Ring finger domain;

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 2253932827 240 SCSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPICK 282
Cdd:pfam13639   2 ECPICLEEFEEGDKVVVLPCGHHFHRECLDKWLRSSNTCPLCR 44

Ring finger; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity is intrinsic to the RING domain of c-Cbl and is likely to be a general function of this domain; Various RING fingers exhibit binding activity towards E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (Ubc' s)

                           10        20        30        40
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 2253932827  241 CSICLEAYVdgEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLR-RYARCPIC 281
Cdd:smart00184   1 CPICLEEYL--KDPVILPCGHTFCRSCIRKWLEsGNNTCPIC 40

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger proteins RNF111, RNF165, and similar proteins; The family includes RING finger proteins RNF111, RNF165, and similar proteins. RNF111, also known as Arkadia, is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that targets intracellular effectors and modulators of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)/Nodal-related signaling for polyubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation. It also interacts with the clathrin-adaptor 2 (AP2) complex and regulates endocytosis of certain cell surface receptors, leading to modulation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and possibly other signaling pathways. The N-terminal half of RNF111 harbors three SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs). It thus functions as a SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase (STUbL) that directly links nonproteolytic ubiquitylation and SUMOylation in the DNA damage response, as well as triggers degradation of signal-induced polysumoylated proteins, such as the promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML). RNF165, also known as Arkadia-like 2, Arkadia2, or Ark2C, is an E3 ubiquitin ligase with homology to the C-terminal half of RNF111. It is expressed specifically in the nervous system, and can serve to amplify neuronal responses to specific signals. It acts as a positive regulator of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-Smad signaling that is involved in motor neuron (MN) axon elongation. Both RNF165 and RNF111 contain a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 2253932827 241 CSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPICK 282
Cdd:cd16474     3 CTICLSDFEEGEDVRRLPCMHLFHQECVDQWLSTNKRCPICR 44

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF6, RNF12, and similar proteins; RNF6 is an androgen receptor (AR)-associated protein that induces AR ubiquitination and promotes AR transcriptional activity. RNF6-induced ubiquitination may regulate AR transcriptional activity and specificity by modulating cofactor recruitment. RNF6 is overexpressed in hormone-refractory human prostate cancer tissues and required for prostate cancer cell growth under androgen-depleted conditions. RNF6 also regulates local serine/threonine kinase LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) levels in axonal growth cones. RNF6-induced LIMK1 polyubiquitination is mediated via K48 of ubiquitin and leads to proteasomal degradation of the kinase. RNF6 binds and upregulates the Inha promoter, and functions as a transcription regulatory protein in the mouse sertoli cell. It acts as a potential tumor suppressor gene involved in the pathogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). RNF12, also known as LIM domain-interacting RING finger protein, or RING finger LIM domain-binding protein (R-LIM), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase encoded by gene RLIM that is crucial for normal embryonic development in some species and for normal X inactivation in mice. It thus functions as a major sex-specific epigenetic regulator of female mouse nurturing tissues. RNF12 is widely expressed during embryogenesis, and mainly localizes to the cell nucleus, where it regulates the levels of many proteins, including CLIM, LMO, HDAC2, TRF1, SMAD7, and REX1, by proteasomal degradation. Both RNF6 and RNF12 contain a well conserved C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 2253932827 240 SCSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPICK 282
Cdd:cd16467     1 ECTICLGEYETGEKLRRLPCSHEFHSECVDRWLKENSSCPICR 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 167 (RNF167) and similar proteins; RNF167, also known as RING105, is an endosomal/lysosomal E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) ubiquitination. It ubiquitinates AMPA-type glutamate receptor subunit GluA2 and regulates its surface expression, and thus acts as a selective regulator of AMPAR-mediated neurotransmission. It acts as an endosomal membrane protein which ubiquitylates vesicle-associated membrane protein 3 (VAMP3) and regulates endosomal trafficking. Moreover, RNF167 plays a role in the regulation of TSSC5 (tumor-suppressing subchromosomal transferable fragment cDNA, also known as ORCTL2/IMPT1/BWR1A/SLC22A1L), which can function in concert with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH6. RNF167 is widely conserved in metazoans and contains an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, two transmembrane domains (TM1 and TM2), and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger domain followed by a putative PEST sequence.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 2253932827 241 CSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYAR-CPICK 282
Cdd:cd16797     3 CAICLDEYEEGDKLRVLPCSHAYHSKCVDPWLTQTKKtCPVCK 45

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 111 (RNF111) and similar proteins; RNF111, also known as Arkadia, is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that targets intracellular effectors and modulators of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)/Nodal-related signaling for polyubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation. It acts as an amplifier of Nodal signals, and enhances the dorsalizing activity of limiting amounts of Xnr1, a Nodal homolog, and requires Nodal signaling for its function. The loss of RNF111 results in early embryonic lethality, with defects attributed to compromised Nodal signaling. RNF111 also regulates tumor metastasis by modulation of the TGF-beta pathway. Its ubiquitination can be modulated by the four and a half LIM-only protein 2 (FHL2) that activates TGF-beta signal transduction. Furthermore, RNF111 interacts with the clathrin-adaptor 2 (AP2) complex and regulates endocytosis of certain cell surface receptors, leading to modulation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and possibly other signaling pathways. In addition, RNF111 has been identified as a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-binding protein with clustered SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs) that together form a SUMO-binding domain (SBD). It thus functions as a SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase (STUbL) that directly links nonproteolytic ubiquitylation and SUMOylation in the DNA damage response, as well as triggers degradation of signal-induced polysumoylated proteins, such as the promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML). The N-terminal half of RNF111 harbors three SIMs. Its C-terminal half show high sequence similarity with RING finger protein 165 (RNF165), where it contains two serine rich domains, two nuclear localization signals, an NRG-TIER domain, and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger that is required for polyubiqutination and proteasome-dependent degradation of phosphorylated forms of Smad2/3 and three major negative regulators of TGF-beta signaling, Smad7, SnoN and c-Ski.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 2253932827 235 EDTAMSCSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPICKFAI 285
Cdd:cd16681     7 EDTEEKCTICLSILEEGEDVRRLPCMHLFHQVCVDQWLITNKKCPICRVDI 57

