BCR downstream signaling 1 Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain; Brdg1 is thought to function as a docking protein acting downstream of Tec, a protein tyrosine kinases (PTK), in B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling. BRDG1 contains a proline-rich (PR) motif which is thought to bind SH3 or WW domains, a PH domain, and multiple tyrosine residues which are potential target sites for SH2 domains. Since PH domains bind phospholipids it is thought to be involved in the tethering of Tec and BRDG1 to the cell membrane.Tec and Pyk2, but not Btk, Bmx, Lyn, Syk, or c-Abl, induces phosphorylation of BRDG1 on tyrosine residues. Efficient phosphorylation requires both the PH and SH2 domains of BRDG1 and the kinase domain of Tec. The overexpression of BRDG1 increases theBCR-mediated activation of cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB). Phosphorylated BRDG1 is hypothesized to recruit CREB either directly or through its recruitment of downstream effectors which then recruit CREB. PH domains have diverse functions, but in general are involved in targeting proteins to the appropriate cellular location or in the interaction with a binding partner. They share little sequence conservation, but all have a common fold, which is electrostatically polarized. Less than 10% of PH domains bind phosphoinositide phosphates (PIPs) with high affinity and specificity. PH domains are distinguished from other PIP-binding domains by their specific high-affinity binding to PIPs with two vicinal phosphate groups: PtdIns(3,4)P2, PtdIns(4,5)P2 or PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 which results in targeting some PH domain proteins to the plasma membrane. A few display strong specificity in lipid binding. Any specificity is usually determined by loop regions or insertions in the N-terminus of the domain, which are not conserved across all PH domains. PH domains are found in cellular signaling proteins such as serine/threonine kinase, tyrosine kinases, regulators of G-proteins, endocytotic GTPases, adaptors, as well as cytoskeletal associated molecules and in lipid associated enzymes.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 73587175   9 RVPKPKSALPLHYYESFLEKKGPRDRDYKKFWAGLQGLTLYFYNSNRDTKHVEKLDLGGFVKLTDEAPWGNSHDPsTHFC 88
Cdd:cd13268   1 RQERPKIQLPPCYYEGFLEKKRPKDREYRKLWTELCGTTLFFYNDKKDTQYVEKLDLSALESLTDEISRGRNLDA-ARFT 79

                        90       100       110       120
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 73587175  89 LVLRNQEIKFKVESLESREMWKGFILTVVELRVPSNLTLLPGHLYMMS 136
Cdd:cd13268  80 LVLKDEEVKFKAENLESREEWKGFILTVTELSVPTSLTLLPGQIHMLK 127

BCR downstream signaling 1 Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain; Brdg1 is thought to function as a docking protein acting downstream of Tec, a protein tyrosine kinases (PTK), in B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling. BRDG1 contains a proline-rich (PR) motif which is thought to bind SH3 or WW domains, a PH domain, and multiple tyrosine residues which are potential target sites for SH2 domains. Since PH domains bind phospholipids it is thought to be involved in the tethering of Tec and BRDG1 to the cell membrane.Tec and Pyk2, but not Btk, Bmx, Lyn, Syk, or c-Abl, induces phosphorylation of BRDG1 on tyrosine residues. Efficient phosphorylation requires both the PH and SH2 domains of BRDG1 and the kinase domain of Tec. The overexpression of BRDG1 increases theBCR-mediated activation of cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB). Phosphorylated BRDG1 is hypothesized to recruit CREB either directly or through its recruitment of downstream effectors which then recruit CREB. PH domains have diverse functions, but in general are involved in targeting proteins to the appropriate cellular location or in the interaction with a binding partner. They share little sequence conservation, but all have a common fold, which is electrostatically polarized. Less than 10% of PH domains bind phosphoinositide phosphates (PIPs) with high affinity and specificity. PH domains are distinguished from other PIP-binding domains by their specific high-affinity binding to PIPs with two vicinal phosphate groups: PtdIns(3,4)P2, PtdIns(4,5)P2 or PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 which results in targeting some PH domain proteins to the plasma membrane. A few display strong specificity in lipid binding. Any specificity is usually determined by loop regions or insertions in the N-terminus of the domain, which are not conserved across all PH domains. PH domains are found in cellular signaling proteins such as serine/threonine kinase, tyrosine kinases, regulators of G-proteins, endocytotic GTPases, adaptors, as well as cytoskeletal associated molecules and in lipid associated enzymes.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 73587175   9 RVPKPKSALPLHYYESFLEKKGPRDRDYKKFWAGLQGLTLYFYNSNRDTKHVEKLDLGGFVKLTDEAPWGNSHDPsTHFC 88
Cdd:cd13268   1 RQERPKIQLPPCYYEGFLEKKRPKDREYRKLWTELCGTTLFFYNDKKDTQYVEKLDLSALESLTDEISRGRNLDA-ARFT 79

