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Constant exotropia

MedGen UID:
1643515
•Concept ID:
C4703499
•
Disease or Syndrome
HPO: HP:0031713

Definition

A form of divergent strabismus (exotropia) in which the eye turns outward at all distances and at all times. [from HPO]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVConstant exotropia

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Optometric treatment of post-surgical constant exotropia.
Birnbaum MH, Klayman IM
Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom 1972 Nov;49(11):951-3. doi: 10.1097/00006324-197211000-00010. PMID: 4508239

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Divergence excess and basic exotropia types of intermittent exotropia: a major review. Part 1: prevalence, classification, risk factors, natural history and clinical characteristics.
Ma MM, Scheiman M
Strabismus 2023 Jun;31(2):97-128. Epub 2023 Jul 25 doi: 10.1080/09273972.2023.2227681. PMID: 37489263
The Success of Unilateral Surgery for Constant and Intermittent Exotropia and Factors Affecting It in a Large Scandinavian Case Series.
Thorisdottir RL, Malmsjö M, Tenland K, Blohmé J, Hesgaard HB
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2021 Jan 1;58(1):34-41. doi: 10.3928/01913913-20201007-04. PMID: 33495796
Early versus late surgery for infantile exotropia.
Na KH, Kim SH
J AAPOS 2018 Feb;22(1):3-6. Epub 2017 Nov 20 doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2017.08.006. PMID: 29158152
Comparison of Clinical Features and Long-term Surgical Outcomes in Infantile Constant and Intermittent Exotropia.
Na KH, Kim SH
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2016 Mar-Apr;53(2):99-104. Epub 2016 Feb 4 doi: 10.3928/01913913-20160122-05. PMID: 26848593
Timely surgery in intermittent and constant exotropia for superior sensory outcome.
Abroms AD, Mohney BG, Rush DP, Parks MM, Tong PY
Am J Ophthalmol 2001 Jan;131(1):111-6. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9394(00)00623-1. PMID: 11162985

Diagnosis

Divergence excess and basic exotropia types of intermittent exotropia: a major review. Part 1: prevalence, classification, risk factors, natural history and clinical characteristics.
Ma MM, Scheiman M
Strabismus 2023 Jun;31(2):97-128. Epub 2023 Jul 25 doi: 10.1080/09273972.2023.2227681. PMID: 37489263
Comparison of Clinical Features and Long-term Surgical Outcomes in Infantile Constant and Intermittent Exotropia.
Na KH, Kim SH
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2016 Mar-Apr;53(2):99-104. Epub 2016 Feb 4 doi: 10.3928/01913913-20160122-05. PMID: 26848593
Clinical Preoperative and Postoperative Symptoms of Exotropia.
Ha SG, Kim SH
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2016 Jan-Feb;53(1):44-51. doi: 10.3928/01913913-20160113-05. PMID: 26836003
Unilateral medial rectus resection for the treatment of recurrent exotropia in children.
Ren MY, Wang T, Wang Q, Guo JL, Wang LH
Jpn J Ophthalmol 2015 Sep;59(5):341-5. Epub 2015 Jul 23 doi: 10.1007/s10384-015-0393-1. PMID: 26202441
Perinatal risk factors for strabismus.
Torp-Pedersen T, Boyd HA, Poulsen G, Haargaard B, Wohlfahrt J, Holmes JM, Melbye M
Int J Epidemiol 2010 Oct;39(5):1229-39. Epub 2010 Jun 4 doi: 10.1093/ije/dyq092. PMID: 20525734

