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Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 102(DEE102)

MedGen UID:
1812769
Concept ID:
C5676991
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: DEE102; DEVELOPMENTAL AND EPILEPTIC ENCEPHALOPATHY 102
 
Gene (location): SLC38A3 (3p21.31)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0030881
OMIM®: 619881

Definition

Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy-102 (DEE102) is an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by global developmental delay and severe to profoundly impaired intellectual development with inability to walk or speak. Most patients have onset of variable types of seizures within the first year of life, and the seizures tend to be refractory. Additional features include progressive microcephaly, visual impairment, axial hypotonia, peripheral hypertonia, and nonspecific brain imaging abnormalities (Marafi et al., 2022). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of DEE, see 308350. [from OMIM]

Clinical features

From HPO
Atrial septal defect
MedGen UID:
6753
Concept ID:
C0018817
Congenital Abnormality
Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital abnormality of the interatrial septum that enables blood flow between the left and right atria via the interatrial septum.
Situs inversus
MedGen UID:
1642262
Concept ID:
C4551493
Congenital Abnormality
A left-right reversal (or mirror reflection) of the anatomical location of the major thoracic and abdominal organs.
Hepatomegaly
MedGen UID:
42428
Concept ID:
C0019209
Finding
Abnormally increased size of the liver.
Chronic constipation
MedGen UID:
98325
Concept ID:
C0401149
Sign or Symptom
Constipation for longer than three months with fewer than 3 bowel movements per week, straining, lumpy or hard stools, and a sensation of anorectal obstruction or incomplete defecation.
Gastroesophageal reflux
MedGen UID:
1368658
Concept ID:
C4317146
Finding
A condition in which the stomach contents leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter.
Atypical behavior
MedGen UID:
14048
Concept ID:
C0004941
Sign or Symptom
Atypical behavior is an abnormality in a person's actions that can be controlled or modulated by the will of the individual. While abnormal behaviors can be difficult to control, they are distinct from other abnormal actions that cannot be affected by the individual's will.
Hyperreflexia
MedGen UID:
57738
Concept ID:
C0151889
Finding
Hyperreflexia is the presence of hyperactive stretch reflexes of the muscles.
Focal emotional seizure with laughing
MedGen UID:
78734
Concept ID:
C0270820
Disease or Syndrome
Focal emotional seizure with laughing (gelastic) is characterized by bursts of laughter or giggling, usually without appropriate related emotion of happiness, and described as 'mirthless'.
Tonic seizure
MedGen UID:
82855
Concept ID:
C0270844
Disease or Syndrome
A tonic seizure is a type of motor seizure characterized by unilateral or bilateral limb stiffening or elevation, often with neck stiffening.
Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure
MedGen UID:
141670
Concept ID:
C0494475
Sign or Symptom
A bilateral tonic-clonic seizure is a seizure defined by a tonic (bilateral increased tone, lasting seconds to minutes) and then a clonic (bilateral sustained rhythmic jerking) phase.
Epileptic encephalopathy
MedGen UID:
452596
Concept ID:
C0543888
Disease or Syndrome
A condition in which epileptiform abnormalities are believed to contribute to the progressive disturbance in cerebral function. Epileptic encephalaopathy is characterized by (1) electrographic EEG paroxysmal activity that is often aggressive, (2) seizures that are usually multiform and intractable, (3) cognitive, behavioral and neurological deficits that may be relentless, and (4) sometimes early death.
Global developmental delay
MedGen UID:
107838
Concept ID:
C0557874
Finding
A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.
Inability to walk
MedGen UID:
107860
Concept ID:
C0560046
Finding
Incapability to ambulate.
Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure with focal onset
MedGen UID:
164077
Concept ID:
C0877017
Disease or Syndrome
A bilateral tonic-clonic seizure with focal onset is a focal-onset seizure which progresses into a bilateral tonic-clonic phase.
