U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Silver-russell syndrome 4(SRS4)

MedGen UID:
1712866
•Concept ID:
C5394450
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: SILVER-RUSSELL SYNDROME 4; SRS4
 
Gene (location): PLAG1 (8q12.1)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0030118
OMIM®: 618907

Authors:

Additional description

From OMIM
Silver-Russell syndrome-4 (SRS4) is characterized by intrauterine growth retardation followed by feeding difficulties and postnatal growth restriction. Dysmorphic facial features include triangular face and prominent forehead, and relative macrocephaly at birth may be observed (Abi Habib et al., 2018). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Silver-Russell syndrome, see SRS1 (180860).  http://www.omim.org/entry/618907

Clinical features

From HPO
Small for gestational age
MedGen UID:
65920
•Concept ID:
C0235991
•
Finding
Smaller than normal size according to sex and gestational age related norms, defined as a weight below the 10th percentile for the gestational age.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Birth length less than 3rd percentile
MedGen UID:
340924
•Concept ID:
C1855650
•
Finding
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Decreased body weight
MedGen UID:
1806755
•Concept ID:
C5574742
•
Finding
Abnormally low body weight.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Feeding difficulties in infancy
MedGen UID:
436211
•Concept ID:
C2674608
•
Finding
Impaired feeding performance of an infant as manifested by difficulties such as weak and ineffective sucking, brief bursts of sucking, and falling asleep during sucking. There may be difficulties with chewing or maintaining attention.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Mild microcephaly
MedGen UID:
332294
•Concept ID:
C1836806
•
Congenital Abnormality
Decreased occipito-frontal (head) circumference (OFC). For the microcephaly OFC must be between -3 SD and -2 SD compared to appropriate, age matched, normal standards (i.e. -3 SD <= OFC < -2 SD).
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Triangular face
MedGen UID:
324383
•Concept ID:
C1835884
•
Finding
Facial contour, as viewed from the front, triangular in shape, with breadth at the temples and tapering to a narrow chin.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Prominent forehead
MedGen UID:
373291
•Concept ID:
C1837260
•
Finding
Forward prominence of the entire forehead, due to protrusion of the frontal bone.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Show allHide all

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Diagnosis and management of postnatal fetal growth restriction.
Giabicani E, Pham A, Brioude F, Mitanchez D, Netchine I
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018 Aug;32(4):523-534. Epub 2018 Apr 5 doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2018.03.013. PMID: 30086872
Diagnosis and management of Silver-Russell syndrome: first international consensus statement.
Wakeling EL, Brioude F, Lokulo-Sodipe O, O'Connell SM, Salem J, Bliek J, Canton AP, Chrzanowska KH, Davies JH, Dias RP, Dubern B, Elbracht M, Giabicani E, Grimberg A, Grønskov K, Hokken-Koelega AC, Jorge AA, Kagami M, Linglart A, Maghnie M, Mohnike K, Monk D, Moore GE, Murray PG, Ogata T, Petit IO, Russo S, Said E, Toumba M, Tümer Z, Binder G, Eggermann T, Harbison MD, Temple IK, Mackay DJ, Netchine I
Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017 Feb;13(2):105-124. Epub 2016 Sep 2 doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.138. PMID: 27585961
Prevalence and management of gastrointestinal manifestations in Silver-Russell syndrome.
Marsaud C, Rossignol S, Tounian P, Netchine I, Dubern B
Arch Dis Child 2015 Apr;100(4):353-8. Epub 2014 Nov 18 doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2013-305864. PMID: 25700540