Therapy

Factor XIII deficiency leading to preseptal haematoma post-strabismus surgery.
Jain M, Kekunnaya R, Badakere A
BMJ Case Rep 2019 Nov 13;12(11) doi: 10.1136/bcr-2019-231457. PMID: 31727636Free PMC Article
Three-Year Observation of Children 3 to 10 Years of Age with Untreated Intermittent Exotropia.
Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group; Writing Committee, Mohney BG, Cotter SA, Chandler DL, Holmes JM, Wallace DK, Yamada T, Petersen DB, Kraker RT, Morse CL, Melia BM, Wu R
Ophthalmology 2019 Sep;126(9):1249-1260. Epub 2019 Jan 26 doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.01.015. PMID: 30690128Free PMC Article
A Randomized Trial Comparing Part-time Patching with Observation for Intermittent Exotropia in Children 12 to 35 Months of Age.
Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group, Mohney BG, Cotter SA, Chandler DL, Holmes JM, Chen AM, Melia M, Donahue SP, Wallace DK, Kraker RT, Christian ML, Suh DW
Ophthalmology 2015 Aug;122(8):1718-25. Epub 2015 Jun 11 doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.04.025. PMID: 26072346Free PMC Article
Heroin and diplopia.
Firth AY
Addiction 2005 Jan;100(1):46-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.00915.x. PMID: 15598191
Long-term results of botulinum toxin in consecutive and secondary exotropia: outcome in patients initially treated with botulinum toxin.
Lawson JM, Kousoulides L, Lee JP
J AAPOS 1998 Aug;2(4):195-200. doi: 10.1016/s1091-8531(98)90052-0. PMID: 10532736

Prognosis

The Success of Unilateral Surgery for Constant and Intermittent Exotropia and Factors Affecting It in a Large Scandinavian Case Series.
Thorisdottir RL, Malmsjö M, Tenland K, Blohmé J, Hesgaard HB
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2021 Jan 1;58(1):34-41. doi: 10.3928/01913913-20201007-04. PMID: 33495796
Motor and Sensory Outcomes of Infantile Exotropia: A 10-Year Study (2008-2017).
Rajavi Z, Sabbaghi H, Behradfar N, Abdi S, Bahraini R, Kheiri B, Sheibani K
Korean J Ophthalmol 2020 Apr;34(2):143-149. doi: 10.3341/kjo.2019.0090. PMID: 32233148Free PMC Article
Comparison of Clinical Features and Long-term Surgical Outcomes in Infantile Constant and Intermittent Exotropia.
Na KH, Kim SH
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2016 Mar-Apr;53(2):99-104. Epub 2016 Feb 4 doi: 10.3928/01913913-20160122-05. PMID: 26848593
Postural stability changes during the prism adaptation test in patients with intermittent and constant exotropia.
Matsuo T, Yabuki A, Hasebe K, Shira YH, Imai S, Ohtsuki H
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010 Dec;51(12):6341-7. Epub 2010 Jun 30 doi: 10.1167/iovs.10-5840. PMID: 20592222
Success in strabismus therapy: a literature review.
Ziegler D, Huff D, Rouse MW
J Am Optom Assoc 1982 Dec;53(12):979-83. PMID: 6759560

Clinical prediction guides

Divergence excess and basic exotropia types of intermittent exotropia: a major review. Part 1: prevalence, classification, risk factors, natural history and clinical characteristics.
Ma MM, Scheiman M
Strabismus 2023 Jun;31(2):97-128. Epub 2023 Jul 25 doi: 10.1080/09273972.2023.2227681. PMID: 37489263
The Success of Unilateral Surgery for Constant and Intermittent Exotropia and Factors Affecting It in a Large Scandinavian Case Series.
Thorisdottir RL, Malmsjö M, Tenland K, Blohmé J, Hesgaard HB
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2021 Jan 1;58(1):34-41. doi: 10.3928/01913913-20201007-04. PMID: 33495796
Motor and Sensory Outcomes of Infantile Exotropia: A 10-Year Study (2008-2017).
Rajavi Z, Sabbaghi H, Behradfar N, Abdi S, Bahraini R, Kheiri B, Sheibani K
Korean J Ophthalmol 2020 Apr;34(2):143-149. doi: 10.3341/kjo.2019.0090. PMID: 32233148Free PMC Article
Comparison of Clinical Features and Long-term Surgical Outcomes in Infantile Constant and Intermittent Exotropia.
Na KH, Kim SH
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2016 Mar-Apr;53(2):99-104. Epub 2016 Feb 4 doi: 10.3928/01913913-20160122-05. PMID: 26848593
Perinatal risk factors for strabismus.
Torp-Pedersen T, Boyd HA, Poulsen G, Haargaard B, Wohlfahrt J, Holmes JM, Melbye M
Int J Epidemiol 2010 Oct;39(5):1229-39. Epub 2010 Jun 4 doi: 10.1093/ije/dyq092. PMID: 20525734

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