Src homology 2 (SH2) domain; In general, SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction; they bind pTyr-containing polypeptide ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites. They are present in a wide array of proteins including: adaptor proteins (Nck1, Crk, Grb2), scaffolds (Slp76, Shc, Dapp1), kinases (Src, Syk, Fps, Tec), phosphatases (Shp-1, Shp-2), transcription factors (STAT1), Ras signaling molecules (Ras-Gap), ubiquitination factors (c-Cbl), cytoskeleton regulators (Tensin), signal regulators (SAP), and phospholipid second messengers (PLCgamma), amongst others.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1025047427 389 VPDLQAITALPCYWGVMDRYQAEALLDGRPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYNRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAHDPCVFHS 468
Cdd:cd10385     1 VPDLLQINNNPCYWGVMDKYAAEALLEGKPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYSRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAHDPCVFHS 80

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|.
gi 1025047427 469 STVTGLLEHYKDPSACMFFEP 489
Cdd:cd10385    81 PDITGLLEHYKDPSACMFFEP 101

Suppressor of cytokine signalling; This domain family is found in bacteria and eukaryotes, and is approximately 60 amino acids in length. The family is found in association with pfam07525, pfam00017. The suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family play important roles in regulating a variety of signal transduction pathways that are involved in immunity, growth and development of organizms.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1025047427 135 SRGSTARRERRYGVSTIQEMSDSVGaGSSGRSLSTRSLRQRLQNTVGLCLPLPTHCRS 192
Cdd:pfam12610   1 TRGPRRRRERRCSCSSIQEMSDSVD-DVSGRALSRRSLRQKLQDTVGLCLPLRSHRRS 57

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins; SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1025047427 389 VPDLQAITALPCYWGVMDRYQAEALLDGRPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYNRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAHDPCVFHS 468
Cdd:cd10385     1 VPDLLQINNNPCYWGVMDKYAAEALLEGKPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYSRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAHDPCVFHS 80

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|.
gi 1025047427 469 STVTGLLEHYKDPSACMFFEP 489
Cdd:cd10385    81 PDITGLLEHYKDPSACMFFEP 101

Suppressor of cytokine signalling; This domain family is found in bacteria and eukaryotes, and is approximately 60 amino acids in length. The family is found in association with pfam07525, pfam00017. The suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family play important roles in regulating a variety of signal transduction pathways that are involved in immunity, growth and development of organizms.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1025047427 135 SRGSTARRERRYGVSTIQEMSDSVGaGSSGRSLSTRSLRQRLQNTVGLCLPLPTHCRS 192
Cdd:pfam12610   1 TRGPRRRRERRCSCSSIQEMSDSVD-DVSGRALSRRSLRQKLQDTVGLCLPLRSHRRS 57

suppressors of cytokine signalling; suppressors of cytokine signalling

                           10        20        30        40
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1025047427  494 PLHRTFPFNLQHLARAAICRHTTYDGIGALALPPTMQDFLKEY 536
Cdd:smart00253   1 LPRPSNVPSLQHLCRFTIRRCTRTDQIKTLPLPPKLKDYLSYY 43

SOCS box; The SOCS box acts as a bridge between specific substrate- binding domains and more generic proteins that comprise a large family of E3 ubiquitin protein ligases.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1025047427 499 FPFNLQHLARAAICRHTTY---DGIGALALPPTMQDFLK 534
Cdd:pfam07525   1 TPRSLQHLCRLAIRRALGKrrlGAIDKLPLPPLLKDYLL 39

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins; SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1025047427 389 VPDLQAITALPCYWGVMDRYQAEALLDGRPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYNRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAHDPCVFHS 468
Cdd:cd10385     1 VPDLLQINNNPCYWGVMDKYAAEALLEGKPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYSRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAHDPCVFHS 80

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|.
gi 1025047427 469 STVTGLLEHYKDPSACMFFEP 489
Cdd:cd10385    81 PDITGLLEHYKDPSACMFFEP 101