Focal motor status epilepticus
MedGen UID:
1716066
Concept ID:
C1396824
Disease or Syndrome
Status epilepticus with focal motor signs originating within networks limited to one hemisphere. Involves musculature in any form. The motor event could consist of an increase (positive) or decrease (negative) in muscle contraction to produce a movement.
Absent speech
MedGen UID:
340737
Concept ID:
C1854882
Finding
Complete lack of development of speech and language abilities.
Intellectual disability
MedGen UID:
811461
Concept ID:
C3714756
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.
Generalized myoclonic seizure
MedGen UID:
892704
Concept ID:
C4021759
Disease or Syndrome
A generalized myoclonic seizure is a type of generalized motor seizure characterized by bilateral, sudden, brief (<100 ms) involuntary single or multiple contraction of muscles or muscle groups of variable topography (axial, proximal limb, distal). Myoclonus is less regularly repetitive and less sustained than is clonus.
Axial hypotonia
MedGen UID:
342959
Concept ID:
C1853743
Finding
Muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone) affecting the musculature of the trunk.
Microcephaly
MedGen UID:
1644158
Concept ID:
C4551563
Finding
Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.
Visual impairment
MedGen UID:
777085
Concept ID:
C3665347
Finding
Visual impairment (or vision impairment) is vision loss (of a person) to such a degree as to qualify as an additional support need through a significant limitation of visual capability resulting from either disease, trauma, or congenital or degenerative conditions that cannot be corrected by conventional means, such as refractive correction, medication, or surgery.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Bayat A, Fenger CD, Techlo TR, Højte AF, Nørgaard I, Hansen TF, Rubboli G, Møller RS, Group DCCRS
Neurotherapeutics 2022 Jul;19(4):1353-1367. Epub 2022 Jun 20 doi: 10.1007/s13311-022-01264-1. PMID: 35723786Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Sanders MW, Van der Wolf I, Jansen FE, Aronica E, Helmstaedter C, Racz A, Surges R, Grote A, Becker AJ, Rheims S, Catenoix H, Duncan JS, De Tisi J, Jacques TS, Cross JH, Kalviainen R, Rauramaa T, Chassoux F, Devaux BC, Di Gennaro G, Esposito V, Bodi I, Honavar M, Bien CG, Cloppenborg T, Coras R, Hamer HM, Marusic P, Kalina A, Pieper T, Kudernatsch M, Hartlieb TS, Von Oertzen TJ, Aichholzer M, Dorfmuller G, Chipaux M, Noachtar S, Kaufmann E, Schulze-Bonhage A, Scheiwe CF, Özkara C, Grunwald T, Koenig K, Guerrini R, Barba C, Buccoliero AM, Giordano F, Rosenow F, Menzler K, Garbelli R, Deleo F, Krsek P, Straka B, Arzimanoglou AA, Toulouse J, Van Paesschen W, Theys T, Pimentel J, Loução De Amorim IM, Specchio N, De Palma L, Feucht M, Scholl T, Roessler K, Toledano Delgado R, Gil-Nagel A, Raicevic S, Ristic AJ, Schijns O, Beckervordersandforth J, San Antonio-Arce V, Rumia J, Blumcke I, Braun KP; as the European Epilepsy Brain Bank Consortium (EEBB)
Neurology 2024 Feb 27;102(4):e208007. Epub 2024 Jan 30 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000208007. PMID: 38290094Free PMC Article
Gokce-Samar Z, Vetro A, De Bellescize J, Pisano T, Monteiro L, Penaud N, Korff CM, Fluss J, Marini C, Cesaroni E, Alvarez BM, Sanlaville D, Chatron N, Arzimanoglou AA, Labalme A, Cuddapah VA, Ruggiero SM, Lecoquierre F, Nicolas G, Marie GA, Lebas A, Testard HO, Helbig KL, Ruiz A, Ngoh A, Kurian MA, Reid K, Spaull R, Joset P, Ramantani G, Steindl K, Krenn M, Gerstl L, Vieker S, Craiu D, Pendziwiat M, Haldeman-Englert C, Kanivets I, Romanova I, Rajan DS, Rosenfeld JA, Au M, Grand K, Graham M Jr, Isapof A, Villeneuve N, Smol T, Caumes R, Zacher P, Neuser S, Tinschert S, Platzer K, Bartolomaeus T, Mohnke I, Radtke M, Jamra RA, Helbig I, Jansen FE, Koop K, Rudolf G, Küry S, Courchet J, Guerrini R, Lesca G
Neurology 2024 Jan 23;102(2):e207945. Epub 2023 Dec 22 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000207945. PMID: 38165337
Cloppenborg T, van Schooneveld M, Hagemann A, Hopf JL, Kalbhenn T, Otte WM, Polster T, Bien CG, Braun KPJ
Neurology 2022 Jan 18;98(3):e225-e235. Epub 2021 Nov 18 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000013065. PMID: 34795046