                        90       100       110       120
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 73587175  89 LVLRNQEIKFKVESLESREMWKGFILTVVELRVPSNLTLLPGHLYMMS 136
Cdd:cd13268  80 LVLKDEEVKFKAENLESREEWKGFILTVTELSVPTSLTLLPGQIHMLK 127

Pleckstrin homology domain; Domain commonly found in eukaryotic signalling proteins. The domain family possesses multiple functions including the abilities to bind inositol phosphates, and various proteins. PH domains have been found to possess inserted domains (such as in PLC gamma, syntrophins) and to be inserted within other domains. Mutations in Brutons tyrosine kinase (Btk) within its PH domain cause X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA) in patients. Point mutations cluster into the positively charged end of the molecule around the predicted binding site for phosphatidylinositol lipids.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 73587175     21 YYESFLEKKGPRDRD-YKKFWAGLQGLTLYFYNS---NRDTKHVEKLDLGGfVKLTDEAPWGNSHDPSThFCLVLRNQE- 95
Cdd:smart00233   2 IKEGWLYKKSGGGKKsWKKRYFVLFNSTLLYYKSkkdKKSYKPKGSIDLSG-CTVREAPDPDSSKKPHC-FEIKTSDRKt 79

                           90
                   ....*....|....
gi 73587175     96 IKFKVESLESREMW 109
Cdd:smart00233  80 LLLQAESEEEREKW 93

BCR downstream signaling 1 Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain; Brdg1 is thought to function as a docking protein acting downstream of Tec, a protein tyrosine kinases (PTK), in B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling. BRDG1 contains a proline-rich (PR) motif which is thought to bind SH3 or WW domains, a PH domain, and multiple tyrosine residues which are potential target sites for SH2 domains. Since PH domains bind phospholipids it is thought to be involved in the tethering of Tec and BRDG1 to the cell membrane.Tec and Pyk2, but not Btk, Bmx, Lyn, Syk, or c-Abl, induces phosphorylation of BRDG1 on tyrosine residues. Efficient phosphorylation requires both the PH and SH2 domains of BRDG1 and the kinase domain of Tec. The overexpression of BRDG1 increases theBCR-mediated activation of cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB). Phosphorylated BRDG1 is hypothesized to recruit CREB either directly or through its recruitment of downstream effectors which then recruit CREB. PH domains have diverse functions, but in general are involved in targeting proteins to the appropriate cellular location or in the interaction with a binding partner. They share little sequence conservation, but all have a common fold, which is electrostatically polarized. Less than 10% of PH domains bind phosphoinositide phosphates (PIPs) with high affinity and specificity. PH domains are distinguished from other PIP-binding domains by their specific high-affinity binding to PIPs with two vicinal phosphate groups: PtdIns(3,4)P2, PtdIns(4,5)P2 or PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 which results in targeting some PH domain proteins to the plasma membrane. A few display strong specificity in lipid binding. Any specificity is usually determined by loop regions or insertions in the N-terminus of the domain, which are not conserved across all PH domains. PH domains are found in cellular signaling proteins such as serine/threonine kinase, tyrosine kinases, regulators of G-proteins, endocytotic GTPases, adaptors, as well as cytoskeletal associated molecules and in lipid associated enzymes.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 73587175   9 RVPKPKSALPLHYYESFLEKKGPRDRDYKKFWAGLQGLTLYFYNSNRDTKHVEKLDLGGFVKLTDEAPWGNSHDPsTHFC 88
Cdd:cd13268   1 RQERPKIQLPPCYYEGFLEKKRPKDREYRKLWTELCGTTLFFYNDKKDTQYVEKLDLSALESLTDEISRGRNLDA-ARFT 79

                        90       100       110       120
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 73587175  89 LVLRNQEIKFKVESLESREMWKGFILTVVELRVPSNLTLLPGHLYMMS 136
Cdd:cd13268  80 LVLKDEEVKFKAENLESREEWKGFILTVTELSVPTSLTLLPGQIHMLK 127