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family; SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1025047427 399 PCYWGVMDRYQAEALLDGRPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYNRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAHDPCVFHSSTVTGLLEHY 478
Cdd:cd09923     1 GWYWGGITRYEAEELLAGKPEGTFLVRDSSDSRYLFSVSFRTYGRTLHARIEYSNGRFSFDSSDPSVPRFPCVVELIEHY 80

                  .
gi 1025047427 479 K 479
Cdd:cd09923    81 V 81

Suppressor of cytokine signalling; This domain family is found in bacteria and eukaryotes, and is approximately 60 amino acids in length. The family is found in association with pfam07525, pfam00017. The suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family play important roles in regulating a variety of signal transduction pathways that are involved in immunity, growth and development of organizms.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1025047427 135 SRGSTARRERRYGVSTIQEMSDSVGaGSSGRSLSTRSLRQRLQNTVGLCLPLPTHCRS 192
Cdd:pfam12610   1 TRGPRRRRERRCSCSSIQEMSDSVD-DVSGRALSRRSLRQKLQDTVGLCLPLRSHRRS 57

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins; SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1025047427 401 YWGVMDRYQAEALLDGRPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYNRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAHDPCVFHSSTVTgLLEHYKD 480
Cdd:cd10387    13 YWGPITRWEAEGKLANVPDGSFLVRDSSDDRYLLSLSFRSHGKTLHTRIEHSNGRFSFYEQPDVEGHTSIVD-LIEHSIR 91

                  ..
gi 1025047427 481 PS 482
Cdd:cd10387    92 DS 93

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins; SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1025047427 401 YWGVMDRYQAEALLDGRPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYNRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAHDPCVFHSSTVTGLLE 476
Cdd:cd10388    13 YWGPMSWEDAEKVLSNKPDGSFLVRDSSDDRYIFSLSFRSQGSVHHTRIEQYQGTFSLGSRNKFVDRSQSLVEFIE 88

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain; In general, SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction; they bind pTyr-containing polypeptide ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites. They are present in a wide array of proteins including: adaptor proteins (Nck1, Crk, Grb2), scaffolds (Slp76, Shc, Dapp1), kinases (Src, Syk, Fps, Tec), phosphatases (Shp-1, Shp-2), transcription factors (STAT1), Ras signaling molecules (Ras-Gap), ubiquitination factors (c-Cbl), cytoskeleton regulators (Tensin), signal regulators (SAP), and phospholipid second messengers (PLCgamma), amongst others.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1025047427 399 PCYWGVMDRYQAEALLDGRPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFR-RYNRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAHDPCVFhsSTVTGLLEH 477
Cdd:cd00173     1 PWFHGSISREEAERLLRGKPDGTFLVRESSSEPGDYVLSVRsGDGKVKHYLIERNEGGYYLLGGSGRTF--PSLPELVEH 78

                  .
gi 1025047427 478 Y 478
Cdd:cd00173    79 Y 79

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins; SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1025047427 401 YWGVMDRYQAEALLDGRPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYNRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAhDPCV------FHSstVTGL 474
Cdd:cd10383    10 YWGSMTVNEAKEKLQDAPEGTFLVRDSSHSDYLLTISVKTSAGPTNLRIEYQDGKFRLDS-IICVksklkqFDS--VVHL 86

                  ....
gi 1025047427 475 LEHY 478
Cdd:cd10383    87 IEYY 90

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS); CIS family members are known to be cytokine-inducible negative regulators of cytokine signaling. The expression of the CIS gene can be induced by IL2, IL3, GM-CSF and EPO in hematopoietic cells. Proteasome-mediated degradation of this protein has been shown to be involved in the inactivation of the erythropoietin receptor. Suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1025047427 401 YWGVMDRYQAEALLDGRPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYNRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAHDPCVFHSST---VTGLLEH 477
Cdd:cd10718     7 YWGSITASEAHQALQKAPEGTFLVRDSSHPSYMLTLSVKTTRGPTNVRIEYSDGSFRLDSSSLARPRLLSfpdVVSLVQH 86