Hibar DP, Adams HHH, Jahanshad N, Chauhan G, Stein JL, Hofer E, Renteria ME, Bis JC, Arias-Vasquez A, Ikram MK, Desrivières S, Vernooij MW, Abramovic L, Alhusaini S, Amin N, Andersson M, Arfanakis K, Aribisala BS, Armstrong NJ, Athanasiu L, Axelsson T, Beecham AH, Beiser A, Bernard M, Blanton SH, Bohlken MM, Boks MP, Bralten J, Brickman AM, Carmichael O, Chakravarty MM, Chen Q, Ching CRK, Chouraki V, Cuellar-Partida G, Crivello F, Den Braber A, Doan NT, Ehrlich S, Giddaluru S, Goldman AL, Gottesman RF, Grimm O, Griswold ME, Guadalupe T, Gutman BA, Hass J, Haukvik UK, Hoehn D, Holmes AJ, Hoogman M, Janowitz D, Jia T, Jørgensen KN, Karbalai N, Kasperaviciute D, Kim S, Klein M, Kraemer B, Lee PH, Liewald DCM, Lopez LM, Luciano M, Macare C, Marquand AF, Matarin M, Mather KA, Mattheisen M, McKay DR, Milaneschi Y, Muñoz Maniega S, Nho K, Nugent AC, Nyquist P, Loohuis LMO, Oosterlaan J, Papmeyer M, Pirpamer L, Pütz B, Ramasamy A, Richards JS, Risacher SL, Roiz-Santiañez R, Rommelse N, Ropele S, Rose EJ, Royle NA, Rundek T, Sämann PG, Saremi A, Satizabal CL, Schmaal L, Schork AJ, Shen L, Shin J, Shumskaya E, Smith AV, Sprooten E, Strike LT, Teumer A, Tordesillas-Gutierrez D, Toro R, Trabzuni D, Trompet S, Vaidya D, Van der Grond J, Van der Lee SJ, Van der Meer D, Van Donkelaar MMJ, Van Eijk KR, Van Erp TGM, Van Rooij D, Walton E, Westlye LT, Whelan CD, Windham BG, Winkler AM, Wittfeld K, Woldehawariat G, Wolf C, Wolfers T, Yanek LR, Yang J, Zijdenbos A, Zwiers MP, Agartz I, Almasy L, Ames D, Amouyel P, Andreassen OA, Arepalli S, Assareh AA, Barral S, Bastin ME, Becker DM, Becker JT, Bennett DA, Blangero J, van Bokhoven H, Boomsma DI, Brodaty H, Brouwer RM, Brunner HG, Buckner RL, Buitelaar JK, Bulayeva KB, Cahn W, Calhoun VD, Cannon DM, Cavalleri GL, Cheng CY, Cichon S, Cookson MR, Corvin A, Crespo-Facorro B, Curran JE, Czisch M, Dale AM, Davies GE, De Craen AJM, De Geus EJC, De Jager PL, De Zubicaray GI, Deary IJ, Debette S, DeCarli C, Delanty N, Depondt C, DeStefano A, Dillman A, Djurovic S, Donohoe G, Drevets WC, Duggirala R, Dyer TD, Enzinger C, Erk S, Espeseth T, Fedko IO, Fernández G, Ferrucci L, Fisher SE, Fleischman DA, Ford I, Fornage M, Foroud TM, Fox PT, Francks C, Fukunaga M, Gibbs JR, Glahn DC, Gollub RL, Göring HHH, Green RC, Gruber O, Gudnason V, Guelfi S, Håberg AK, Hansell NK, Hardy J, Hartman CA, Hashimoto R, Hegenscheid K, Heinz A, Le Hellard S, Hernandez DG, Heslenfeld DJ, Ho BC, Hoekstra PJ, Hoffmann W, Hofman A, Holsboer F, Homuth G, Hosten N, Hottenga JJ, Huentelman M, Hulshoff Pol HE, Ikeda M, Jack CR Jr, Jenkinson M, Johnson R, Jönsson EG, Jukema JW, Kahn RS, Kanai R, Kloszewska I, Knopman DS, Kochunov P, Kwok JB, Lawrie SM, Lemaître H, Liu X, Longo DL, Lopez OL, Lovestone S, Martinez O, Martinot JL, Mattay VS, McDonald C, McIntosh AM, McMahon FJ, McMahon KL, Mecocci P, Melle I, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Mohnke S, Montgomery GW, Morris DW, Mosley TH, Mühleisen TW, Müller-Myhsok B, Nalls MA, Nauck M, Nichols TE, Niessen WJ, Nöthen MM, Nyberg L, Ohi K, Olvera RL, Ophoff RA, Pandolfo M, Paus T, Pausova Z, Penninx BWJH, Pike GB, Potkin SG, Psaty BM, Reppermund S, Rietschel M, Roffman JL, Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Rotter JI, Ryten M, Sacco RL, Sachdev PS, Saykin AJ, Schmidt R, Schmidt H, Schofield PR, Sigursson S, Simmons A, Singleton A, Sisodiya SM, Smith C, Smoller JW, Soininen H, Steen VM, Stott DJ, Sussmann JE, Thalamuthu A, Toga AW, Traynor BJ, Troncoso J, Tsolaki M, Tzourio C, Uitterlinden AG, Hernández MCV, Van der Brug M, van der Lugt A, van der Wee NJA, Van Haren NEM, van 't Ent D, Van Tol MJ, Vardarajan BN, Vellas B, Veltman DJ, Völzke H, Walter H, Wardlaw JM, Wassink TH, Weale ME, Weinberger DR, Weiner MW, Wen W, Westman E, White T, Wong TY, Wright CB, Zielke RH, Zonderman AB, Martin NG, Van Duijn CM, Wright MJ, Longstreth WT, Schumann G, Grabe HJ, Franke B, Launer LJ, Medland SE, Seshadri S, Thompson PM, Ikram MA
Nat Commun 2017 Jan 18;8:13624. doi: 10.1038/ncomms13624. PMID: 28098162Free PMC Article
O'Callaghan FJ, Edwards SW, Alber FD, Hancock E, Johnson AL, Kennedy CR, Likeman M, Lux AL, Mackay M, Mallick AA, Newton RW, Nolan M, Pressler R, Rating D, Schmitt B, Verity CM, Osborne JP; participating investigators
Lancet Neurol 2017 Jan;16(1):33-42. Epub 2016 Nov 10 doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30294-0. PMID: 27838190