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF6 and similar proteins; RNF6 is an androgen receptor (AR)-associated protein that induces AR ubiquitination and promotes AR transcriptional activity. RNF6-induced ubiquitination may regulate AR transcriptional activity and specificity by modulating cofactor recruitment. RNF6 is overexpressed in hormone-refractory human prostate cancer tissues and required for prostate cancer cell growth under androgen-depleted conditions. Moreover, RNF6 regulates local serine/threonine kinase LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) levels in axonal growth cones. RNF6-induced LIMK1 polyubiquitination is mediated via K48 of ubiquitin and leads to proteasomal degradation of the kinase. RNF6 also binds and upregulates the Inha promoter, and functions as a transcription regulatory protein in the mouse sertoli cell. RNF6 also acts as a potential tumor suppressor gene involved in the pathogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). RNF6 contains an N-terminal coiled-coil domain, a Lys-X-X-Leu/Ile-X-X-Leu/Ile (KIL) motif, and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger which is responsible for its ubiquitin ligase activity. The KIL motif is present in a subset of RING-H2 proteins from organisms as evolutionarily diverse as human, mouse, chicken, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Arabidopsis thaliana.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 2253932827 240 SCSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPICKFAIL 286
Cdd:cd16673     2 TCSVCINEYATGNKLRRLPCAHEFHIHCIDRWLSENSTCPICRQPVL 48

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 43 (RNF43) and similar proteins; RNF43 is a transmembrane E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays an important role in frizzled (FZD)-dependent regulation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. It functions as a tumor suppressor that inhibits Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by ubiquitinating FZD receptor and targeting it to the lysosomal pathway for degradation. miR-550a-5p directly targeted the 3'-UTR of gene RNF43 and regulated its expression. Moreover, RNF43 interacts with NEDD-4-like ubiquitin-protein ligase-1 (NEDL1) and regulates p53-mediated transcription. It may also be involved in cell growth control through the interaction with HAP95, a chromatin-associated protein interfacing the nuclear envelope. Mutations of RNF43 have been identified in various tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC), endometrial cancer, mucinous ovarian tumors, gastric adenocarcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, liver fluke-associated cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and glioma. RNF43 contains an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, a transmembrane (TM) domain and a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger followed by a long C-terminal region.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 2253932827 241 CSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPICKFAIL 286
Cdd:cd16798     6 CAICLEEFSEGQELRIISCSHEFHRECVDPWLHQHRTCPLCMFNII 51

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in rice E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase EL5 and similar proteins; EL5, also known as protein ELICITOR 5, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase containing an N-terminal transmembrane domain and a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger that is a binding site for ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2). It can be rapidly induced by N-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor. EL5 catalyzes polyubiquitination via the Lys48 residue of ubiquitin, and thus plays a crucial role as a membrane-anchored E3 in the maintenance of cell viability after the initiation of root primordial formation in rice. It also acts as an anti-cell death enzyme that might be responsible for mediating the degradation of cytotoxic proteins produced in root cells after the actions of phytohormones. Moreover, EL5 interacts with UBC5b, a rice ubiquitin carrier protein, through its RING-H2 finger. EL5 is an unstable protein, and its degradation is regulated by the C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger in a proteasome-independent manner.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 2253932827 240 SCSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLP-CMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPIC 281
Cdd:cd16461     1 ECAICLSDYENGEELRRLPeCKHAFHKECIDEWLKSNSTCPLC 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 13 (RNF13), RING finger protein 167 (RNF167), and similar proteins; This subfamily includes RING finger protein 13 (RNF13), RING finger protein 167 (RNF167), Zinc/RING finger protein 4 (ZNRF4), and similar proteins, which belong to a larger PA-TM-RING ubiquitin ligase family that has been characterized by containing an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, a transmembrane domain (TM), and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger followed by a putative PEST sequence. RNF13 is a widely expressed membrane-associated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that functions in the regulation of cancer development, muscle cell growth, and neuronal development. Its expression is developmentally regulated during myogenesis and is upregulated in various tumors. RNF13 negatively regulates cell proliferation through its E3 ligase activity. RNF167, also known as RING105, is an endosomal/lysosomal E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the ubiquitination of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR). It acts as an endosomal membrane protein which ubiquitylates vesicle-associated membrane protein 3 (VAMP3) and regulates endosomal trafficking. Moreover, RNF167 plays a role in the regulation of TSSC5 (tumor-suppressing subchromosomal transferable fragment cDNA, also known as ORCTL2/IMPT1/BWR1A/SLC22A1L), which can function in concert with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH6. ZNRF4, also known as RING finger protein 204 (RNF204), or Nixin, is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane-anchored ubiquitin ligase that physically interacts with the ER-localized chaperone calnexin in a glycosylation-independent manner, inducing calnexin ubiquitination, and p97-dependent degradation. The murine protein sperizin (spermatid-specific ring zinc finger) is a homolog of human ZNRF4. It is specifically expressed in Haploid germ cells and is involved in spermatogenesis.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 2253932827 241 CSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYAR-CPICK 282
Cdd:cd16665     3 CAICLDDYEEGDKLRILPCSHAYHCKCIDPWLTKNKRtCPVCK 45

