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Abnormal areolar morphology

MedGen UID:
1687090
•Concept ID:
C5139268
•
Anatomical Abnormality
HPO: HP:0032314

Definition

An abnormal appearance or structure of the ring of pigmented skin that surrounds the nipple. [from HPO]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVAbnormal areolar morphology

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Multidisciplinary management of mammary Paget's disease: recommendations to optimize oncological and aesthetic outcomes.
Franceschini G, Mason EJ, Di Leone A, Scardina L, Masetti R
Ann Ital Chir 2022;93:481-482. PMID: 36196555
Tuberous breast deformity: classification and treatment strategy for improving consistency in aesthetic correction.
Kolker AR, Collins MS
Plast Reconstr Surg 2015 Jan;135(1):73-86. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000000823. PMID: 25539297
Endoureterotomy for congenital primary obstructive megaureter: preliminary report.
Bapat S, Bapat M, Kirpekar D
J Endourol 2000 Apr;14(3):263-7. doi: 10.1089/end.2000.14.263. PMID: 10795616

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Multimodality Imaging of Benign and Malignant Diseases of the Nipple-Areolar Complex.
Guirguis MS, Arribas EM, Kapoor MM, Patel MM, Perez F, Nia ES, Ding Q, Moseley TW, Adrada BE
Radiographics 2024 Apr;44(4):e230113. doi: 10.1148/rg.230113. PMID: 38483829
Nipple-sparing Mastectomy and Sub-areolar Biopsy: To Freeze or not to Freeze? Evaluating the Role of Sub-areolar Intraoperative Frozen Section.
Alperovich M, Choi M, Karp NS, Singh B, Ayo D, Frey JD, Roses DF, Schnabel FR, Axelrod DM, Shapiro RL, Guth AA
Breast J 2016 Jan-Feb;22(1):18-23. Epub 2015 Oct 28 doi: 10.1111/tbj.12517. PMID: 26510917
Surgical management of post-repair pulmonary vein stenosis.
Hickey EJ, Caldarone CA
Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu 2011;14(1):101-8. doi: 10.1053/j.pcsu.2011.01.007. PMID: 21444056
Breast MR and the appearance of the normal and abnormal nipple.
Friedman EP, Hall-Craggs MA, Mumtaz H, Schneidau A
Clin Radiol 1997 Nov;52(11):854-61. doi: 10.1016/s0009-9260(97)80081-5. PMID: 9392464
Surgical correction of the tuberous breast.
Teimourian B, Adham MN
Ann Plast Surg 1983 Mar;10(3):190-3. doi: 10.1097/00000637-198303000-00003. PMID: 6838127

Diagnosis

Multimodality Imaging of Benign and Malignant Diseases of the Nipple-Areolar Complex.
Guirguis MS, Arribas EM, Kapoor MM, Patel MM, Perez F, Nia ES, Ding Q, Moseley TW, Adrada BE
Radiographics 2024 Apr;44(4):e230113. doi: 10.1148/rg.230113. PMID: 38483829
A Review of Anatomy, Physiology, and Benign Pathology of the Nipple.
Stone K, Wheeler A
Ann Surg Oncol 2015 Oct;22(10):3236-40. Epub 2015 Aug 5 doi: 10.1245/s10434-015-4760-4. PMID: 26242366
Diseases of the male nipple and areola.
Krause W
J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2011 Dec;9(12):1004-9. Epub 2011 Jun 9 doi: 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2011.07720.x. PMID: 21651722
Image presentation. The nipple-areolar complex: a pictorial review of common and uncommon conditions.
An HY, Kim KS, Yu IK, Kim KW, Kim HH
J Ultrasound Med 2010 Jun;29(6):949-62. doi: 10.7863/jum.2010.29.6.949. PMID: 20498469
Nipple-areolar complex: normal anatomy and benign and malignant processes.
Nicholson BT, Harvey JA, Cohen MA
Radiographics 2009 Mar-Apr;29(2):509-23. doi: 10.1148/rg.292085128. PMID: 19325062