Src homology 2 domain found in Signal-transducing adaptor protein (STAP) family; STAP1 and STAP2 are signal-transducing adaptor proteins. They are composed of a Pleckstrin homology (PH) and SH2 domains along with several tyrosine phosphorylation sites. STAP-1 is an ortholog of BRDG1 (BCR downstream signaling 1). STAP1 protein functions as a docking protein acting downstream of Tec tyrosine kinase in B cell antigen receptor signaling. The protein is phosphorylated by Tec and participates in a positive feedback loop, increasing Tec activity. STAP1 has been shown to interact with C19orf2, an unconventional prefoldin RPB5 interactor. The STAP2 protein is the substrate of breast tumor kinase, an Src-type non-receptor tyrosine kinase that mediates the interactions linking proteins involved in signal transduction pathways. STAP2 has alternative splicing variants. STAP2 has been shown to interact with tyrosine-protein kinase 6 (PTK6). In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 73587175 151 PSCFLKVSRLEAQLLLERYPECGNLLLRPSGDGtDGVSVTTLQTLNGtPMVRHYKVKREGAKYVIDVEEPFSCTSLEAVV 230
Cdd:cd09939   1 PACFYTVSRKEATELLERNPSCGNMLLRPGSDS-RNYSVTTRQEINI-PVIRHYKVMSVGQNYTIELEKPVTCPNLFSVI 78

                        90
                ....*....|....*.
gi 73587175 231 NYFVSYSNKALVPFLL 246
Cdd:cd09939  79 NYFVKETRGNLRPFIL 94

C-terminal Src homology 2 (C-SH2) domain in Phospholipase C gamma; Phospholipase C gamma is a signaling molecule that is recruited to the C-terminal tail of the receptor upon autophosphorylation of a highly conserved tyrosine. PLCgamma is composed of a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain followed by an elongation factor (EF) domain, 2 catalytic regions of PLC domains that flank 2 tandem SH2 domains (N-SH2, C-SH2), and ending with a SH3 domain and C2 domain. N-SH2 SH2 domain-mediated interactions represent a crucial step in transmembrane signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. SH2 domains recognize phosphotyrosine (pY) in the context of particular sequence motifs in receptor phosphorylation sites. Both N-SH2 and C-SH2 have a very similar binding affinity to pY. But in growth factor stimulated cells these domains bind to different target proteins. N-SH2 binds to pY containing sites in the C-terminal tails of tyrosine kinases and other receptors. Recently it has been shown that this interaction is mediated by phosphorylation-independent interactions between a secondary binding site found exclusively on the N-SH2 domain and a region of the FGFR1 tyrosine kinase domain. This secondary site on the SH2 cooperates with the canonical pY site to regulate selectivity in mediating a specific cellular process. C-SH2 binds to an intramolecular site on PLCgamma itself which allows it to hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate into diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate. These then activate protein kinase C and release calcium. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 73587175 157 VSRLEAQLLLERYPECGNLLLRPSGDGTDGVSVttlqTLNGTPMVRHYKVKREGAKYVIDVEEPFsctSLEAVVNYfvsY 236
Cdd:cd09932  11 LTREQAEEMLMRVPRDGAFLVRPSETDPNSFAI----SFRAEGKIKHCRIKQEGRLFVIGTSQFE---SLVELVSY---Y 80

                ....*.
gi 73587175 237 SNKALV 242
Cdd:cd09932  81 EKHPLY 86

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain; In general, SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction; they bind pTyr-containing polypeptide ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites. They are present in a wide array of proteins including: adaptor proteins (Nck1, Crk, Grb2), scaffolds (Slp76, Shc, Dapp1), kinases (Src, Syk, Fps, Tec), phosphatases (Shp-1, Shp-2), transcription factors (STAT1), Ras signaling molecules (Ras-Gap), ubiquitination factors (c-Cbl), cytoskeleton regulators (Tensin), signal regulators (SAP), and phospholipid second messengers (PLCgamma), amongst others.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 73587175 156 KVSRLEAQLLLERYPEcGNLLLRPSGDGTDGVSVTTLQTLNGtpmVRHYKVKREGAKYVIDVEEPFSCTSLEAVVNYF 233
Cdd:cd00173   6 SISREEAERLLRGKPD-GTFLVRESSSEPGDYVLSVRSGDGK---VKHYLIERNEGGYYLLGGSGRTFPSLPELVEHY 79