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

IGF2 Mutations.
Masunaga Y, Inoue T, Yamoto K, Fujisawa Y, Sato Y, Kawashima-Sonoyama Y, Morisada N, Iijima K, Ohata Y, Namba N, Suzumura H, Kuribayashi R, Yamaguchi Y, Yoshihashi H, Fukami M, Saitsu H, Kagami M, Ogata T
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020 Jan 1;105(1) doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgz034. PMID: 31544945
Diagnosis and management of Silver-Russell syndrome: first international consensus statement.
Wakeling EL, Brioude F, Lokulo-Sodipe O, O'Connell SM, Salem J, Bliek J, Canton AP, Chrzanowska KH, Davies JH, Dias RP, Dubern B, Elbracht M, Giabicani E, Grimberg A, Grønskov K, Hokken-Koelega AC, Jorge AA, Kagami M, Linglart A, Maghnie M, Mohnike K, Monk D, Moore GE, Murray PG, Ogata T, Petit IO, Russo S, Said E, Toumba M, Tümer Z, Binder G, Eggermann T, Harbison MD, Temple IK, Mackay DJ, Netchine I
Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017 Feb;13(2):105-124. Epub 2016 Sep 2 doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.138. PMID: 27585961
Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy in Early Asymptomatic HIV Infection.
INSIGHT START Study Group, Lundgren JD, Babiker AG, Gordin F, Emery S, Grund B, Sharma S, Avihingsanon A, Cooper DA, Fätkenheuer G, Llibre JM, Molina JM, Munderi P, Schechter M, Wood R, Klingman KL, Collins S, Lane HC, Phillips AN, Neaton JD
N Engl J Med 2015 Aug 27;373(9):795-807. Epub 2015 Jul 20 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1506816. PMID: 26192873Free PMC Article
Ezetimibe Added to Statin Therapy after Acute Coronary Syndromes.
Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, McCagg A, White JA, Theroux P, Darius H, Lewis BS, Ophuis TO, Jukema JW, De Ferrari GM, Ruzyllo W, De Lucca P, Im K, Bohula EA, Reist C, Wiviott SD, Tershakovec AM, Musliner TA, Braunwald E, Califf RM; IMPROVE-IT Investigators
N Engl J Med 2015 Jun 18;372(25):2387-97. Epub 2015 Jun 3 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1410489. PMID: 26039521
Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, Cannon CP, Emanuelsson H, Held C, Horrow J, Husted S, James S, Katus H, Mahaffey KW, Scirica BM, Skene A, Steg PG, Storey RF, Harrington RA; PLATO Investigators, Freij A, Thorsén M
N Engl J Med 2009 Sep 10;361(11):1045-57. Epub 2009 Aug 30 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0904327. PMID: 19717846

Diagnosis

Approach to the Patient With Suspected Silver-Russell Syndrome.
Kurup U, Lim DBN, Palau H, Maharaj AV, Ishida M, Davies JH, Storr HL
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024 Sep 16;109(10):e1889-e1901. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgae423. PMID: 38888172Free PMC Article
Efficacy and Safety of NVX-CoV2373 in Adults in the United States and Mexico.
Dunkle LM, Kotloff KL, Gay CL, Áñez G, Adelglass JM, Barrat Hernández AQ, Harper WL, Duncanson DM, McArthur MA, Florescu DF, McClelland RS, Garcia-Fragoso V, Riesenberg RA, Musante DB, Fried DL, Safirstein BE, McKenzie M, Jeanfreau RJ, Kingsley JK, Henderson JA, Lane DC, Ruíz-Palacios GM, Corey L, Neuzil KM, Coombs RW, Greninger AL, Hutter J, Ake JA, Smith K, Woo W, Cho I, Glenn GM, Dubovsky F; 2019nCoV-301 Study Group
N Engl J Med 2022 Feb 10;386(6):531-543. Epub 2021 Dec 15 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2116185. PMID: 34910859Free PMC Article
Overgrowth-associated partial trisomy 15q24.3-qter and mosaic 11p15.5 duplication involving Silver-Russell region in a patient with lateralized asymmetry and developmental delay.
Maier F, Frühwald M, Heinrich U, Schimmel M, Wahl D, Eggermann T
Clin Dysmorphol 2021 Oct 1;30(4):189-193. doi: 10.1097/MCD.0000000000000378. PMID: 34117161
Silver-Russell Syndrome: A Review.
Spiteri BS, Stafrace Y, Calleja-Agius J
Neonatal Netw 2017 Jul 1;36(4):206-212. doi: 10.1891/0730-0832.36.4.206. PMID: 28764823
Diagnosis and management of Silver-Russell syndrome: first international consensus statement.
Wakeling EL, Brioude F, Lokulo-Sodipe O, O'Connell SM, Salem J, Bliek J, Canton AP, Chrzanowska KH, Davies JH, Dias RP, Dubern B, Elbracht M, Giabicani E, Grimberg A, Grønskov K, Hokken-Koelega AC, Jorge AA, Kagami M, Linglart A, Maghnie M, Mohnike K, Monk D, Moore GE, Murray PG, Ogata T, Petit IO, Russo S, Said E, Toumba M, Tümer Z, Binder G, Eggermann T, Harbison MD, Temple IK, Mackay DJ, Netchine I
Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017 Feb;13(2):105-124. Epub 2016 Sep 2 doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.138. PMID: 27585961