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 11 (RNF11) and similar proteins; RNF11 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that acts both as an adaptor and a modulator of itch-mediated control of ubiquitination events underlying membrane traffic. It acts downstream of an enzymatic cascade for the ubiquitination of specific substrates. It is also a molecular adaptor of homologous to E6-associated protein C-terminus (HECT)-type ligases. RNF11 has been implicated in the regulation of several signaling pathways. It enhances transforming growth factor receptor (TGFR) signaling by both abrogating Smurf2-mediated receptor ubiquitination and by promoting the Smurf2-mediated degradation of AMSH (associated molecule with the SH3 domain of STAM), a de-ubiquitinating enzyme that enhances TGF-beta signaling and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) endosomal recycling. It also acts directly on Smad4 to enhance Smad4 function, and plays a role in prolonged TGF-beta signaling. RNF11 also functions as a critical component of the A20 ubiquitin-editing protein complex that negatively regulates tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation. It interacts with Smad anchor for receptor activation (SARA) and the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-0 complex, thus participating in the regulation of lysosomal degradation of EGFR. RNF11 acts as a novel GGA cargo actively participating in regulating the ubiquitination of the GGA protein family. RNF11 functions together with TAX1BP1 to target TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)/IkappaB kinase IKKi, and further restricts antiviral signaling and type I interferon (IFN)-beta production. RNF11 contains an N-terminal PPPY motif that binds WW domain-containing proteins such as AIP4/itch, Nedd4 and Smurf1/2 (SMAD-specific E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase 1/2), and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger that functions as a scaffold for the coordinated transfer of ubiquitin to substrate proteins together with the E2 enzymes UbcH527 and Ubc13.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 2253932827 241 CSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPICK 282
Cdd:cd16468     2 CVICMADFVVGDPIRYLPCMHIYHVDCIDDWLMRSFTCPSCM 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 215 (RNF215) and similar proteins; This family includes uncharacterized protein RNF215 and similar proteins. Although its biological function remains unclear, RNF215 shares high sequence similarity with PA-TM-RING ubiquitin ligases, which have been characterized by containing an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, a transmembrane (TM) domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 2253932827 240 SCSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPICKFAIL 286
Cdd:cd16670     2 SCAVCLDQFYKNQCLRVLPCLHEFHRDCVDPWLLLQQTCPLCKRNIL 48

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 13 (RNF13) and similar proteins; RNF13 is a widely expressed membrane-associated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is functionally significant in the regulation of cancer development, muscle cell growth, and neuronal development. Its expression is developmentally regulated during myogenesis and is upregulated in various tumors. RNF13 negatively regulates cell proliferation through its E3 ligase activity. It functions as an important regulator of inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease IRE1alpha, mediating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis through the activation of the IRE1alpha-TRAF2-JNK signaling pathway. Moreover, RNF13 is involved in the regulation of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex via the ubiquitination of snapin, a SNAP25-interacting protein, which thereby controls synaptic function. In addition, RNF13 participates in regulating the function of satellite cells by modulating cytokine composition. RNF13 is evolutionarily conserved among many metazoans and contains an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, a transmembrane (TM) domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger domain followed by a putative PEST sequence.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 2253932827 241 CSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYAR-CPICK 282
Cdd:cd16796    11 CAICLDEYEEGDKLRILPCSHAYHCKCVDPWLTKTKKtCPVCK 53

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger proteins, RNF130, RNF149, RNF150 and similar proteins; This subfamily includes RING finger proteins, RNF130, RNF149 and RNF150, which belong to a larger PA-TM-RING ubiquitin ligase family that has been characterized by an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, a transmembrane (TM) domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger domain followed by a putative PEST sequence. RNF130, also known as Goliath homolog (H-Goliath), is a paralog of RNF128. It is a transmembrane E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase expressed in leukocytes. It has a self-ubiquitination property and controls the development of T cell clonal anergy by ubiquitination. RNF133 is a testis-specific endoplasmic reticulum-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase that may play a role in sperm maturation through an ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. RNF149, also known as DNA polymerase-transactivated protein 2, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that induces the ubiquitination of wild-type v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) and promotes its proteasome-dependent degradation. RNF150 polymorphisms may be associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) risk in the Chinese population. This subfamily also includes Drosophila melanogaster protein goliath (d-goliath), also known as protein g1, which is one of the founding members of the group. It was originally identified as a transcription factor involved in the embryo mesoderm formation.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 2253932827 241 CSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPICKFAI 285
Cdd:cd16668     2 CAVCIEPYKPSDVIRILPCKHIFHKSCVDPWLLEHRTCPMCKLDI 46

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 128 (RNF128) and similar proteins; This subfamily includes RING finger proteins RNF128, RNF133, RNF148, and similar proteins, which belong to a larger PA-TM-RING ubiquitin ligase family that has been characterized by containing an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, a transmembrane (TM) domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger followed by a putative PEST sequence. RNF128, also known as gene related to anergy in lymphocytes protein (GRAIL), is a type 1 transmembrane E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is a critical regulator of adaptive immunity and development. It inhibits cytokine gene transcription, is expressed in anergic CD4+ T cells, and has been implicated in primary T cell activation, survival, and differentiation, as well as in T cell anergy and oral tolerance. It induces T cell anergy through the ubiquitination activity of its cytosolic RING finger. It regulates expression of the costimulatory molecule CD40L on CD4 T cells, and ubiquitinates the costimulatory molecule CD40 ligand (CD40L) during the induction of T cell anergy. Moreover, RNF128 interacts with the luminal/extracellular portion of both CD151 and the related tetraspanin CD81 via its PA domain, which promoted ubiquitination of cytosolic lysine residues. It also down-modulates the expression of CD83 (previously described as a cell surface marker for mature dendritic cells) on CD4 T cells. Furthermore, Rho guanine dissociation inhibitor (RhoGDI) has been identified as a potential substrate of RNF128, suggesting a role for Rho effector molecules in T cell anergy. In addition, RNF128 plays a role in environmental stress responses. It promotes environmental salinity tolerance in euryhaline tilapia. RNF133 is a testis-specific endoplasmic reticulum-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase that is mainly present in the cytoplasm of elongated spermatids. It may play a role in sperm maturation through an ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. RNF148 is a testis-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase that is abundantly expressed in testes and slightly expressed in pancreas. Its expression is regulated by histone deacetylases.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 2253932827 240 SCSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPICKFAIL 286
Cdd:cd16802     2 SCAVCIEPYKPNDVVRILTCNHLFHKNCIDPWLLEHRTCPMCKCDIL 48

