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Hammer Toe Syndrome

MedGen UID:
209711
•Concept ID:
C1136178
•
Anatomical Abnormality
Synonym: Hammertoe Syndrome

Definition

A condition characterized by a series of interrelated digital symptoms and joint changes of the lesser digits and METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINTS of the FOOT. The syndrome can include some or all of the following conditions: hammer toe, claw toe, mallet toe, overlapping fifth toe, curly toe, EXOSTOSIS; HYPEROSTOSIS; interdigital heloma, or contracted toe. [from MeSH]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVHammer Toe Syndrome

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Effects of Flexor Digitorum Longus Muscle Anatomical Structure on the Response to Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Patients with Post-Stroke Claw Foot Deformity.
Takekawa T, Kobayashi K, Yamada N, Takagi S, Hara T, Kitajima T, Sato T, Sugihara H, Kinoshita K, Abo M
Toxins (Basel) 2022 Sep 25;14(10) doi: 10.3390/toxins14100666. PMID: 36287935Free PMC Article
Hammer toe syndrome. American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons.
J Foot Ankle Surg 1999 Mar-Apr;38(2):166-78. PMID: 10334708

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Hammertoe correction with wire fixation of varying length.
Mayolo PC, Tran A, Kress K, Jaffe DE
Foot Ankle Surg 2022 Dec;28(8):1345-1349. Epub 2022 Jun 23 doi: 10.1016/j.fas.2022.06.010. PMID: 35810126
Digital arthrodesis.
Zelen CM, Young NJ
Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2013 Jul;30(3):271-82. doi: 10.1016/j.cpm.2013.04.006. PMID: 23827486
Forefoot tendon transfers.
Myers SH, Schon LC
Foot Ankle Clin 2011 Sep;16(3):471-88. Epub 2011 Aug 12 doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2011.06.006. PMID: 21925362
Surgical off-loading of the diabetic foot.
Frykberg RG, Bevilacqua NJ, Habershaw G
J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2010 Sep-Oct;100(5):369-84. doi: 10.7547/1000369. PMID: 20847351
Hammer toe syndrome. American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons.
J Foot Ankle Surg 1999 Mar-Apr;38(2):166-78. PMID: 10334708

Diagnosis

Neuropathic Deformities of the Lesser Toes.
Wagner E, Wagner P
Foot Ankle Clin 2024 Dec;29(4):617-628. Epub 2024 Mar 11 doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2024.02.001. PMID: 39448175
Hallux claw toe.
Abousayed M, Kwon JY
Foot Ankle Clin 2014 Mar;19(1):59-63. Epub 2013 Dec 19 doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2013.11.001. PMID: 24548509
Lesser metatarsal surgery.
Barouk P, Bohay DR, Trnka HJ, Weil LS Sr, Weil L Jr
Foot Ankle Spec 2010 Dec;3(6):356-60. doi: 10.1177/1938640010383249. PMID: 21148469
Lesser toe abnormalities.
Coughlin MJ
Instr Course Lect 2003;52:421-44. PMID: 12690869
Hammer toe syndrome. American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons.
J Foot Ankle Surg 1999 Mar-Apr;38(2):166-78. PMID: 10334708

Therapy

Claw Toe Deformity After Revision Hip Arthroscopy with Concomitant Periacetabular Osteotomy: A Case Report.
Wilson H, Kollmorgen R
JBJS Case Connect 2023 Jul 1;13(3) Epub 2023 Aug 9 doi: 10.2106/JBJS.CC.23.00005. PMID: 37556571
Lesser Toe PIP Joint Resection Versus PIP Joint Fusion: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Schrier JC, Keijsers NL, Matricali GA, Louwerens JW, Verheyen CC
Foot Ankle Int 2016 Jun;37(6):569-75. Epub 2016 Feb 3 doi: 10.1177/1071100716629776. PMID: 26843544
Peroneal nerve injury: anesthesia is not always to blame.
Curt Nuño F, López Álvarez S, Juncal Díaz J, Domínguez Chaos A, Llorca González F, Pensado Castiñeiras A
Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2015 Feb;62(2):104-7. Epub 2014 Jul 19 doi: 10.1016/j.redar.2014.04.005. PMID: 25048997
Lesser metatarsal surgery.
Barouk P, Bohay DR, Trnka HJ, Weil LS Sr, Weil L Jr
Foot Ankle Spec 2010 Dec;3(6):356-60. doi: 10.1177/1938640010383249. PMID: 21148469
Current concepts review: orthopaedic aspects of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
Guyton GP
Foot Ankle Int 2006 Nov;27(11):1003-10. doi: 10.1177/107110070602701125. PMID: 17144969