Therapy

Efficacy and Safety of NVX-CoV2373 in Adults in the United States and Mexico.
Dunkle LM, Kotloff KL, Gay CL, Áñez G, Adelglass JM, Barrat Hernández AQ, Harper WL, Duncanson DM, McArthur MA, Florescu DF, McClelland RS, Garcia-Fragoso V, Riesenberg RA, Musante DB, Fried DL, Safirstein BE, McKenzie M, Jeanfreau RJ, Kingsley JK, Henderson JA, Lane DC, Ruíz-Palacios GM, Corey L, Neuzil KM, Coombs RW, Greninger AL, Hutter J, Ake JA, Smith K, Woo W, Cho I, Glenn GM, Dubovsky F; 2019nCoV-301 Study Group
N Engl J Med 2022 Feb 10;386(6):531-543. Epub 2021 Dec 15 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2116185. PMID: 34910859Free PMC Article
Diagnosis and management of Silver-Russell syndrome: first international consensus statement.
Wakeling EL, Brioude F, Lokulo-Sodipe O, O'Connell SM, Salem J, Bliek J, Canton AP, Chrzanowska KH, Davies JH, Dias RP, Dubern B, Elbracht M, Giabicani E, Grimberg A, Grønskov K, Hokken-Koelega AC, Jorge AA, Kagami M, Linglart A, Maghnie M, Mohnike K, Monk D, Moore GE, Murray PG, Ogata T, Petit IO, Russo S, Said E, Toumba M, Tümer Z, Binder G, Eggermann T, Harbison MD, Temple IK, Mackay DJ, Netchine I
Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017 Feb;13(2):105-124. Epub 2016 Sep 2 doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.138. PMID: 27585961
Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy in Early Asymptomatic HIV Infection.
INSIGHT START Study Group, Lundgren JD, Babiker AG, Gordin F, Emery S, Grund B, Sharma S, Avihingsanon A, Cooper DA, Fätkenheuer G, Llibre JM, Molina JM, Munderi P, Schechter M, Wood R, Klingman KL, Collins S, Lane HC, Phillips AN, Neaton JD
N Engl J Med 2015 Aug 27;373(9):795-807. Epub 2015 Jul 20 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1506816. PMID: 26192873Free PMC Article
Ezetimibe Added to Statin Therapy after Acute Coronary Syndromes.
Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, McCagg A, White JA, Theroux P, Darius H, Lewis BS, Ophuis TO, Jukema JW, De Ferrari GM, Ruzyllo W, De Lucca P, Im K, Bohula EA, Reist C, Wiviott SD, Tershakovec AM, Musliner TA, Braunwald E, Califf RM; IMPROVE-IT Investigators
N Engl J Med 2015 Jun 18;372(25):2387-97. Epub 2015 Jun 3 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1410489. PMID: 26039521
Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, Cannon CP, Emanuelsson H, Held C, Horrow J, Husted S, James S, Katus H, Mahaffey KW, Scirica BM, Skene A, Steg PG, Storey RF, Harrington RA; PLATO Investigators, Freij A, Thorsén M
N Engl J Med 2009 Sep 10;361(11):1045-57. Epub 2009 Aug 30 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0904327. PMID: 19717846

