RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in Drosophila couch potato (cpo) coding RNA-binding protein and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of Cpo, an RNA-binding protein encoded by Drosophila couch potato (cpo) gene. Cpo contains a well conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). It may control the processing of RNA molecules required for the proper functioning of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 442619731 441 VRTLFVSGLPMDAKPRELYLLFRAYEGYEGSLLKVTSKNGKTASPVGFVTFHTRAGAEAAKQDLQGVRFDPDMPQTIRLE 520
Cdd:cd12684    1 VRTLFVSGLPMDAKPRELYLLFRAYKGYEGSLLKVTSKNGKTTSPVGFVTFLSRQAAEAAKQDLQGVRFDPDLPQTLRLE 80

                 ...
gi 442619731 521 FAK 523
Cdd:cd12684   81 FAK 83

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in Drosophila couch potato (cpo) coding RNA-binding protein and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of Cpo, an RNA-binding protein encoded by Drosophila couch potato (cpo) gene. Cpo contains a well conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). It may control the processing of RNA molecules required for the proper functioning of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 442619731 441 VRTLFVSGLPMDAKPRELYLLFRAYEGYEGSLLKVTSKNGKTASPVGFVTFHTRAGAEAAKQDLQGVRFDPDMPQTIRLE 520
Cdd:cd12684    1 VRTLFVSGLPMDAKPRELYLLFRAYKGYEGSLLKVTSKNGKTTSPVGFVTFLSRQAAEAAKQDLQGVRFDPDLPQTLRLE 80

                 ...
gi 442619731 521 FAK 523
Cdd:cd12684   81 FAK 83

RNA recognition motif;

                           10        20        30        40        50        60
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 442619731   443 TLFVSGLPMDAKPRELYLLFRAYEGYEGSLLKVTSKNGKTAsPVGFVTFHTRAGAEAAKQDLQGVRFD 510
Cdd:smart00360   1 TLFVGNLPPDTTEEELRELFSKFGKVESVRLVRDKETGKSK-GFAFVEFESEEDAEKALEALNGKELD 67

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in Drosophila couch potato (cpo) coding RNA-binding protein and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of Cpo, an RNA-binding protein encoded by Drosophila couch potato (cpo) gene. Cpo contains a well conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). It may control the processing of RNA molecules required for the proper functioning of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 442619731 441 VRTLFVSGLPMDAKPRELYLLFRAYEGYEGSLLKVTSKNGKTASPVGFVTFHTRAGAEAAKQDLQGVRFDPDMPQTIRLE 520
Cdd:cd12684    1 VRTLFVSGLPMDAKPRELYLLFRAYKGYEGSLLKVTSKNGKTTSPVGFVTFLSRQAAEAAKQDLQGVRFDPDLPQTLRLE 80

                 ...
gi 442619731 521 FAK 523
Cdd:cd12684   81 FAK 83

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in vertebrate RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing (RBP-MS); This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of RBP-MS, also termed heart and RRM expressed sequence (hermes), an RNA-binding proteins found in various vertebrate species. It contains an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). RBP-MS physically interacts with Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4 and plays a role in regulation of Smad-mediated transcriptional activity. In addition, RBP-MS may be involved in regulation of mRNA translation and localization during Xenopus laevis development.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 442619731 441 VRTLFVSGLPMDAKPRELYLLFRAYEGYEGSLLKVTSKNgktasPVGFVTFHTRAGAEAAKQDLQGVRFDPDMPQTIRLE 520
Cdd:cd12682    1 VRTLFVSGLPLDIKPRELYLLFRPFKGYEGSLIKLTSKQ-----PVGFVSFDSRSEAEAAKNALNGIRFDPEIPQTLRLE 75

                 .
gi 442619731 521 F 521
Cdd:cd12682   76 F 76

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear speckle RNA-binding protein A (AtNSRA) and similar protein; AtNSRA is an alternative splicing (AS) regulator that binds to specific mRNAs and modulates auxin effects on the transcriptome. It can be displaced from its targets upon binding to AS competitor long non-coding RNA (ASCO-RNA). Members in this family contain an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain).

