U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome

MedGen UID:
163898
•Concept ID:
C0878576
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior; Leukoencephalopathy Syndromes, Posterior; Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome; Syndrome, Posterior Leukoencephalopathy; Syndromes, Posterior Leukoencephalopathy
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0044033

Definition

An acute or subacute reversible condition characterized by headaches, mental status changes, visual disturbances, and seizures associated with imaging findings of posterior leukoencephalopathy. It has been observed in association with hypertensive encephalopathy, eclampsia, and immunosuppressive and cytotoxic drug treatment. [from MONDO]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVPosterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in pediatric patients: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management.
Ghali MGZ, Davanzo J, Leo M, Rizk E
Leuk Lymphoma 2019 Oct;60(10):2365-2372. Epub 2019 Sep 26 doi: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1594210. PMID: 31556774
Seizures and epilepsy in cancer: etiologies, evaluation, and management.
Grewal J, Grewal HK, Forman AD
Curr Oncol Rep 2008 Jan;10(1):63-71. doi: 10.1007/s11912-008-0010-2. PMID: 18366962
Neuroimaging in pediatric leukemia and lymphoma: differential diagnosis.
Vázquez E, Lucaya J, Castellote A, Piqueras J, Sainz P, Olivé T, Sánchez-Toledo J, Ortega JJ
Radiographics 2002 Nov-Dec;22(6):1411-28. doi: 10.1148/rg.226025029. PMID: 12432112

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: review of neuroimaging findings.
Perillo T, Paolella C, Perrotta G, Serino A, Caranci F, Manto A
Radiol Med 2022 Sep;127(9):981-990. Epub 2022 Aug 6 doi: 10.1007/s11547-022-01532-2. PMID: 35932443Free PMC Article
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome: A Review of the Literature.
Ando Y, Ono Y, Sano A, Fujita N, Ono S
Intern Med 2022 Jan 15;61(2):135-141. Epub 2021 Jul 17 doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.7520-21. PMID: 34275982Free PMC Article
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome and Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome as Syndromes of Cerebrovascular Dysregulation.
Singhal AB
Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2021 Oct 1;27(5):1301-1320. doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001037. PMID: 34618761
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome.
Gewirtz AN, Gao V, Parauda SC, Robbins MS
Curr Pain Headache Rep 2021 Feb 25;25(3):19. doi: 10.1007/s11916-020-00932-1. PMID: 33630183Free PMC Article
Crises in Sickle Cell Disease.
Novelli EM, Gladwin MT
Chest 2016 Apr;149(4):1082-93. Epub 2015 Dec 28 doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2015.12.016. PMID: 26836899Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES): diagnosis and management.
Triplett JD, Kutlubaev MA, Kermode AG, Hardy T
Pract Neurol 2022 Jun;22(3):183-189. Epub 2022 Jan 19 doi: 10.1136/practneurol-2021-003194. PMID: 35046115
PRES SYNDROME.
Horkovičová K, Hájková E, Krásnik V
Cesk Slov Oftalmol 2020 Spring;76(3):135-138. doi: 10.31348/2020/23. PMID: 33126810
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.
Fischer M, Schmutzhard E
J Neurol 2017 Aug;264(8):1608-1616. Epub 2017 Jan 4 doi: 10.1007/s00415-016-8377-8. PMID: 28054130Free PMC Article
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: clinical and radiological manifestations, pathophysiology, and outstanding questions.
Fugate JE, Rabinstein AA
Lancet Neurol 2015 Sep;14(9):914-925. Epub 2015 Jul 13 doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00111-8. PMID: 26184985
Toxic leukoencephalopathies.
Tormoehlen LM
Psychiatr Clin North Am 2013 Jun;36(2):277-92. Epub 2013 Apr 12 doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2013.02.006. PMID: 23688692

Therapy

Tacrolimus-Induced Neurotoxicity After Transplant: A Literature Review.
Verona P, Edwards J, Hubert K, Avorio F, Re VL, Di Stefano R, Carollo A, Johnson H, Provenzani A
Drug Saf 2024 May;47(5):419-438. Epub 2024 Feb 14 doi: 10.1007/s40264-024-01398-5. PMID: 38353884
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES): diagnosis and management.
Triplett JD, Kutlubaev MA, Kermode AG, Hardy T
Pract Neurol 2022 Jun;22(3):183-189. Epub 2022 Jan 19 doi: 10.1136/practneurol-2021-003194. PMID: 35046115
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES): presentation, diagnosis and treatment.
Parasher A, Jhamb R
Postgrad Med J 2020 Oct;96(1140):623-628. Epub 2020 May 28 doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-137706. PMID: 32467104
Acute Severe Hypertension.
Peixoto AJ
N Engl J Med 2019 Nov 7;381(19):1843-1852. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp1901117. PMID: 31693807
Toxic leukoencephalopathies.
Tormoehlen LM
Psychiatr Clin North Am 2013 Jun;36(2):277-92. Epub 2013 Apr 12 doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2013.02.006. PMID: 23688692