Diagnosis

Curie A, Lion-François L, Valayannopoulos V, Perreton N, Gavanon M, Touil N, Brun-Laurisse A, Gheurbi F, Buchy M, Halep H, Cheillan D, Mercier C, Brassier A, Desnous B, Kassai B, De Lonlay P, Des Portes V
Neurology 2024 Apr 23;102(8):e209243. Epub 2024 Mar 26 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000209243. PMID: 38531017
Berg AT, Ludwig NN, Wojnaroski M, Chapman CAT, Hommer R, Conecker G, Hecker JZ, Downs J
Neurology 2024 Jan 9;102(1):e207958. Epub 2023 Dec 15 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000207958. PMID: 38165374Free PMC Article
Kahlon S, Barton CR, Abu Libdeh A, O'Malley JA, Pearson T, Waugh JL, Wu SW, Zea Vera AG, Kruer MC
Neurology 2024 Jan 23;102(2):e208050. Epub 2023 Dec 22 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000208050. PMID: 38165345
O'Callaghan FJ, Edwards SW, Alber FD, Hancock E, Johnson AL, Kennedy CR, Likeman M, Lux AL, Mackay M, Mallick AA, Newton RW, Nolan M, Pressler R, Rating D, Schmitt B, Verity CM, Osborne JP; participating investigators
Lancet Neurol 2017 Jan;16(1):33-42. Epub 2016 Nov 10 doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30294-0. PMID: 27838190
Caplan R, Siddarth P, Vona P, Stahl L, Bailey C, Gurbani S, Sankar R, Donald Shields W
Epilepsia 2009 Nov;50(11):2397-407. Epub 2009 Jul 14 doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02199.x. PMID: 19624713