Therapy

Modified peri-areolar mastopexy and fat grafting in complex breast ptosis: A randomized open-label controlled trial.
Gentile P
J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2024 Nov;98:190-200. Epub 2024 Sep 5 doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2024.09.002. PMID: 39277967
Masculinizing Mammoplasty for Female-to-Male Transgenders: 10 Years' Experience.
Huber PD, Bittencourt RC, Jeziorowski A
Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024 Oct;48(19):3825-3835. Epub 2024 Mar 12 doi: 10.1007/s00266-024-03931-4. PMID: 38472348
Inferior pedicle breast reduction and long nipple-to-inframammary fold distance: How long is safe?
Bustos SS, Molinar V, Kuruoglu D, Cespedes-Gomez O, Sharaf BA, Martinez-Jorge J, Manrique OJ, Tran NV, Nguyen MT
J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2021 Mar;74(3):495-503. Epub 2020 Sep 20 doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.08.123. PMID: 33127349
Comparison of Sensory Changes Following Superomedial and Inferior Pedicle Breast Reduction.
Muslu Ü, Demirez DŞ, Uslu A, Korkmaz MA, Filiz MB
Aesthetic Plast Surg 2018 Feb;42(1):38-46. Epub 2017 Aug 24 doi: 10.1007/s00266-017-0958-0. PMID: 28840288
Pathologic features of senile macular degeneration.
Green WR, McDonnell PJ, Yeo JH
Ophthalmology 1985 May;92(5):615-27. PMID: 2409504

Prognosis

Inferior pedicle breast reduction and long nipple-to-inframammary fold distance: How long is safe?
Bustos SS, Molinar V, Kuruoglu D, Cespedes-Gomez O, Sharaf BA, Martinez-Jorge J, Manrique OJ, Tran NV, Nguyen MT
J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2021 Mar;74(3):495-503. Epub 2020 Sep 20 doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.08.123. PMID: 33127349
Comparison of Sensory Changes Following Superomedial and Inferior Pedicle Breast Reduction.
Muslu Ü, Demirez DŞ, Uslu A, Korkmaz MA, Filiz MB
Aesthetic Plast Surg 2018 Feb;42(1):38-46. Epub 2017 Aug 24 doi: 10.1007/s00266-017-0958-0. PMID: 28840288
Surgical management of post-repair pulmonary vein stenosis.
Hickey EJ, Caldarone CA
Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu 2011;14(1):101-8. doi: 10.1053/j.pcsu.2011.01.007. PMID: 21444056
Breast thermography is a noninvasive prognostic procedure that predicts tumor growth rate in breast cancer patients.
Head JF, Wang F, Elliott RL
Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993 Nov 30;698:153-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb17203.x. PMID: 8279754
Surgical correction of the tuberous breast.
Teimourian B, Adham MN
Ann Plast Surg 1983 Mar;10(3):190-3. doi: 10.1097/00000637-198303000-00003. PMID: 6838127

Clinical prediction guides

Modified peri-areolar mastopexy and fat grafting in complex breast ptosis: A randomized open-label controlled trial.
Gentile P
J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2024 Nov;98:190-200. Epub 2024 Sep 5 doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2024.09.002. PMID: 39277967
Inferior pedicle breast reduction and long nipple-to-inframammary fold distance: How long is safe?
Bustos SS, Molinar V, Kuruoglu D, Cespedes-Gomez O, Sharaf BA, Martinez-Jorge J, Manrique OJ, Tran NV, Nguyen MT
J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2021 Mar;74(3):495-503. Epub 2020 Sep 20 doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.08.123. PMID: 33127349
Accessory Axillary Breast Excision with Liposuction Using Minimal Incision: A Preliminary Report.
Hwang SB, Choi BS, Byun GY, Koo BH, Lee SR
Aesthetic Plast Surg 2017 Feb;41(1):10-18. Epub 2016 Dec 28 doi: 10.1007/s00266-016-0729-3. PMID: 28032153
Lipomodelling - advanced technique for the correction of Congenital hypoplastic breast malformations and deformities.
Streit L, Dražan L, Novák P, Schneiderová M, Dvořák Z, Teplá K, Veselý J
Acta Chir Plast 2016 Winter;58(2):70-76. PMID: 28079392
Diseases of the male nipple and areola.
Krause W
J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2011 Dec;9(12):1004-9. Epub 2011 Jun 9 doi: 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2011.07720.x. PMID: 21651722

Recent systematic reviews

Pedicle De-epithelialization in Reduction Mammoplasty: A Systematic Review of the Literature.
Ovadia SA, Bishop E, Zoghbi Y, Gasgarth R, Kassira W, Thaller SR
Aesthetic Plast Surg 2018 Feb;42(1):100-111. Epub 2017 Dec 12 doi: 10.1007/s00266-017-1024-7. PMID: 29234855

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