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Galactorrhea

MedGen UID:
777088
•Concept ID:
C3665358
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: Galactorrheas
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0009256
OMIM®: 230300

Definition

Excessive secretion of breast milk. [from NCI]

Clinical features

From HPO
Abnormality of the genitourinary system
MedGen UID:
52948
•Concept ID:
C0042063
•
Congenital Abnormality
The presence of any abnormality of the genitourinary system.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Abnormal thorax morphology
MedGen UID:
867424
•Concept ID:
C4021797
•
Anatomical Abnormality
Any abnormality of the thorax (the region of the body formed by the sternum, the thoracic vertebrae and the ribs).
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Galactorrhea not associated with childbirth
MedGen UID:
115998
•Concept ID:
C0235660
•
Disease or Syndrome
Spontaneous flow of milk from the breast, unassociated with childbirth or nursing.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
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Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVGalactorrhea

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Diagnosis and Management of Pituitary Adenomas: A Review.
Tritos NA, Miller KK
JAMA 2023 Apr 25;329(16):1386-1398. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.5444. PMID: 37097352
Amenorrhea: A Systematic Approach to Diagnosis and Management.
Klein DA, Paradise SL, Reeder RM
Am Fam Physician 2019 Jul 1;100(1):39-48. PMID: 31259490
Diagnosis and Treatment of Pituitary Adenomas: A Review.
Molitch ME
JAMA 2017 Feb 7;317(5):516-524. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.19699. PMID: 28170483

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Amenorrhea: A Systematic Approach to Diagnosis and Management.
Klein DA, Paradise SL, Reeder RM
Am Fam Physician 2019 Jul 1;100(1):39-48. PMID: 31259490
Management of clinically non-functioning pituitary adenoma.
Chanson P, Raverot G, Castinetti F, Cortet-Rudelli C, Galland F, Salenave S; French Endocrinology Society non-functioning pituitary adenoma work-group
Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2015 Jul;76(3):239-47. Epub 2015 Jun 10 doi: 10.1016/j.ando.2015.04.002. PMID: 26072284
Common breast concerns.
Rodden AM
Prim Care 2009 Mar;36(1):103-13, viii. doi: 10.1016/j.pop.2008.10.006. PMID: 19231604
Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia.
Bostwick JR, Guthrie SK, Ellingrod VL
Pharmacotherapy 2009 Jan;29(1):64-73. doi: 10.1592/phco.29.1.64. PMID: 19113797
Hyperprolactinemia.
Biller BM
Int J Fertil Womens Med 1999 Mar-Apr;44(2):74-7. PMID: 10338264

Diagnosis

Prolactinomas.
Wildemberg LE, Fialho C, Gadelha MR
Presse Med 2021 Dec;50(4):104080. Epub 2021 Oct 21 doi: 10.1016/j.lpm.2021.104080. PMID: 34687915
Amenorrhea: A Systematic Approach to Diagnosis and Management.
Klein DA, Paradise SL, Reeder RM
Am Fam Physician 2019 Jul 1;100(1):39-48. PMID: 31259490
Pitfalls in the Diagnostic Evaluation of Hyperprolactinemia.
Vilar L, Vilar CF, Lyra R, Freitas MDC
Neuroendocrinology 2019;109(1):7-19. Epub 2019 Mar 20 doi: 10.1159/000499694. PMID: 30889571
Hyperprolactinemia: pathophysiology and therapeutic approach.
Capozzi A, Scambia G, Pontecorvi A, Lello S
Gynecol Endocrinol 2015 Jul;31(7):506-10. Epub 2015 Jul 6 doi: 10.3109/09513590.2015.1017810. PMID: 26291795
Pituitary adenomas: an overview.
Lake MG, Krook LS, Cruz SV
Am Fam Physician 2013 Sep 1;88(5):319-27. PMID: 24010395