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 149 (RNF149) and similar proteins; RNF149, also known as DNA polymerase-transactivated protein 2, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with wild-type v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF), a RING domain-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in control of gene transcription, translation, cytoskeletal organization, cell adhesion, and epithelial development. RNF149 induces the ubiquitination of wild-type BRAF and promotes its proteasome-dependent degradation. Mutated RNF149 has been found in some human breast, ovarian, and colorectal cancers. RNF149 contains an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, a transmembrane (TM) domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger domain followed by a putative PEST sequence.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 2253932827 240 SCSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPICKFAIL 286
Cdd:cd16804     1 NCAVCIENYKSKDVVRILPCKHVFHRICIDPWLLEHRTCPMCKLDVI 47

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 150 (RNF150) and similar proteins; RNF150 is a RING finger protein and its polymorphisms may be associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) risk in the Chinese population. Further studies with larger numbers of participants worldwide are needed for validation of the relationships between RNF150 genetic variants and the pathogenesis of COPD. RNF150 contains an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, a transmembrane (TM) domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger domain followed by a putative PEST sequence.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2253932827 233 ENEDTAMSCSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPICKFAIL 286
Cdd:cd16805     1 ETESDFDNCAVCIEGYKPNDVVRILPCRHLFHKSCVDPWLLDHRTCPMCKMNIL 54

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana MED25-binding RING-H2 protein (MBR) and similar proteins; This subfamily includes MBR1 and MBR2 (also called HAL3-interacting protein 1 or AtHIP1). They are E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases that function as regulators of MED25 stability by targeting MED25 for degradation in a RING-H2-dependent manner. Proteasome-dependent degradation of MED25 seems to activate its function as a positive regulator of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and is important to induce the expression of FT, and consequently to promote flowering. MBR2 may also function downstream of HAL3 and be required for HAL3-regulated plant growth. Activation of MBR2 by HAL3 may lead to the degradation of cell cycle suppressors, resulting in enhancement of cell division and plant growth. Both MBR1 and MBR2 contain a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 2253932827 241 CSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPICK 282
Cdd:cd23113     5 CCICQEEYEEGDELGTIECGHEYHSDCIKQWLVQKNLCPICK 46

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 44 (RNF44) and similar proteins; RNF44 is an uncharacterized RING finger protein that shows high sequence similarity with RNF38, which is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin protein ligase that plays a role in regulating p53. RNF44 contains a coiled-coil motif, a KIL motif (Lys-X2-Ile/Leu-X2-Ile/Leu, X can be any amino acid), and a C3H2C2-type RING-H2 finger.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 2253932827 241 CSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPICK 282
Cdd:cd16680    10 CVVCFSDFESRQLLRVLPCNHEFHTKCVDKWLKTNRTCPICR 51

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 115 (RNF115) and similar proteins; RNF115, also known as Rab7-interacting ring finger protein (Rabring 7), or zinc finger protein 364 (ZNF364), or breast cancer-associated gene 2 (BCA2), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is an endogenous inhibitor of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and its inhibition increases the efficacy of metformin in breast cancer cells. It also functions as a co-factor in the restriction imposed by tetherin on HIV-1, and targets HIV-1 Gag for lysosomal degradation, impairing virus assembly and release, in a tetherin-independent manner. Moreover, RNF115 is a Rab7-binding protein that stimulates c-Myc degradation through mono-ubiquitination of MM-1. It also plays crucial roles as a Rab7 target protein in vesicle traffic to late endosome/lysosome and lysosome biogenesis. Furthermore, RNF115 and the related protein, RNF126 associate with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and promote ubiquitylation of EGFR, suggesting they play a role in the ubiquitin-dependent sorting and downregulation of membrane receptors. RNF115 contains an N-terminal BCA2 Zinc-finger domain (BZF), the AKT-phosphorylation sites, and the C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2253932827 239 MSCSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPICK 282
Cdd:cd16800     1 LECPVCKEDYTVGEQVRQLPCNHFFHSDCIVPWLELHDTCPVCR 44

Modified RING finger, H2 subclass (C3H2C2D-type), found in zinc finger SWIM domain-containing protein 2 (ZSWIM2) and similar proteins; ZSWIM2, also known as MEKK1-related protein X (MEX) or ZZ-type zinc finger-containing protein 2, is a testis-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes death receptor-induced apoptosis through Fas, death receptor (DR) 3 and DR4 signaling. ZSWIM2 is self-ubiquitinated and targeted for degradation through the proteasome pathway. It acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, through the E2, Ub-conjugating enzymes UbcH5a, UbcH5c, or UbcH6. ZSWIM2 contains four putative zinc-binding domains including an N-terminal SWIM (SWI2/SNF2 and MuDR) domain critical for its ubiquitination, and two modified RING-H2 fingers separated by a ZZ zinc finger domain, which was required for interaction with UbcH5a and its self-association. This model corresponds to the second RING-H2 finger, which is not a canonical C3H2C3-type, but a modified C3H2C2D-type.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 2253932827 241 CSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLR-RYARCPIC 281
Cdd:cd16486     2 CRICLKAFQLGQHVRTLPCRHKFHRDCIDNWLLhSRNSCPID 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana RING-H2 finger A1a (RHA1A), A1b (RHA1B) and similar proteins; This subfamily includes Arabidopsis thaliana RHA1A, RHA1B and XERICO. RHA1A is a probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that may possess E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro. RHA1B possesses E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity when associated with the E2 enzyme UBC8 in vitro. XERICO functions on abscisic acid homeostasis at post-translational level, probably through ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent substrate-specific degradation. Members of this subfamily contain a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2253932827 241 CSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLP-CMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYA-RCPICK 282
Cdd:cd23121     4 CAICLSDFNSDEKLRQLPkCGHIFHHHCLDRWIRYNKiTCPLCR 47