                  .
gi 1025047427 478 Y 478
Cdd:cd10718    87 Y 87

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins; SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1025047427 401 YWGVMDRYQAEALLDGRPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYNRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAhDP----CVFHSSTVTGLLE 476
Cdd:cd10384    13 YWSTVSGKEANLLLSAEPAGTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVKTESGTKNLRIQCEGGSFSLQT-DPrstqPVPRFDCVLKLVH 91

                  ....*...
gi 1025047427 477 HYKDPSAC 484
Cdd:cd10384    92 HYMPPSAA 99

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the Nck family; Nck proteins are adaptors that modulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics by linking proline-rich effector molecules to tyrosine kinases or phosphorylated signaling intermediates. There are two members known in this family: Nck1 (Nckalpha) and Nck2 (Nckbeta and Growth factor receptor-bound protein 4 (Grb4)). They are characterized by having 3 SH3 domains and a C-terminal SH2 domain. Nck1 and Nck2 have overlapping functions as determined by gene knockouts. Both bind receptor tyrosine kinases and other tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins through their SH2 domains. In addition they also bind distinct targets. Neuronal signaling proteins: EphrinB1, EphrinB2, and Disabled-1 (Dab-1) all bind to Nck-2 exclusively. And in the case of PDGFR, Tyr(P)751 binds to Nck1 while Tyr(P)1009 binds to Nck2. Nck1 and Nck2 have a role in the infection process of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). Their SH3 domains are involved in recruiting and activating the N-WASP/Arp2/3 complex inducing actin polymerization resulting in the production of pedestals, dynamic bacteria-presenting protrusions of the plasma membrane. A similar thing occurs in the vaccinia virus where motile plasma membrane projections are formed beneath the virus. Recently it has been shown that the SH2 domains of both Nck1 and Nck2 bind the G-protein coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein 1 (GIT1) in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1025047427 399 PCYWGVMDRYQAEALLDGRP-EGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYNRSLHARIEQWNHNFsfdahdpCV----FHssTVTG 473
Cdd:cd09943     2 PWYYGRITRHQAETLLNEHGhEGDFLIRDSESNPGDYSVSLKAPGRNKHFKVQVVDNVY-------CIgqrkFH--TMDE 72

                  ....*.
gi 1025047427 474 LLEHYK 479
Cdd:cd09943    73 LVEHYK 78

SOCS (suppressors of cytokine signaling) box. The SOCS box is found in the C-terminal region of CIS/SOCS family proteins (in combination with a SH2 domain), ASBs (ankyrin repeat-containing proteins with a SOCS box), SSBs (SPRY domain-containing proteins with a SOCS box), and WSBs (WD40 repeat-containing proteins with a SOCS box), as well as, other miscellaneous proteins. The function of the SOCS box is the recruitment of the ubiquitin-transferase system. The SOCS box interacts with Elongins B and C, Cullin-5 or Cullin-2, Rbx-1, and E2. Therefore, SOCS-box-containing proteins probably function as E3 ubiquitin ligases and mediate the degradation of proteins associated through their N-terminal regions.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1025047427 500 PFNLQHLARAAICRHT---TYDGIGALALPPTMQDFLKEY 536
Cdd:cd03587     2 PRSLQHLCRLAIRRCLgkrRLDLIDKLPLPPRLKDYLLYK 41

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the Src oncogene at 42A (Src42); Src42 is a member of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of proteins. The integration of receptor tyrosine kinase-induced RAS and Src42 signals by Connector eNhancer of KSR (CNK) as a two-component input is essential for RAF activation in Drosophila. Src42 is present in a wide variety of organisms including: California sea hare, pea aphid, yellow fever mosquito, honey bee, Panamanian leafcutter ant, and sea urchin. Src42 has a unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the family. Like the other members of the Src family the SH2 domain in addition to binding the target, also plays an autoinhibitory role by binding to its C-terminal tail. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1025047427 397 ALPCYWGVMDRYQAEA--LLDGRPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYNRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAHDpCVFhsSTVTGL 474
Cdd:cd10370     2 AEPWYFGKIKRIEAEKklLLPENEHGAFLIRDSESRHNDYSLSVRDGDTVKHYRIRQLDEGGFFIARR-TTF--RTLQEL 78