ArfGAP with RhoGAP domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, repeat 1; ARAP proteins (also called centaurin delta) are phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent GTPase-activating proteins that modulate actin cytoskeleton remodeling by regulating ARF and RHO family members. They bind phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) and phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P2) binding. There are 3 mammalian ARAP proteins: ARAP1, ARAP2, and ARAP3. All ARAP proteins contain a N-terminal SAM (sterile alpha motif) domain, 5 PH domains, an ArfGAP domain, 2 ankyrin domain, A RhoGap domain, and a Ras-associating domain. This hierarchy contains the first PH domain in ARAP. PH domains have diverse functions, but in general are involved in targeting proteins to the appropriate cellular location or in the interaction with a binding partner. They share little sequence conservation, but all have a common fold, which is electrostatically polarized. Less than 10% of PH domains bind phosphoinositide phosphates (PIPs) with high affinity and specificity. PH domains are distinguished from other PIP-binding domains by their specific high-affinity binding to PIPs with two vicinal phosphate groups: PtdIns(3,4)P2, PtdIns(4,5)P2 or PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 which results in targeting some PH domain proteins to the plasma membrane. A few display strong specificity in lipid binding. Any specificity is usually determined by loop regions or insertions in the N-terminus of the domain, which are not conserved across all PH domains. PH domains are found in cellular signaling proteins such as serine/threonine kinase, tyrosine kinases, regulators of G-proteins, endocytotic GTPases, adaptors, as well as cytoskeletal associated molecules and in lipid associated enzymes.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 73587175  23 ESFLEKKGPRDRD--YKKFWAGLQGLTLYFYNSNRD--TKHVEKLDLGGFVKLTDEApwgnshdpstHFCLVLRNQEIKF 98
Cdd:cd13253   3 SGYLDKQGGQGNNkgFQKRWVVFDGLSLRYFDSEKDaySKRIIPLSAISTVRAVGDN----------KFELVTTNRTFVF 72

                        90
                ....*....|.
gi 73587175  99 KVESLESREMW 109
Cdd:cd13253  73 RAESDDERNLW 83

Connector enhancer of KSR (Kinase suppressor of ras) (CNK) pleckstrin homology (PH) domain; CNK family members function as protein scaffolds, regulating the activity and the subcellular localization of RAS activated RAF. There is a single CNK protein present in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans in contrast to mammals which have 3 CNK proteins (CNK1, CNK2, and CNK3). All of the CNK members contain a sterile a motif (SAM), a conserved region in CNK (CRIC) domain, and a PSD-95/DLG-1/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain, and, with the exception of CNK3, a PH domain. A CNK2 splice variant CNK2A also has a PDZ domain-binding motif at its C terminus and Drosophila CNK (D-CNK) also has a domain known as the Raf-interacting region (RIR) that mediates binding of the Drosophila Raf kinase. This cd contains CNKs from mammals, chickens, amphibians, fish, and crustacea. PH domains have diverse functions, but in general are involved in targeting proteins to the appropriate cellular location or in the interaction with a binding partner. They share little sequence conservation, but all have a common fold, which is electrostatically polarized. Less than 10% of PH domains bind phosphoinositide phosphates (PIPs) with high affinity and specificity. PH domains are distinguished from other PIP-binding domains by their specific high-affinity binding to PIPs with two vicinal phosphate groups: PtdIns(3,4)P2, PtdIns(4,5)P2 or PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 which results in targeting some PH domain proteins to the plasma membrane. A few display strong specificity in lipid binding. Any specificity is usually determined by loop regions or insertions in the N-terminus of the domain, which are not conserved across all PH domains. PH domains are found in cellular signaling proteins such as serine/threonine kinase, tyrosine kinases, regulators of G-proteins, endocytotic GTPases, adaptors, as well as cytoskeletal associated molecules and in lipid associated enzymes.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 73587175  27 EKKGPRDRDYKKFWAGLQGLTLYFYNSNRDtkhvEKLDlgGFVKLTD 73
Cdd:cd01260  24 EAKSFFGQKWKKYWFVLKGSSLYWYSNQQD----EKAE--GFINLPD 64