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 122 (RNF122) and similar proteins; RNF122 is a RING finger protein associated with HEK 293T cell viability. It is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus, and overexpressed in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. RNF122 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that can ubiquitinate itself and undergo degradation through its RING finger in a proteasome-dependent manner. It interacts with calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand (CAML), which is not a substrate, but a stabilizer of RNF122. RNF122 contains an N-terminal transmembrane domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 2253932827 240 SCSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPIC 281
Cdd:cd16676     2 TCAVCLEDFKTKDELGVLPCQHAFHRKCLVKWLEIRCVCPMC 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 3 (TTC3) and similar proteins; TTC3, also known as protein DCRR1, TPR repeat protein D, TPR repeat protein 3, or RING finger protein 105 (RNF105), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase encoded by a gene within the Down syndrome (DS) critical region on chromosome 21. It affects differentiation and Golgi compactness in neurons through specific actin-regulating pathways. It inhibits the neuronal-like differentiation of pheocromocytoma cells by activating RhoA and by binding to Citron proteins. TTC3 is an Akt-specific E3 ligase that binds to phosphorylated Akt and facilitates its ubiquitination and degradation within the nucleus. It contains four N-terminal TPR motifs, a potential coiled-coil region and a Citron binding region in the central part, and a C-terminal C3H2C2-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 2253932827 240 SCSICLEAYVDgEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPIC 281
Cdd:cd16481     1 PCIICHDDLKP-DQLAKLECGHIFHKECIKQWLKEQSTCPTC 41

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in DAZ (deleted in azoospermia)-interacting protein 3 (DZIP3) and similar proteins; DZIP3, also known as RNA-binding ubiquitin ligase of 138 kDa (RUL138) or 2A-HUB protein, is an RNA-binding E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) and acts as a transcriptional coactivator of estrogen receptor (ER) alpha. It is also a histone H2A ubiquitin ligase that catalyzes monoubiquitination of H2A at lysine 119, functioning as a combinatorial component of the repression machinery required for repressing a specific chemokine gene expression program, critically modulating migratory responses to Toll-like receptors (TLR) activation. DZIP3 contains a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger at the C-terminus.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 2253932827 241 CSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPICK 282
Cdd:cd16460     3 CVICHEAFSDGDRLLVLPCAHKFHTQCIGPWLDGQQTCPTCR 44

Modified RING-CH finger, H2 subclass (C4HC2H-type), found in the ZNRF family; The ZNRF family includes zinc/RING finger proteins ZNRF1, ZNRF2, and similar proteins. It has been characterized by containing a unique combination of zinc finger-RING finger motifs in the C-terminal region, which is evolutionarily conserved in a wide range of species, including Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila. ZNRF proteins function as E3 ubiquitin ligases and are highly expressed in central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) neurons, particularly during development and in adulthood. ZNRF1 and ZNRF2 are differentially localized within the synaptic region. ZNRF1 is associated with synaptic vesicle membranes, whereas ZNRF2 is present in presynaptic plasma membranes. They are N-myrisotoylated and also located in the endosome-lysosome compartment in fibroblasts. ZNRF proteins may play a role in the establishment and maintenance of neuronal transmission and plasticity via their ubiquitin ligase activity, as well as in regulating Ca2+-dependent exocytosis. The RING fingers found in ZNRF proteins are modified as C4HC2H-type RING-CH finger, rather than the typical C4HC3-type RING-CH finger, which is a variant of the RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 2253932827 241 CSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPI 280
Cdd:cd16489     2 CVICLEELEAGDTIARLPCLCIYHKKCIDDWFEVNRSCPE 41

Modified RING finger, C3HGC3-type, found in RING finger and WD repeat domain-containing protein 3 (RFWD3) and similar proteins; RFWD3, also known as RING finger protein 201 (RNF201) or FLJ10520, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that forms a complex with Mdm2 and p53 to synergistically ubiquitinate p53 and acts as a positive regulator of p53 stability in response to DNA damage. It is phosphorylated by checkpoint kinase ATM/ATR and the phosphorylation mutant fails to stimulate p53 ubiquitination. RFWD3 also functions as a novel replication protein A (RPA)-associated protein involved in DNA replication checkpoint control. RFWD3 contains an N-terminal SQ-rich region followed by a RING finger domain that exhibits robust E3 ubiquitin ligase activity toward p53, a coiled-coil domain and three WD40 repeats in the C-terminus, the latter two of which may be responsible for protein-protein interaction. The RING finger in this family is a modified C3HGC3-type RING finger, but not a canonical C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger or C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 2253932827 238 AMSCSICLEAYV-DGE-QLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLR-RYARCPICK 282
Cdd:cd16450     2 GNTCPICFEPWTsSGEhRLVSLKCGHLFGYSCIEKWLKgKGKKCPQCN 49

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger proteins RNF139, RNF145, and similar proteins; RNF139, also known as translocation in renal carcinoma on chromosome 8 protein (TRC8), is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident multi-transmembrane protein that functions as a potent growth suppressor in mammalian cells, inducing G2/M arrest, decreased DNA synthesis and increased apoptosis. It is a tumor suppressor that has been implicated in a novel regulatory relationship linking the cholesterol/lipid biosynthetic pathway with cellular growth control. A mutation in RNF139 has been identified in families with hereditary renal (RCC) and thyroid cancers. RNF145 is an uncharacterized RING finger protein encoded by the RNF145 gene, which is expressed in T lymphocytes, and its expression is altered in acute myelomonocytic and acute promyelocytic leukemias. Although its biological function remains unclear, RNF145 shows high sequence similarity with RNF139. Both RNF139 and RNF145 contain a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger with possible E3-ubiquitin ligase activity.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 2253932827 241 CSICleaYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPIC 281
Cdd:cd16476     3 CAIC---YQEMKEARITPCNHFFHGLCLRKWLYVQDTCPLC 40