Prognosis

Efficacy and Safety of NVX-CoV2373 in Adults in the United States and Mexico.
Dunkle LM, Kotloff KL, Gay CL, Áñez G, Adelglass JM, Barrat Hernández AQ, Harper WL, Duncanson DM, McArthur MA, Florescu DF, McClelland RS, Garcia-Fragoso V, Riesenberg RA, Musante DB, Fried DL, Safirstein BE, McKenzie M, Jeanfreau RJ, Kingsley JK, Henderson JA, Lane DC, Ruíz-Palacios GM, Corey L, Neuzil KM, Coombs RW, Greninger AL, Hutter J, Ake JA, Smith K, Woo W, Cho I, Glenn GM, Dubovsky F; 2019nCoV-301 Study Group
N Engl J Med 2022 Feb 10;386(6):531-543. Epub 2021 Dec 15 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2116185. PMID: 34910859Free PMC Article
Visceral Adiposity and High Intramuscular Fat Deposition Independently Predict Critical Illness in Patients with SARS-CoV-2.
Yang Y, Ding L, Zou X, Shen Y, Hu D, Hu X, Li Z, Kamel IR
Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020 Nov;28(11):2040-2048. Epub 2020 Sep 17 doi: 10.1002/oby.22971. PMID: 32677752Free PMC Article
IGF2 Mutations.
Masunaga Y, Inoue T, Yamoto K, Fujisawa Y, Sato Y, Kawashima-Sonoyama Y, Morisada N, Iijima K, Ohata Y, Namba N, Suzumura H, Kuribayashi R, Yamaguchi Y, Yoshihashi H, Fukami M, Saitsu H, Kagami M, Ogata T
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020 Jan 1;105(1) doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgz034. PMID: 31544945
Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy in Early Asymptomatic HIV Infection.
INSIGHT START Study Group, Lundgren JD, Babiker AG, Gordin F, Emery S, Grund B, Sharma S, Avihingsanon A, Cooper DA, Fätkenheuer G, Llibre JM, Molina JM, Munderi P, Schechter M, Wood R, Klingman KL, Collins S, Lane HC, Phillips AN, Neaton JD
N Engl J Med 2015 Aug 27;373(9):795-807. Epub 2015 Jul 20 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1506816. PMID: 26192873Free PMC Article
GH treatment induces sustained catch-up growth in children with intrauterine growth retardation: 7-year results.
Albanese A, Stanhope R
Horm Res 1997;48(4):173-7. doi: 10.1159/000185509. PMID: 9378463

Clinical prediction guides

Approach to the Patient With Suspected Silver-Russell Syndrome.
Kurup U, Lim DBN, Palau H, Maharaj AV, Ishida M, Davies JH, Storr HL
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024 Sep 16;109(10):e1889-e1901. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgae423. PMID: 38888172Free PMC Article
Quantitative DNA Methylation Analysis and Epigenotype-Phenotype Correlations in Taiwanese Patients with Silver-Russell Syndrome.
Lin HY, Lee CL, Tu YR, Chang YH, Niu DM, Chang CY, Chiu PC, Chou YY, Hsiao HP, Tsai MC, Chao MC, Tsai LP, Yang CF, Su PH, Pan YW, Lee CH, Chu TH, Chuang CK, Lin SP
Int J Med Sci 2024;21(1):8-18. Epub 2024 Jan 1 doi: 10.7150/ijms.84154. PMID: 38164354Free PMC Article
Efficacy and Safety of NVX-CoV2373 in Adults in the United States and Mexico.
Dunkle LM, Kotloff KL, Gay CL, Áñez G, Adelglass JM, Barrat Hernández AQ, Harper WL, Duncanson DM, McArthur MA, Florescu DF, McClelland RS, Garcia-Fragoso V, Riesenberg RA, Musante DB, Fried DL, Safirstein BE, McKenzie M, Jeanfreau RJ, Kingsley JK, Henderson JA, Lane DC, Ruíz-Palacios GM, Corey L, Neuzil KM, Coombs RW, Greninger AL, Hutter J, Ake JA, Smith K, Woo W, Cho I, Glenn GM, Dubovsky F; 2019nCoV-301 Study Group
N Engl J Med 2022 Feb 10;386(6):531-543. Epub 2021 Dec 15 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2116185. PMID: 34910859Free PMC Article
IGF2 Mutations.
Masunaga Y, Inoue T, Yamoto K, Fujisawa Y, Sato Y, Kawashima-Sonoyama Y, Morisada N, Iijima K, Ohata Y, Namba N, Suzumura H, Kuribayashi R, Yamaguchi Y, Yoshihashi H, Fukami M, Saitsu H, Kagami M, Ogata T
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020 Jan 1;105(1) doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgz034. PMID: 31544945
New clinical and molecular insights into Silver-Russell syndrome.
Giabicani E, Netchine I, Brioude F
Curr Opin Pediatr 2016 Aug;28(4):529-35. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000379. PMID: 27386972

Recent systematic reviews

Comprehensive meta-analysis reveals association between multiple imprinting disorders and conception by assisted reproductive technology.
Cortessis VK, Azadian M, Buxbaum J, Sanogo F, Song AY, Sriprasert I, Wei PC, Yu J, Chung K, Siegmund KD
J Assist Reprod Genet 2018 Jun;35(6):943-952. Epub 2018 Apr 25 doi: 10.1007/s10815-018-1173-x. PMID: 29696471Free PMC Article

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Clinical resources

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Reviews

    Related information

    Recent activity

    Clear Turn Off Turn On

    Your browsing activity is empty.

    Activity recording is turned off.

    Turn recording back on

    See more...