Therapy

Galactorrhea: Rapid Evidence Review.
Bruehlman RD, Winters S, McKittrick C
Am Fam Physician 2022 Dec;106(6):695-700. PMID: 36521467
Galactorrhea and Galactocele after Breast Augmentation: Diagnosis and Treatment Algorithm.
Simão TS
Plast Reconstr Surg 2021 May 1;147(5):915e-916e. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000007870. PMID: 33885442
Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia.
Bostwick JR, Guthrie SK, Ellingrod VL
Pharmacotherapy 2009 Jan;29(1):64-73. doi: 10.1592/phco.29.1.64. PMID: 19113797
Clinical practice. Prolactinoma.
Schlechte JA
N Engl J Med 2003 Nov 20;349(21):2035-41. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp025334. PMID: 14627789
Galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia.
Sakiyama R, Quan M
Obstet Gynecol Surv 1983 Dec;38(12):689-700. doi: 10.1097/00006254-198312000-00001. PMID: 6361641

Prognosis

Clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas.
Chanson P, Wolf P
Presse Med 2021 Dec;50(4):104086. Epub 2021 Oct 28 doi: 10.1016/j.lpm.2021.104086. PMID: 34718111
Pathology of prolactinomas: any predictive value?
Lopes MBS
Pituitary 2020 Feb;23(1):3-8. doi: 10.1007/s11102-019-00997-1. PMID: 31641970
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Caused by Gonadotroph Pituitary Adenoma--Review.
Halupczok J, Kluba-Szyszka A, Bidzińska-Speichert B, Knychalski B
Adv Clin Exp Med 2015 Jul-Aug;24(4):695-703. doi: 10.17219/acem/25212. PMID: 26469116
Evaluation and management of galactorrhea.
Huang W, Molitch ME
Am Fam Physician 2012 Jun 1;85(11):1073-80. PMID: 22962879
Evaluation and treatment of galactorrhea.
Peña KS, Rosenfeld JA
Am Fam Physician 2001 May 1;63(9):1763-70. PMID: 11352287

Clinical prediction guides

Diagnosis and Management of Pituitary Adenomas: A Review.
Tritos NA, Miller KK
JAMA 2023 Apr 25;329(16):1386-1398. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.5444. PMID: 37097352
Clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas.
Chanson P, Wolf P
Presse Med 2021 Dec;50(4):104086. Epub 2021 Oct 28 doi: 10.1016/j.lpm.2021.104086. PMID: 34718111
Pathology of prolactinomas: any predictive value?
Lopes MBS
Pituitary 2020 Feb;23(1):3-8. doi: 10.1007/s11102-019-00997-1. PMID: 31641970
Diagnosis and Treatment of Pituitary Adenomas: A Review.
Molitch ME
JAMA 2017 Feb 7;317(5):516-524. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.19699. PMID: 28170483
Pituitary adenomas: an overview.
Lake MG, Krook LS, Cruz SV
Am Fam Physician 2013 Sep 1;88(5):319-27. PMID: 24010395

Recent systematic reviews

Drug-induced gynecomastia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.
Trinchieri A, Perletti G, Magri V, Stamatiou K, Trinchieri M, Montanari E
Arch Ital Urol Androl 2021 Dec 21;93(4):489-496. doi: 10.4081/aiua.2021.4.489. PMID: 34933535
Efficacy and safety in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Fachi MM, de Deus Bueno L, de Oliveira DC, da Silva LL, Bonetti AF
J Clin Pharm Ther 2021 Dec;46(6):1549-1556. Epub 2021 Jun 16 doi: 10.1111/jcpt.13460. PMID: 34137053
Galactorrhea/Galactocele After Breast Augmentation: A Systematic Review.
Sharma SC, Basu NN
Ann Plast Surg 2021 Jan;86(1):115-120. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000002290. PMID: 32079808
Adjunctive metformin for antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia: A systematic review.
Bo QJ, Wang ZM, Li XB, Ma X, Wang CY, de Leon J
Psychiatry Res 2016 Mar 30;237:257-63. Epub 2016 Jan 16 doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.01.031. PMID: 26822064
Treatment of hyperprolactinemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Wang AT, Mullan RJ, Lane MA, Hazem A, Prasad C, Gathaiya NW, Fernández-Balsells MM, Bagatto A, Coto-Yglesias F, Carey J, Elraiyah TA, Erwin PJ, Gandhi GY, Montori VM, Murad MH
Syst Rev 2012 Jul 24;1:33. doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-1-33. PMID: 22828169Free PMC Article

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