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 442619731 442 RTLFVSGLPMDAKPRELYLLFRAYEGYEG-SLLKVTSKNGKTaSPVGFVTFHTRAGAEAAKQDLQGVRFDPDMPQ--TIR 518
Cdd:cd21618    4 STLYVEGLPLDATEREVAHIFRPFPGFKSvRLVPKEGKRGRK-LVLCFVDFADAQQAAAALETLQGYRLDEDDSDskGLR 82

                 ....*
gi 442619731 519 LEFAK 523
Cdd:cd21618   83 ISFAR 87

RNA recognition motif;

                           10        20        30        40        50        60
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 442619731   443 TLFVSGLPMDAKPRELYLLFRAYEGYEGSLLKVTSKNGKTAsPVGFVTFHTRAGAEAAKQDLQGVRFD 510
Cdd:smart00360   1 TLFVGNLPPDTTEEELRELFSKFGKVESVRLVRDKETGKSK-GFAFVEFESEEDAEKALEALNGKELD 67

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in yeast cell wall integrity protein scw1 and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of the family including yeast cell wall integrity protein scw1, yeast Whi3 protein, yeast Whi4 protein and similar proteins. The strong cell wall protein 1, scw1, is a nonessential cytoplasmic RNA-binding protein that regulates septation and cell-wall structure in fission yeast. It may function as an inhibitor of septum formation, such that its loss of function allows weak SIN signaling to promote septum formation. It's RRM domain shows high homology to two budding yeast proteins, Whi3 and Whi4. Whi3 is a dose-dependent modulator of cell size and has been implicated in cell cycle control in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It functions as a negative regulator of ceroid-lipofuscinosis, neuronal 3 (Cln3), a G1 cyclin that promotes transcription of many genes to trigger the G1/S transition in budding yeast. It specifically binds the CLN3 mRNA and localizes it into discrete cytoplasmic loci that may locally restrict Cln3 synthesis to modulate cell cycle progression. Moreover, Whi3 plays a key role in cell fate determination in budding yeast. The RRM domain is essential for Whi3 function. Whi4 is a partially redundant homolog of Whi3, also containing one RRM. Some uncharacterized family members of this subfamily contain two RRMs; their RRM1 shows high sequence homology to the RRM of RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing (RBP-MS)-like proteins.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 442619731 443 TLFVSGLPMDAKPRELYLLFRAYEGYEgsLLKVTSKNGktaSPVGFVTFHTRAGAEAAKQDLQGVRFDPDMPQTIRLEFA 522
Cdd:cd12245    4 TLFVANLGPNVSEQELRQLFSRQPGFR--RLRMHNKGG---GPVCFVEFEDVPFATQALNHLQGAILSSSDRGGIRIEYA 78