RING finger, HC subclass, found in topoisomerase I-binding arginine/serine-rich protein (Topors) and similar proteins; Topors, also known as topoisomerase I-binding RING finger protein, tumor suppressor p53- binding protein 3, or p53-binding protein 3 (p53BP3), is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that can ligate both ubiquitin and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to substrate proteins in the nucleus. It contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger which ligates ubiquitin to its target proteins including DNA topoisomerase I, p53, NKX3.1, H2AX, and the AAV-2 Rep78/68 proteins. As a RING-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase, Topors works with the E2 enzymes UbcH5a, UbcH5c, and UbcH6, but not with UbcH7, CDC34, or UbcH2b. Topors acts as a tumor suppressor in various malignancies. It regulates p53 modification, suggesting it may be responsible for astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1, also known as metadherin, or LYRIC) ubiquitin modification. Plk1-mediated phosphorylation of Topors inhibits Topors-mediated sumoylation of p53, whereas p53 ubiquitination is enhanced, leading to p53 degradation. It also functions as a negative regulator of the prostate tumor suppressor NKX3.1. Moreover, Topors is associated with promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies, and may be involved in the cellular response to camptothecin. It also plays a key role in the turnover of H2AX protein, discriminating the type of DNA damaging stress. Furthermore, Topors is a cilia-centrosomal protein associated with autosomal dominant retinal degeneration. Mutations in TOPORS cause autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP).

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 2253932827 239 MSCSICLE------AYVDGeqlrvlpCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPICK 282
Cdd:cd16574     2 SSCPICLDrfenekAFLDG-------CFHAFCFTCILEWSKVKNECPLCK 44

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 139 (RNF139) and similar proteins; RNF139, also known as translocation in renal carcinoma on chromosome 8 protein (TRC8), is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident multi-transmembrane protein that functions as a potent growth suppressor in mammalian cells, inducing G2/M arrest, decreased DNA synthesis and increased apoptosis. It is a tumor suppressor that has been implicated in a novel regulatory relationship linking the cholesterol/lipid biosynthetic pathway with cellular growth control. A mutation in RNF139 has been identified in families with hereditary renal (RCC) and thyroid cancers. RNF139 physically and functionally interacts with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL), which is part of an SCF related E3-ubiquitin ligase complex with "gatekeeper" function in renal carcinoma and is defective in most sporadic clear-cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC). It suppresses growth and functions with VHL in a common pathway. RNF139 also suppresses tumorigenesis by targeting heme oxygenase-1 for ubiquitination and degradation. Moreover, RNF139 is a target of Translin (TSN), a posttranscriptional regulator of genes transcribed by the transcription factor CREM-tau in postmeiotic male germ cells, suggesting a role of RNF139 in dysgerminoma. In addition, RNF139 forms an integral part of a novel multi-protein ER complex, containing MHC I, US2, and signal peptide peptidase, which is associated with the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. It is required for the ubiquitination of MHC class I molecules before dislocation from the ER. As a novel sterol-sensing ER membrane protein, RNF139 hinders sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) processing through interaction with SREBP-2 and SREBP cleavage-activated protein (SCAP), regulating its own turnover rate via its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. RNF139 shows two regions of similarity with the receptor for sonic hedgehog (SHH), Patched. The first region corresponds to the second extracellular domain of Patched, which is involved in binding SHH. The second region is a putative sterol-sensing domain (SSD). The C-terminal half of RNF139 contains a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger with E3-ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 2253932827 241 CSICLEAYvdGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPIC 281
Cdd:cd16683     7 CAICYQEF--TTSARITPCNHYFHALCLRKWLYIQDTCPMC 45

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana protein ABA INSENSITIVE RING PROTEIN 1 (AIRP1) and similar proteins; This subfamily includes Arabidopsis thaliana AIRP1 and RING-H2 finger B1a (RHB1A). AIRP1, also known as RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase AIRP1, possesses E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity in vitro when associated with the E2 enzyme UBC8. It plays combinatory roles with AIRP2 in the positive regulation of the abscisic acid-mediated drought stress response. RHB1A is a probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Members of this subfamily contain a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 2253932827 241 CSICLEAYvDGEQLRVLP-CMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPIC 281
Cdd:cd23116     5 CPTCLEGY-TEENPKLLTkCGHHFHLACIYEWMERSERCPVC 45

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased recombination centers protein 20 (IRC20) and similar proteins; IRC20 is an uncharacterized ATP-dependent helicase that is probably involved in a pathway contributing to genomic integrity. IRC20 contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2253932827 239 MSCSICLEAYVDGEqlrVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPICK 282
Cdd:cd23135     4 LSCSICFSEIRSGA---ILKCGHFFCLSCIASWLREKSTCPLCK 44

Modified RING-CH finger, H2 subclass (C4HC2H-type), found in zinc/RING finger protein 1 (ZNRF1) and similar proteins; ZNRF1, also known as Nerve injury-induced gene 283 protein (nin283), or peripheral nerve injury protein (PNIP), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is highly expressed in the nervous system during development and is associated with synaptic vesicle membranes. It is N-myrisotoylated and is also located in the endosome-lysosome compartment in fibroblasts, suggesting it may participate in ubiquitin-mediated protein modification. It contains an N-terminal MAGE domain, and a special C-terminal domain that combines a zinc finger and a modified C4HC2H-type RING-CH finger, rather than the typical C4HC3-type RING-CH finger, which is a variant of the RING-H2 finger. Only the RING finger of the zinc finger-RING finger motif is required for its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. ZNRF1 regulates Schwann cell differentiation by proteasomal degradation of glutamine synthetase (GS). It also mediates regulation of neuritogenesis via interaction with beta-tubulin type 2 (Tubb2). Moreover, ZNRF1 promotes Wallerian degeneration by degrading AKT to induce glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3B)-dependent CRMP2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, ZNRF1 and its sister protein ZNRF2 regulate the ubiquitous Na+/K+ pump (Na+/K+ATPase). In addition, ZNRF1 may be associated with leukemogenesis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with paired box domain gene 5 (PAX5) alteration.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 2253932827 241 CSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCP 279
Cdd:cd16694     2 CVICLEELLQGDTIARLPCLCIYHKSCIDSWFEVNRSCP 40

