Patients With Breath-Holding Spell.

Öncül M, Elkıran Ö, Karakurt C, Güngör S, Maraş SA, Gözükara Bağ HG
Pediatr Neurol 2024 Jul;156:53-58. Epub 2024 Apr 13 doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2024.04.002. PMID: 38733854

Does iron therapy have a place in the management of all breath-holding spells?

Arslan M, Karaibrahimoğlu A, Demirtaş MS
Pediatr Int 2021 Nov;63(11):1344-1350. Epub 2021 Oct 28 doi: 10.1111/ped.14685. PMID: 33682275

Efficacy of treatment with belladonna in children with severe pallid breath-holding spells.

Gonzalez Corcia MC, Bottosso A, Loeckx I, Mascart F, Dembour G, François G
Cardiol Young 2018 Jul;28(7):922-927. Epub 2018 May 11 doi: 10.1017/S1047951118000458. PMID: 29747708

See all (3)

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Effect of Piracetam and Iron Treatment on Heart Rate Variability in Patients With Breath-Holding Spell.

Öncül M, Elkıran Ö, Karakurt C, Güngör S, Maraş SA, Gözükara Bağ HG
Pediatr Neurol 2024 Jul;156:53-58. Epub 2024 Apr 13 doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2024.04.002. PMID: 38733854

The reliability and quality of YouTube videos as a source of breath holding spell.

Demirtas MS, Alici N
Ital J Pediatr 2024 Jan 18;50(1):8. doi: 10.1186/s13052-023-01570-0. PMID: 38238792 Free PMC Article

Does iron therapy have a place in the management of all breath-holding spells?

Arslan M, Karaibrahimoğlu A, Demirtaş MS
Pediatr Int 2021 Nov;63(11):1344-1350. Epub 2021 Oct 28 doi: 10.1111/ped.14685. PMID: 33682275

Iron supplementation should be given in breath-holding spells regardless of anemia.

Gürbüz G, Perk P, Çokyaman T, Gürbüz ÖB
Turk J Med Sci 2019 Feb 11;49(1):230-237. doi: 10.3906/sag-1805-92. PMID: 30761881 Free PMC Article

Autonomic nervous system functions in children with breath-holding spells and effects of iron deficiency.

Kolkiran A, Tutar E, Atalay S, Deda G, Cin S
Acta Paediatr 2005 Sep;94(9):1227-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb02080.x. PMID: 16278993

See all (12)

Diagnosis

Breath-holding spell and macrocytic anaemia in a toddler.

Ramachandran S, Alessandri A, Price J, Balasubramaniam S
Br J Haematol 2014 Jul;166(2):156. Epub 2014 May 5 doi: 10.1111/bjh.12927. PMID: 24797152

Recurrent sinus arrest and asystole due to breath-holding spell in a toddler; recovery with levetiracetam-therapy.

Lukkarinen H, Virtanen I, Arikka H, Arola A, Peltola M, Ekblad H
Circulation 2010 Dec 21;122(25):e637. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.986992. PMID: 21173358

Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in a 3-year-old with occult myocarditis.

Bryant RM, Redfearn SP, Marangi D, Davenport JP, Kuntz ST, Schowengerdt KO
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2002 Oct;25(10):1520-3. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.2002.01520.x. PMID: 12418752

Anoxic seizures: self-terminating syncopes.

Stephenson JB
Epileptic Disord 2001 Jan-Mar;3(1):3-6. PMID: 11313215

Breath-holding spells.

Breningstall GN
Pediatr Neurol 1996 Feb;14(2):91-7. doi: 10.1016/0887-8994(96)00006-9. PMID: 8703234

See all (13)

Therapy

Effect of Piracetam and Iron Treatment on Heart Rate Variability in Patients With Breath-Holding Spell.

Öncül M, Elkıran Ö, Karakurt C, Güngör S, Maraş SA, Gözükara Bağ HG
Pediatr Neurol 2024 Jul;156:53-58. Epub 2024 Apr 13 doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2024.04.002. PMID: 38733854

Severe pallid breath-holding spells treated with low-dose theophylline.

Sato A, Oda Y, Asakai H
Brain Dev 2021 Feb;43(2):348-351. Epub 2020 Sep 26 doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2020.09.004. PMID: 32988679

Iron supplementation should be given in breath-holding spells regardless of anemia.

Gürbüz G, Perk P, Çokyaman T, Gürbüz ÖB
Turk J Med Sci 2019 Feb 11;49(1):230-237. doi: 10.3906/sag-1805-92. PMID: 30761881 Free PMC Article

Efficacy of treatment with belladonna in children with severe pallid breath-holding spells.

Gonzalez Corcia MC, Bottosso A, Loeckx I, Mascart F, Dembour G, François G
Cardiol Young 2018 Jul;28(7):922-927. Epub 2018 May 11 doi: 10.1017/S1047951118000458. PMID: 29747708

Recurrent sinus arrest and asystole due to breath-holding spell in a toddler; recovery with levetiracetam-therapy.

Lukkarinen H, Virtanen I, Arikka H, Arola A, Peltola M, Ekblad H
Circulation 2010 Dec 21;122(25):e637. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.986992. PMID: 21173358

See all (6)