                 .
gi 442619731 523 K 523
Cdd:cd12245   79 K 79

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in the U1A/U2B"/SNF protein family; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of U1A/U2B"/SNF protein family, containing Drosophila sex determination protein SNF and its two mammalian counterparts, U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein A (U1 snRNP A or U1-A or U1A) and U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein B" (U2 snRNP B" or U2B"), all of which consist of two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) connected by a variable, flexible linker. SNF is an RNA-binding protein found in the U1 and U2 snRNPs of Drosophila where it is essential in sex determination and possesses a novel dual RNA binding specificity. SNF binds with high affinity to both Drosophila U1 snRNA stem-loop II (SLII) and U2 snRNA stem-loop IV (SLIV). It can also bind to poly(U) RNA tracts flanking the alternatively spliced Sex-lethal (Sxl) exon, as does Drosophila Sex-lethal protein (SXL). U1A is an RNA-binding protein associated with the U1 snRNP, a small RNA-protein complex involved in pre-mRNA splicing. U1A binds with high affinity and specificity to stem-loop II (SLII) of U1 snRNA. It is predominantly a nuclear protein that shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm independently of interactions with U1 snRNA. Moreover, U1A may be involved in RNA 3'-end processing, specifically cleavage, splicing and polyadenylation, through interacting with a large number of non-snRNP proteins. U2B", initially identified to bind to stem-loop IV (SLIV) at the 3' end of U2 snRNA, is a unique protein that comprises of the U2 snRNP. Additional research indicates U2B" binds to U1 snRNA stem-loop II (SLII) as well and shows no preference for SLIV or SLII on the basis of binding affinity. U2B" does not require an auxiliary protein for binding to RNA and its nuclear transport is independent on U2 snRNA binding.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 442619731 442 RTLFVSGLPMDAKPRELYLLFRAYEGYEGslLKVTSKNGktaspVGFVTFHTRAGAEAAKQDLQGVRFDPDMPQTI 517
Cdd:cd12247    3 KILFLQNLPEETTKEMLEMLFNQFPGFKE--VRLVPRRG-----IAFVEFETEEQATVALQALQGFKITPGHAMKI 71

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in tRNA selenocysteine-associated protein 1 (SECp43) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 in tRNA selenocysteine-associated protein 1 (SECp43), yeast negative growth regulatory protein NGR1 (RBP1), yeast protein NAM8, and similar proteins. SECp43 is an RNA-binding protein associated specifically with eukaryotic selenocysteine tRNA [tRNA(Sec)]. It may play an adaptor role in the mechanism of selenocysteine insertion. SECp43 is located primarily in the nucleus and contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a C-terminal polar/acidic region. Yeast proteins, NGR1 and NAM8, show high sequence similarity with SECp43. NGR1 is a putative glucose-repressible protein that binds both RNA and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). It may function in regulating cell growth in early log phase, possibly through its participation in RNA metabolism. NGR1 contains three RRMs, two of which are followed by a glutamine-rich stretch that may be involved in transcriptional activity. In addition, NGR1 has an asparagine-rich region near the C-terminus which also harbors a methionine-rich region. NAM8 is a putative RNA-binding protein that acts as a suppressor of mitochondrial splicing deficiencies when overexpressed in yeast. It may be a non-essential component of the mitochondrial splicing machinery. NAM8 also contains three RRMs.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 442619731 443 TLFVSGLPMDAKPRELYLLFrAYEGYEGSLLKV--TSKNGKTASpVGFVTFHTRAGAEAAKQDLQGVRFdPDMPQTIRLE 520
Cdd:cd12344    1 TLWMGDLEPWMDEAYISSCF-AKTGEEVVSVKIirNKQTGKSAG-YCFVEFATQEAAEQALEHLNGKPI-PNTQQRFRLN 77

                 ....*
gi 442619731 521 FAKSN 525
Cdd:cd12344   78 WASFS 82

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in the p54nrb/PSF/PSP1 family; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of the p54nrb/PSF/PSP1 family, including 54 kDa nuclear RNA- and DNA-binding protein (p54nrb or NonO or NMT55), polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB)-associated-splicing factor (PSF or POMp100), paraspeckle protein 1 (PSP1 or PSPC1), which are ubiquitously expressed and are conserved in vertebrates. p54nrb is a multi-functional protein involved in numerous nuclear processes including transcriptional regulation, splicing, DNA unwinding, nuclear retention of hyperedited double-stranded RNA, viral RNA processing, control of cell proliferation, and circadian rhythm maintenance. PSF is also a multi-functional protein that binds RNA, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and many factors, and mediates diverse activities in the cell. PSP1 is a novel nucleolar factor that accumulates within a new nucleoplasmic compartment, termed paraspeckles, and diffusely distributes in the nucleoplasm. The cellular function of PSP1 remains unknown currently. This subfamily also includes some p54nrb/PSF/PSP1 homologs from invertebrate species, such as the Drosophila melanogaster gene no-ontransient A (nonA) encoding puff-specific protein Bj6 (also termed NONA) and Chironomus tentans hrp65 gene encoding protein Hrp65. D. melanogaster NONA is involved in eye development and behavior, and may play a role in circadian rhythm maintenance, similar to vertebrate p54nrb. C. tentans Hrp65 is a component of nuclear fibers associated with ribonucleoprotein particles in transit from the gene to the nuclear pore. All family members contain a DBHS domain (for Drosophila behavior, human splicing), which comprises two conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a charged protein-protein interaction module. PSF has an additional large N-terminal domain that differentiates it from other family members.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 442619731 444 LFVSGLPMDAKPRELYLLFRAYegyeGSLLKVTSKNGKTaspVGFVTFHTRAGAEAAKQDLQG---------VRF 509
Cdd:cd12332    4 LFVGNLPNDITEEEFKELFQKY----GEVSEVFLNKGKG---FGFIRLDTRANAEAAKAELDGtprkgrqlrVRF 71