Prognosis

Neurological Complications of Dengue Fever.
Trivedi S, Chakravarty A
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2022 Aug;22(8):515-529. Epub 2022 Jun 21 doi: 10.1007/s11910-022-01213-7. PMID: 35727463Free PMC Article
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome: A Review of the Literature.
Ando Y, Ono Y, Sano A, Fujita N, Ono S
Intern Med 2022 Jan 15;61(2):135-141. Epub 2021 Jul 17 doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.7520-21. PMID: 34275982Free PMC Article
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome.
Gewirtz AN, Gao V, Parauda SC, Robbins MS
Curr Pain Headache Rep 2021 Feb 25;25(3):19. doi: 10.1007/s11916-020-00932-1. PMID: 33630183Free PMC Article
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES): presentation, diagnosis and treatment.
Parasher A, Jhamb R
Postgrad Med J 2020 Oct;96(1140):623-628. Epub 2020 May 28 doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-137706. PMID: 32467104
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.
Fischer M, Schmutzhard E
J Neurol 2017 Aug;264(8):1608-1616. Epub 2017 Jan 4 doi: 10.1007/s00415-016-8377-8. PMID: 28054130Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: A review of pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and treatment.
Singhal AB
Int J Stroke 2023 Dec;18(10):1151-1160. Epub 2023 Jun 12 doi: 10.1177/17474930231181250. PMID: 37246916
Neurological Complications of Dengue Fever.
Trivedi S, Chakravarty A
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2022 Aug;22(8):515-529. Epub 2022 Jun 21 doi: 10.1007/s11910-022-01213-7. PMID: 35727463Free PMC Article
Neurological symptoms, manifestations, and complications associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19).
Harapan BN, Yoo HJ
J Neurol 2021 Sep;268(9):3059-3071. Epub 2021 Jan 23 doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10406-y. PMID: 33486564Free PMC Article
Dysautonomia in Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Prevalence, Clinical Spectrum, and Outcomes.
Chakraborty T, Kramer CL, Wijdicks EFM, Rabinstein AA
Neurocrit Care 2020 Feb;32(1):113-120. doi: 10.1007/s12028-019-00781-w. PMID: 31297663
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.
Liman TG, Siebert E, Endres M
Curr Opin Neurol 2019 Feb;32(1):25-35. doi: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000640. PMID: 30531559

Recent systematic reviews

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome associated with antibiotic therapy: a case report and systematic review.
Barba L, Carrubba C, Spindler K, Weise CM, Sachs T, Foschi M, D'Anna L, Sehm B, Ibe R, Elolf E, Strauss C, Otto M, Mensch A, Abu-Rumeileh S
Neurol Sci 2024 Sep;45(9):4151-4159. Epub 2024 Apr 29 doi: 10.1007/s10072-024-07545-1. PMID: 38679625Free PMC Article
Posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome associated with acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis: systematic review.
Orlando C, Milani GP, Simonetti GD, Goeggel Simonetti B, Lava SAG, Wyttenbach R, Bianchetti MG, Cristallo Lacalamita M
Pediatr Nephrol 2022 Apr;37(4):833-841. Epub 2021 Sep 21 doi: 10.1007/s00467-021-05244-z. PMID: 34546419Free PMC Article
Porphyria-induced posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and central nervous system dysfunction.
Jaramillo-Calle DA, Solano JM, Rabinstein AA, Bonkovsky HL
Mol Genet Metab 2019 Nov;128(3):242-253. Epub 2019 Nov 1 doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.10.011. PMID: 31706631
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) and infection: a systematic review of the literature.
Racchiusa S, Mormina E, Ax A, Musumeci O, Longo M, Granata F
Neurol Sci 2019 May;40(5):915-922. Epub 2019 Jan 2 doi: 10.1007/s10072-018-3651-4. PMID: 30604335
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome as an Overlooked Complication of Induced Hypertension for Cerebral Vasospasm: Systematic Review and Illustrative Case.
Muhammad S, Güresir Á, Greschus S, Scorzin J, Vatter H, Güresir E
Stroke 2016 Feb;47(2):519-22. Epub 2015 Dec 1 doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.011697. PMID: 26628389

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Clinical resources

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.
    • Bookshelf
      See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Consumer resources

    Reviews

    Related information

    • MeSH
      Related Medical Subject Headings
    • PMC Articles
      Related information in PubMed Central Links
    • PubMed
      Related literature resources in PubMed

    Recent activity

    Clear Turn Off Turn On

    Your browsing activity is empty.

    Activity recording is turned off.

    Turn recording back on

    See more...