Joint pain.

A toe that appears disproportionately short compared to the foot.

Diminished length of one or more metacarpal bones in relation to the others of the same hand or to the contralateral metacarpal.

Diminished length of a metatarsal bone, with resultant proximal displacement of the associated toe.

An abnormally reduced diameter of the femoral neck (which is the process of bone, connecting the femoral head with the femoral shaft).

Coxa vara includes all forms of decrease of the femoral neck shaft angle (the angle between the neck and the shaft of the femur) to less than 120 degrees.

Weakness of the hip girdle and upper thigh muscles, for instance in myopathies, leads to an instability of the pelvis on standing and walking. If the muscles extending the hip joint are affected, the posture in that joint becomes flexed and lumbar lordosis increases. The patients usually have difficulties standing up from a sitting position. Due to weakness in the gluteus medius muscle, the hip on the side of the swinging leg drops with each step (referred to as Trendelenburg sign). The gait appears waddling. The patients frequently attempt to counteract the dropping of the hip on the swinging side by bending the trunk towards the side which is in the stance phase (in the German language literature this is referred to as Duchenne sign). Similar gait patterns can be caused by orthopedic conditions when the origin and the insertion site of the gluteus medius muscle are closer to each other than normal, for instance due to a posttraumatic elevation of the trochanter or pseudarthrosis of the femoral neck.

A cartilage capped bony outgrowth of a long bone. Osteochondroma arises on the external surface of bone containing a marrow cavity that is continuous with that of the underlying bone.

The presence of an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

Decreased height of the intervertebral disk.

A flexion contracture is a bent (flexed) joint that cannot be straightened actively or passively. It is thus a chronic loss of joint motion due to structural changes in muscle, tendons, ligaments, or skin that prevents normal movement of joints.

Over curvature of the thoracic region, leading to a round back or if sever to a hump.

An abnormally short femoral neck (which is the process of bone, connecting the femoral head with the femoral shaft).

Decreased width of the wing (or ala) of the ilium (which is the large expanded portion which bounds the greater pelvis laterally).

An irregular surface of the vertebral end plates, which are normally relatively smooth.

An abnormal flattening of the proximal epiphysis of the femur.

A flattened vertebral body shape with reduced distance between the vertebral endplates.

A reduction in the freedom of movement of one or more joints.