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in the Hu proteins family; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of Hu proteins family which represents a group of RNA-binding proteins involved in diverse biological processes. Since the Hu proteins share high homology with the Drosophila embryonic lethal abnormal vision (ELAV) protein, the Hu family is sometimes referred to as the ELAV family. Drosophila ELAV is exclusively expressed in neurons and is required for the correct differentiation and survival of neurons in flies. The neuronal members of the Hu family include Hu-antigen B (HuB or ELAV-2 or Hel-N1), Hu-antigen C (HuC or ELAV-3 or PLE21), and Hu-antigen D (HuD or ELAV-4), which play important roles in neuronal differentiation, plasticity and memory. HuB is also expressed in gonads. Hu-antigen R (HuR or ELAV-1 or HuA) is the ubiquitously expressed Hu family member. It has a variety of biological functions mostly related to the regulation of cellular response to DNA damage and other types of stress. Moreover, HuR has an anti-apoptotic function during early cell stress response. It binds to mRNAs and enhances the expression of several anti-apoptotic proteins, such as p21waf1, p53, and prothymosin alpha. HuR also has pro-apoptotic function by promoting apoptosis when cell death is unavoidable. Furthermore, HuR may be important in muscle differentiation, adipogenesis, suppression of inflammatory response and modulation of gene expression in response to chronic ethanol exposure and amino acid starvation. Hu proteins perform their cytoplasmic and nuclear molecular functions by coordinately regulating functionally related mRNAs. In the cytoplasm, Hu proteins recognize and bind to AU-rich RNA elements (AREs) in the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of certain target mRNAs, such as GAP-43, vascular epithelial growth factor (VEGF), the glucose transporter GLUT1, eotaxin and c-fos, and stabilize those ARE-containing mRNAs. They also bind and regulate the translation of some target mRNAs, such as neurofilament M, GLUT1, and p27. In the nucleus, Hu proteins function as regulators of polyadenylation and alternative splicing. Each Hu protein contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). RRM1 and RRM2 may cooperate in binding to an ARE. RRM3 may help to maintain the stability of the RNA-protein complex, and might also bind to poly(A) tails or be involved in protein-protein interactions.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 442619731 444 LFVSGLPMDAKPRELYLLFRAYegyeGSLlkVTSK-----NGKTASPVGFVTFHTRAGAEAAKQDLQG 506
Cdd:cd12652    3 LYVSGLPKTMTQKELEQLFSQF----GRI--ITSRilcdnVTGLSRGVGFIRFDKRVEAERAIKALNG 64

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in RNA-binding protein 28 (RBM28) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM28 and Nop4p. RBM28 is a specific nucleolar component of the spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), possibly coordinating their transition through the nucleolus. It specifically associates with U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6 small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), and may play a role in the maturation of both small nuclear and ribosomal RNAs. RBM28 has four RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and an extremely acidic region between RRM2 and RRM3. The family also includes nucleolar protein 4 (Nop4p or Nop77p) encoded by YPL043W from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is an essential nucleolar protein involved in processing and maturation of 27S pre-rRNA and biogenesis of 60S ribosomal subunits. Nop4p also contains four RRMs.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 442619731 443 TLFVSGLPMDAKPRELYLLF-------RAYegyegsllKVTSKNGKTASPVGFVTFHTRAGAEAAKQDLQGVRFDpdmPQ 515
Cdd:cd12413    1 TLFVRNLPYDTTDEQLEELFsdvgpvkRCF--------VVKDKGKDKCRGFGYVTFALAEDAQRALEEVKGKKFG---GR 69