Prognosis

Pediatric Hammertoe Recurrence-Considerations for Revision Surgical Technique and Hypoperfusion Management: A Case Report.
Fawcett MA, Jarka DE, Sinclair MK
JBJS Case Connect 2022 Oct 1;12(4) Epub 2022 Nov 18 doi: 10.2106/JBJS.CC.22.00207. PMID: 36399614
Digital arthrodesis.
Zelen CM, Young NJ
Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2013 Jul;30(3):271-82. doi: 10.1016/j.cpm.2013.04.006. PMID: 23827486
Forefoot tendon transfers.
Myers SH, Schon LC
Foot Ankle Clin 2011 Sep;16(3):471-88. Epub 2011 Aug 12 doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2011.06.006. PMID: 21925362
Surgical off-loading of the diabetic foot.
Frykberg RG, Bevilacqua NJ, Habershaw G
J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2010 Sep-Oct;100(5):369-84. doi: 10.7547/1000369. PMID: 20847351
Current concepts review: orthopaedic aspects of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
Guyton GP
Foot Ankle Int 2006 Nov;27(11):1003-10. doi: 10.1177/107110070602701125. PMID: 17144969

Clinical prediction guides

Fiber-reinforced fixation implant for proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis shows implant bio-integration at 1-year follow-up.
Štalc J, Cicchinelli LD, Miller S, Richter M
Foot Ankle Surg 2022 Jun;28(4):418-423. Epub 2021 Jul 3 doi: 10.1016/j.fas.2021.06.004. PMID: 34247921
Relative Strengths of Intramedullary K-Wire Techniques for Digital Deformities.
Ehredt DJ Jr, Kawalec JS, Zulauf EE, Wetzel B, Kim HM
J Foot Ankle Surg 2021 Sep-Oct;60(5):990-993. Epub 2021 Apr 20 doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2021.04.012. PMID: 33985874
Digital arthrodesis.
Zelen CM, Young NJ
Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2013 Jul;30(3):271-82. doi: 10.1016/j.cpm.2013.04.006. PMID: 23827486
Hammer toe correction using an absorbable pin.
Konkel KF, Sover ER, Menger AG, Halberg JM
Foot Ankle Int 2011 Oct;32(10):973-8. doi: 10.3113/FAI.2011.0973. PMID: 22224327
Surgical off-loading of the diabetic foot.
Frykberg RG, Bevilacqua NJ, Habershaw G
J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2010 Sep-Oct;100(5):369-84. doi: 10.7547/1000369. PMID: 20847351

Recent systematic reviews

A systematic review of the claw toe deformity: What is known and what is needed apart from surgical procedures.
de Jesús Mayagoitia-Vázquez J, López-López D, Miguel-Andrés I, Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo R, Losa-Iglesias M, Gómez-Salgado J, Ortiz-Lango LÁ
Int Wound J 2024 Oct;21(10):e70073. doi: 10.1111/iwj.70073. PMID: 39379064Free PMC Article
Donor-site morbidity of free fibula flap in pediatric patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Du W, Zhou W, Zhou L, Wang Y, Yan C, Al-Aroomi MA, Pang P, Sun C
J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2023 Aug;83:207-214. Epub 2023 Apr 24 doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2023.04.048. PMID: 37276738
Ideal implant choice for proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis in hammer toe/claw toe deformity correction: A systematic review.
Wei RX, Ling SK, Lui TH, Yung PS
J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2020 Jan-Apr;28(1):2309499020911168. doi: 10.1177/2309499020911168. PMID: 32223520

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