Therapy

Curie A, Lion-François L, Valayannopoulos V, Perreton N, Gavanon M, Touil N, Brun-Laurisse A, Gheurbi F, Buchy M, Halep H, Cheillan D, Mercier C, Brassier A, Desnous B, Kassai B, De Lonlay P, Des Portes V
Neurology 2024 Apr 23;102(8):e209243. Epub 2024 Mar 26 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000209243. PMID: 38531017
Berg AT, Ludwig NN, Wojnaroski M, Chapman CAT, Hommer R, Conecker G, Hecker JZ, Downs J
Neurology 2024 Jan 9;102(1):e207958. Epub 2023 Dec 15 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000207958. PMID: 38165374Free PMC Article
Verducci C, Friedman D, Donner E, Devinsky O
Neurology 2020 Apr 21;94(16):e1757-e1763. Epub 2020 Mar 26 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009295. PMID: 32217773Free PMC Article
O'Callaghan FJ, Edwards SW, Alber FD, Hancock E, Johnson AL, Kennedy CR, Likeman M, Lux AL, Mackay M, Mallick AA, Newton RW, Nolan M, Pressler R, Rating D, Schmitt B, Verity CM, Osborne JP; participating investigators
Lancet Neurol 2017 Jan;16(1):33-42. Epub 2016 Nov 10 doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30294-0. PMID: 27838190
Inoue H, Matsushige T, Hasegawa S, Abe A, Iida Y, Inoue T, Ichiyama T
Epilepsy Res 2012 Nov;102(1-2):8-12. Epub 2012 Jul 24 doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.07.002. PMID: 22831649

Prognosis

Cloppenborg T, van Schooneveld M, Hagemann A, Hopf JL, Kalbhenn T, Otte WM, Polster T, Bien CG, Braun KPJ
Neurology 2022 Jan 18;98(3):e225-e235. Epub 2021 Nov 18 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000013065. PMID: 34795046
Olson HE, Jean-Marçais N, Yang E, Heron D, Tatton-Brown K, van der Zwaag PA, Bijlsma EK, Krock BL, Backer E, Kamsteeg EJ, Sinnema M, Reijnders MRF, Bearden D, Begtrup A, Telegrafi A, Lunsing RJ, Burglen L, Lesca G, Cho MT, Smith LA, Sheidley BR, Moufawad El Achkar C, Pearl PL, Poduri A, Skraban CM, Tarpinian J, Nesbitt AI, Fransen van de Putte DE, Ruivenkamp CAL, Rump P, Chatron N, Sabatier I, De Bellescize J, Guibaud L, Sweetser DA, Waxler JL, Wierenga KJ; DDD Study, Donadieu J, Narayanan V, Ramsey KM; C4RCD Research Group, Nava C, Rivière JB, Vitobello A, Tran Mau-Them F, Philippe C, Bruel AL, Duffourd Y, Thomas L, Lelieveld SH, Schuurs-Hoeijmakers J, Brunner HG, Keren B, Thevenon J, Faivre L, Thomas G, Thauvin-Robinet C
Am J Hum Genet 2018 May 3;102(5):995-1007. Epub 2018 Apr 12 doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.03.005. PMID: 29656858Free PMC Article
O'Callaghan FJ, Edwards SW, Alber FD, Hancock E, Johnson AL, Kennedy CR, Likeman M, Lux AL, Mackay M, Mallick AA, Newton RW, Nolan M, Pressler R, Rating D, Schmitt B, Verity CM, Osborne JP; participating investigators
Lancet Neurol 2017 Jan;16(1):33-42. Epub 2016 Nov 10 doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30294-0. PMID: 27838190
Caplan R, Siddarth P, Vona P, Stahl L, Bailey C, Gurbani S, Sankar R, Donald Shields W
Epilepsia 2009 Nov;50(11):2397-407. Epub 2009 Jul 14 doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02199.x. PMID: 19624713
Taşdemiroğlu E, Patchell RA, Kryscio R
Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1999;141(12):1313-21. doi: 10.1007/s007010050436. PMID: 10672303