                 ....*...
gi 442619731 516 TIRLEFAK 523
Cdd:cd12413   70 KIKVELAK 77

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in vertebrate Hu-antigen B (HuB); This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of HuB, also termed ELAV-like protein 2 (ELAV-2), or ELAV-like neuronal protein 1, or nervous system-specific RNA-binding protein Hel-N1 (Hel-N1), one of the neuronal members of the Hu family. The neuronal Hu proteins play important roles in neuronal differentiation, plasticity and memory. HuB is also expressed in gonads. It is up-regulated during neuronal differentiation of embryonic carcinoma P19 cells. Like other Hu proteins, HuB contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). RRM1 and RRM2 may cooperate in binding to an AU-rich RNA element (ARE). RRM3 may help to maintain the stability of the RNA-protein complex, and might also bind to poly(A) tails or be involved in protein-protein interactions.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 442619731 444 LFVSGLPMDAKPRELYLLFRAYEGYEGSLLKVTSKNGkTASPVGFVTFHTRAGAEAAKQDLQGVRfDPDMPQTIRLEFA 522
Cdd:cd12775    8 LYVSGLPKTMTQKELEQLFSQYGRIITSRILVDQVTG-VSRGVGFIRFDKRIEAEEAIKGLNGQK-PPGATEPITVKFA 84

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G (hnRNP G), Y chromosome RNA recognition motif 1 (hRBMY), testis-specific heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G-T (hnRNP G-T) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM domain of hnRNP G, also termed glycoprotein p43 or RBMX, an RNA-binding motif protein located on the X chromosome. It is expressed ubiquitously and has been implicated in the splicing control of several pre-mRNAs. Moreover, hnRNP G may function as a regulator of transcription for SREBP-1c and GnRH1. Research has shown that hnRNP G may also act as a tumor-suppressor since it upregulates the Txnip gene and promotes the fidelity of DNA end-joining activity. In addition, hnRNP G appears to play a critical role in proper neural development of zebrafish and frog embryos. The family also includes several paralogs of hnRNP G, such as hRBMY and hnRNP G-T (also termed RNA-binding motif protein, X-linked-like-2). Both, hRBMY and hnRNP G-T, are exclusively expressed in testis and critical for male fertility. Like hnRNP G, hRBMY and hnRNP G-T interact with factors implicated in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing, such as hTra2-beta1 and T-STAR. Although members in this family share a high conserved N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), they appear to recognize different RNA targets. For instance, hRBMY interacts specifically with a stem-loop structure in which the loop is formed by the sequence CA/UCAA. In contrast, hnRNP G associates with single stranded RNA sequences containing a CCA/C motif. In addition to the RRM, hnRNP G contains a nascent transcripts targeting domain (NTD) in the middle region and a novel auxiliary RNA-binding domain (RBD) in its C-terminal region. The C-terminal RBD exhibits distinct RNA binding specificity, and would play a critical role in the regulation of alternative splicing by hnRNP G.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 442619731 444 LFVSGLPMDAKPRELYLLFRAYegyeGSLLKVT-SKNGKTASPVGF--VTFHTRAGAEAAKQDLQGVRFDpdmPQTIRLE 520
Cdd:cd12382    4 LFIGGLNTETNEKALEAVFGKY----GRIVEVLlMKDRETNKSRGFafVTFESPADAKDAARDMNGKELD---GKAIKVE 76

                 ...
gi 442619731 521 FAK 523
Cdd:cd12382   77 QAT 79