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in BRCA1-associated protein (BRAP2) and similar proteins; BRAP2, also known as impedes mitogenic signal propagation (IMP), RING finger protein 52, or renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-63, is a novel cytoplasmic protein interacting with the two functional nuclear localization signal (NLS) motifs of BRCA1, a nuclear protein linked to breast cancer. It also binds to the SV40 large T antigen NLS motif and the bipartite NLS motif found in mitosin. BRAP2 serves as a cytoplasmic retention protein and plays a role in the regulation of nuclear protein transport. It contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), followed by a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger and a UBP-type zinc finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 2253932827 240 SCSICLE---AYVDGEQLrvLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRyaRCPICKF 283
Cdd:cd16457     2 TCPVCLErmdESVSGILT--ILCNHSFHCSCLSKWGDS--SCPVCRY 44

HC subclass of RING (RING-HC) finger and its variants; The RING finger is a specialized type of Zn-finger of 40 to 60 residues that binds two atoms of zinc. It is defined by the "cross-brace" motif that chelates zinc atoms by eight amino acid residues, typically Cys or His, arranged in a characteristic spacing. Canonical RING motifs have been categorized into two major subclasses, RING-HC (C3HC4-type) and RING-H2 (C3H2C3-type), according to their Cys/His content. There are also many variants of RING fingers. Some have a different Cys/His pattern. Some lack a single Cys or His residue at typical Zn ligand positions, especially, the fourth or eighth zinc ligand is prevalently exchanged for an Asp, which can chelate Zn in a RING finger as well. This family corresponds to the HC subclass of RING (RING-HC) fingers that are characterized by containing C3HC4-type canonical RING-HC fingers or noncanonical RING-HC finger variants, including C4C4-, C3HC3D-, C2H2C4-, and C3HC5-type modified RING-HC fingers. The canonical RING-HC finger has been defined as C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-C-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C. It binds two Zn ions in a unique "cross-brace" arrangement, which distinguishes it from tandem zinc fingers and other similar motifs. RING-HC fingers can be found in a group of diverse proteins with a variety of cellular functions, including oncogenesis, development, viral replication, signal transduction, the cell cycle, and apoptosis. Many of them are ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) that serve as scaffolds for binding to ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s, also referred to as ubiquitin carrier proteins or UBCs) in close proximity to substrate proteins, which enables efficient transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to the substrates.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2253932827 239 MSCSICLEAYVDgeqLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLR-RYARCPIC 281
Cdd:cd16449     1 LECPICLERLKD---PVLLPCGHVFCRECIRRLLEsGSIKCPIC 41

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in 43 kDa receptor-associated protein of the synapse (Rapsyn) and similar proteins; Rapsyn, also known as acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-associated 43 kDa protein or RING finger protein 205 (RNF205), is a 43 kDa postsynaptic protein that plays an essential role in the clustering and maintenance of AChR in the postsynaptic membrane of the motor endplate. AChRs enable the transport of rapsyn from the Golgi complex to the plasma membrane through a molecule-specific interaction. Rapsyn also mediates subsynaptic anchoring of protein kinase A (PKA) type I in close proximity to the postsynaptic membrane, which is essential for synapse maintenance. Its mutations in humans cause endplate AChR deficiency and myasthenic syndrome. Rapsyn contains an N-terminal myristoylation signal required for membrane association, seven tetratricopeptide repeats (TPRs) that subserve rapsyn self-association, a coiled-coil domain responsible for the binding of determinants within the long cytoplasmic loop of each AChR subunit, a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger that binds to the cytoplasmic domain of beta-dystroglycan and to S-NRAP and links rapsyn to the subsynaptic cytoskeleton, and a serine phosphorylation site.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 2253932827 238 AMSCSICLEAYVD-GEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYAR-CPICK 282
Cdd:cd16478     1 ELFCGMCGESIGEkNEQLQALPCSHIFHLKCLQTNLRGGTRgCPNCR 47

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in synoviolin and similar proteins; Synoviolin, also known as synovial apoptosis inhibitor 1 (Syvn1), Hrd1, or Der3, is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-anchoring E3 ubiquitin ligase that functions as a suppressor of ER stress-induced apoptosis and plays a role in homeostasis maintenance. It also targets tumor suppressor gene p53 for proteasomal degradation, suggesting crosstalk between ER associated degradation (ERAD) and p53 mediated apoptotic pathway under ER stress. Moreover, synoviolin controls body weight and mitochondrial biogenesis through negative regulation of the thermogenic coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator (PGC)-1beta. It upregulates amyloid beta production by targeting a negative regulator of gamma-secretase, Retention in endoplasmic reticulum 1 (Rer1), for degradation. It is also involved in the degradation of endogenous immature nicastrin, and affects amyloid beta-protein generation. Moreover, synoviolin is highly expressed in rheumatoid synovial cells and may be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It functions as an anti-apoptotic factor that is responsible for the outgrowth of synovial cells during the development of RA. It promotes inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) ubiquitination and degradation in synovial fibroblasts with collagen-induced arthritis. Furthermore, the upregulation of synoviolin may represent a protective response against neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). In addition, synoviolin is involved in liver fibrogenesis. Synoviolin contains a C3H2C2-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 2253932827 241 CSICLEAYVDGEQLrvLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPICK 282
Cdd:cd16479     4 CIICREEMTVGAKK--LPCGHIFHLSCLRSWLQRQQTCPTCR 43