Clinical prediction guides

Sanders MW, Van der Wolf I, Jansen FE, Aronica E, Helmstaedter C, Racz A, Surges R, Grote A, Becker AJ, Rheims S, Catenoix H, Duncan JS, De Tisi J, Jacques TS, Cross JH, Kalviainen R, Rauramaa T, Chassoux F, Devaux BC, Di Gennaro G, Esposito V, Bodi I, Honavar M, Bien CG, Cloppenborg T, Coras R, Hamer HM, Marusic P, Kalina A, Pieper T, Kudernatsch M, Hartlieb TS, Von Oertzen TJ, Aichholzer M, Dorfmuller G, Chipaux M, Noachtar S, Kaufmann E, Schulze-Bonhage A, Scheiwe CF, Özkara C, Grunwald T, Koenig K, Guerrini R, Barba C, Buccoliero AM, Giordano F, Rosenow F, Menzler K, Garbelli R, Deleo F, Krsek P, Straka B, Arzimanoglou AA, Toulouse J, Van Paesschen W, Theys T, Pimentel J, Loução De Amorim IM, Specchio N, De Palma L, Feucht M, Scholl T, Roessler K, Toledano Delgado R, Gil-Nagel A, Raicevic S, Ristic AJ, Schijns O, Beckervordersandforth J, San Antonio-Arce V, Rumia J, Blumcke I, Braun KP; as the European Epilepsy Brain Bank Consortium (EEBB)
Neurology 2024 Feb 27;102(4):e208007. Epub 2024 Jan 30 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000208007. PMID: 38290094Free PMC Article
Kahlon S, Barton CR, Abu Libdeh A, O'Malley JA, Pearson T, Waugh JL, Wu SW, Zea Vera AG, Kruer MC
Neurology 2024 Jan 23;102(2):e208050. Epub 2023 Dec 22 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000208050. PMID: 38165345
Gokce-Samar Z, Vetro A, De Bellescize J, Pisano T, Monteiro L, Penaud N, Korff CM, Fluss J, Marini C, Cesaroni E, Alvarez BM, Sanlaville D, Chatron N, Arzimanoglou AA, Labalme A, Cuddapah VA, Ruggiero SM, Lecoquierre F, Nicolas G, Marie GA, Lebas A, Testard HO, Helbig KL, Ruiz A, Ngoh A, Kurian MA, Reid K, Spaull R, Joset P, Ramantani G, Steindl K, Krenn M, Gerstl L, Vieker S, Craiu D, Pendziwiat M, Haldeman-Englert C, Kanivets I, Romanova I, Rajan DS, Rosenfeld JA, Au M, Grand K, Graham M Jr, Isapof A, Villeneuve N, Smol T, Caumes R, Zacher P, Neuser S, Tinschert S, Platzer K, Bartolomaeus T, Mohnke I, Radtke M, Jamra RA, Helbig I, Jansen FE, Koop K, Rudolf G, Küry S, Courchet J, Guerrini R, Lesca G
Neurology 2024 Jan 23;102(2):e207945. Epub 2023 Dec 22 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000207945. PMID: 38165337
Cloppenborg T, van Schooneveld M, Hagemann A, Hopf JL, Kalbhenn T, Otte WM, Polster T, Bien CG, Braun KPJ
Neurology 2022 Jan 18;98(3):e225-e235. Epub 2021 Nov 18 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000013065. PMID: 34795046
Olson HE, Jean-Marçais N, Yang E, Heron D, Tatton-Brown K, van der Zwaag PA, Bijlsma EK, Krock BL, Backer E, Kamsteeg EJ, Sinnema M, Reijnders MRF, Bearden D, Begtrup A, Telegrafi A, Lunsing RJ, Burglen L, Lesca G, Cho MT, Smith LA, Sheidley BR, Moufawad El Achkar C, Pearl PL, Poduri A, Skraban CM, Tarpinian J, Nesbitt AI, Fransen van de Putte DE, Ruivenkamp CAL, Rump P, Chatron N, Sabatier I, De Bellescize J, Guibaud L, Sweetser DA, Waxler JL, Wierenga KJ; DDD Study, Donadieu J, Narayanan V, Ramsey KM; C4RCD Research Group, Nava C, Rivière JB, Vitobello A, Tran Mau-Them F, Philippe C, Bruel AL, Duffourd Y, Thomas L, Lelieveld SH, Schuurs-Hoeijmakers J, Brunner HG, Keren B, Thevenon J, Faivre L, Thomas G, Thauvin-Robinet C
Am J Hum Genet 2018 May 3;102(5):995-1007. Epub 2018 Apr 12 doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.03.005. PMID: 29656858Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

Luisi C, Salimbene L, Pietrafusa N, Trivisano M, Marras CE, De Benedictis A, Chiarello D, Mercier M, Pepi C, de Palma L, Specchio N
Epilepsy Behav 2024 Aug;157:109846. Epub 2024 May 30 doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109846. PMID: 38820683
Fallah A, Guyatt GH, Snead OC 3rd, Ebrahim S, Ibrahim GM, Mansouri A, Reddy D, Walter SD, Kulkarni AV, Bhandari M, Banfield L, Bhatnagar N, Liang S, Teutonico F, Liao J, Rutka JT
PLoS One 2013;8(2):e53565. Epub 2013 Feb 6 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053565. PMID: 23405072Free PMC Article
Banach R, Boskovic R, Einarson T, Koren G
Drug Saf 2010 Jan 1;33(1):73-9. doi: 10.2165/11317640-000000000-00000. PMID: 20000869

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