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 219 (RNF219) and similar proteins; RNF219 may function as a modulator of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) associated amyloid beta A4 precursor protein (APP) endocytosis and metabolism. It genetically interacts with apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele (APOE4). Thus, a genetic variant of RNF219 was found to affect amyloid deposition in human brain and LOAD age-of-onset. Moreover, common genetic variants at the RNF219 locus had been associated with alternations in lipid metabolism, cognitive performance and central nervous system ventricle volume. RNF219 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 2253932827 239 MSCSICLEAYvdgEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPICKFAI 285
Cdd:cd16562     2 ISCHICLGKV---RQPVICSNNHVFCSSCMDVWLKNNNQCPACRVPI 45

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in autocrine motility factor receptor (AMFR) and similar proteins; AMFR, also known as AMF receptor, or RING finger protein 45, or ER-protein gp78, is an internalizing cell surface glycoprotein localized in both plasma membrane caveolae and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It is involved in the regulation of cellular adhesion, proliferation, motility and apoptosis, as well as in the process of learning and memory. AMFR also functions as a RING finger-dependent ubiquitin protein ligase (E3) implicated in the degradation from the ER. AMFR contains an N-terminal RING-H2 finger and a C-terminal ubiquitin-associated (UBA)-like CUE domain.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 2253932827 241 CSICLEAYvdgEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPICK 282
Cdd:cd16455     3 CAICWESM---QSARKLPCGHLFHNSCLRSWLEQDTSCPTCR 41

zinc-RING finger domain;

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 2253932827 241 CSICLEAYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKwLRRYARCPICK 282
Cdd:pfam14634   2 CNKCFKELSKTRPFYLTSCGHIFCEECLTR-LLQERQCPICK 42

RING-finger-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase [Signal transduction mechanisms];

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2253932827 215 NELQENT----RQSSVPSFapkENEDTAMSCSICLEAYvdgeQLRVL-PCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPICKF 283
Cdd:COG5432     1 NELDATDpsdwNQTKIPSL---KGLDSMLRCRICDCRI----SIPCEtTCGHTFCSLCIRRHLGTQPFCPVCRE 67

Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger);

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2253932827 241 CSICLEAYVDgeqLRVLPCMHQF--HSlCVDKWLRRYARCPICK 282
Cdd:pfam13920   5 CVICLDRPRN---VVLLPCGHLClcEE-CAERLLRKKKKCPICR 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana RING membrane-anchor proteins (AtRMAs) and similar proteins; AtRMAs, including AtRma1, AtRma2, and AtRma3, are endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized Arabidopsis homologs of human outer membrane of the ER-anchor E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, RING finger protein 5 (RNF5). AtRMAs possess E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, and may play a role in the growth and development of Arabidopsis. The AtRMA1 and AtRMA3 genes are predominantly expressed in major tissues, such as cotyledons, leaves, shoot-root junction, roots, and anthers, while AtRMA2 expression is restricted to the root tips and leaf hydathodes. AtRma1 probably functions with the Ubc4/5 subfamily of E2. AtRma2 is likely involved in the cellular regulation of ABP1 expression levels through interacting with auxin binding protein 1 (ABP1). AtRMA proteins contain an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and a trans-membrane-anchoring domain in their extreme C-terminal region.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 2253932827 240 SCSICLEAYVDGEqlrVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYAR---CPICK 282
Cdd:cd16745     2 ECNICLDLAQDPV---VTLCGHLFCWPCLHKWLRRQSSqpeCPVCK 44

RING-type zinc-finger; This zinc-finger is a typical RING-type of plant ubiquitin ligases.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 2253932827 241 CSICLEAYVDgeqlRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDK---WLRRYARCP 279
Cdd:pfam13445   1 CPICLELFTD----PVLPCGHTFCRECLEEmsqKKGGKFKCP 38

RING finger, HC subclass, found in checkpoint with forkhead and RING finger domains protein (CHFR); CHFR, also known as RING finger protein 196 (RNF196), is a checkpoint protein that delays entry into mitosis in response to stress. It functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that ubiquitinates and degrades its target proteins, such as Aurora-A, Plk1, Kif22, and PARP-1, which are critical for proper mitotic transitions. It also plays an important role in cell cycle progression and tumor suppression, and is negatively regulated by SUMOylation-mediated proteasomal ubiquitylation. Moreover, CHFR is involved in the early stage of the DNA damage response, which mediates the crosstalk between ubiquitination and poly-ADP-ribosylation. CHFR contains a fork head associated (FHA) domain and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 2253932827 239 MSCSICLEAYVDGeqLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWL-RRYARCPICK 282
Cdd:cd16503     3 LTCSICQDLLHDC--VSLQPCMHNFCAACYSDWMeRSNTECPTCR 45

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger and transmembrane domain-containing protein RNFT1, RNFT2, and similar proteins; Both RNFT1 and RNFT2 are multi-pass membrane proteins containing a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. Their biological roles remain unclear.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 2253932827 240 SCSICLEAYVDGeqlRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDKWLRRYARCPICK 282
Cdd:cd16532     2 ICPICQDEFKDP---VVLRCKHIFCEDCVSEWFERERTCPLCR 41

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins TRIM13, TRIM59 and similar proteins; TRIM13 and TRIM59, two closely related tripartite motif-containing proteins, belong to the C-V subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by an N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domain, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, followed by a C-terminal transmembrane domain. TRIM13, also known as B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia tumor suppressor Leu5, leukemia-associated protein 5, putative tumor suppressor RFP2, RING finger protein 77 (RNF77), or Ret finger protein 2, is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane anchored E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with proteins localized to the ER, including valosin-containing protein (VCP), a protein indispensable for ER-associated degradation (ERAD). TRIM59, also known as RING finger protein 104 (RNF104) or tumor suppressor TSBF-1, is a putative E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that functions as a novel multiple cancer biomarker for immunohistochemical detection of early tumorigenesis.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 2253932827 239 MSCSICleaYVDGEQLRVLPCMHQFHSLCVDK-------WLRRYARCPICK 282
Cdd:cd16581     3 LTCSIC---YNIFDDPKILPCSHTFCKNCLEKllaasgyYLLASLKCPTCR 50