                  ....
gi 1025047427 475 LEHY 478
Cdd:cd10370    79 VEHY 82

The SOCS box acts as a bridge between specific substrate- binding domains and more generic proteins that comprise a large family of E3 ubiquitin protein ligases;

                           10        20        30
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1025047427  503 LQHLARAAICRHTtyDGIGALALPPTMQDFLKEY 536
Cdd:smart00969   3 LQHLCRLAIRRSL--GGIDKLPLPPRLKDYLLYY 34

N-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SH2 domains, ANK, and kinase domain (shark) proteins; These non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinases contain two SH2 domains, five ankyrin (ANK)-like repeats, and a potential tyrosine phosphorylation site in the carboxyl-terminal tail which resembles the phosphorylation site in members of the src family. Like, mammalian non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinases, ZAP-70 and syk proteins, they do not have SH3 domains. However, the presence of ANK makes these unique among protein-tyrosine kinases. Both tyrosine kinases and ANK repeats have been shown to transduce developmental signals, and SH2 domains are known to participate intimately in tyrosine kinase signaling. These tyrosine kinases are believed to be involved in epithelial cell polarity. The members of this family include the shark (SH2 domains, ANK, and kinase domain) gene in Drosophila and yellow fever mosquitos, as well as the hydra protein HTK16. Drosophila Shark is proposed to transduce intracellularly the Crumbs, a protein necessary for proper organization of ectodermal epithelia, intercellular signal. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1025047427 401 YWGVMDRYQAEALL--DGRPEGTFLLRDS--AQEDYLFSVSFRryNRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAHDPCVFHSstVTGLLE 476
Cdd:cd10347     4 YHGKISREVAEALLlrEGGRDGLFLVREStsAPGDYVLSLLAQ--GEVLHYQIRRHGEDAFFSDDGPLIFHG--LDTLIE 79

                  ..
gi 1025047427 477 HY 478
Cdd:cd10347    80 HY 81

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Carboxyl-Terminal Src Kinase (Csk); Both the C-terminal Src kinase (CSK) and CSK-homologous kinase (CHK) are members of the CSK-family of protein tyrosine kinases. These proteins suppress activity of Src-family kinases (SFK) by selectively phosphorylating the conserved C-terminal tail regulatory tyrosine by a similar mechanism. CHK is also capable of inhibiting SFKs by a non-catalytic mechanism that involves binding of CHK to SFKs to form stable protein complexes. The unphosphorylated form of SFKs is inhibited by CSK and CHK by a two-step mechanism. The first step involves the formation of a complex of SFKs with CSK/CHK with the SFKs in the complex are inactive. The second step, involves the phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail tyrosine of SFKs, which then dissociates and adopt an inactive conformation. The structural basis of how the phosphorylated SFKs dissociate from CSK/CHK to adopt the inactive conformation is not known. The inactive conformation of SFKs is stabilized by two intramolecular inhibitory interactions: (a) the pYT:SH2 interaction in which the phosphorylated C-terminal tail tyrosine (YT) binds to the SH2 domain, and (b) the linker:SH3 interaction of which the SH2-kinase domain linker binds to the SH3 domain. SFKs are activated by multiple mechanisms including binding of the ligands to the SH2 and SH3 domains to displace the two inhibitory intramolecular interactions, autophosphorylation, and dephosphorylation of YT. By selective phosphorylation and the non-catalytic inhibitory mechanism CSK and CHK are able to inhibit the active forms of SFKs. CSK and CHK are regulated by phosphorylation and inter-domain interactions. They both contain SH3, SH2, and kinase domains separated by the SH3-SH2 connector and SH2 kinase linker, intervening segments separating the three domains. They lack a conserved tyrosine phosphorylation site in the kinase domain and the C-terminal tail regulatory tyrosine phosphorylation site. The CSK SH2 domain is crucial for stabilizing the kinase domain in the active conformation. A disulfide bond here regulates CSK kinase activity. The subcellular localization and activity of CSK are regulated by its SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

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gi 1025047427 398 LPCYWGVMDRYQAEALLDGRPEGTFLLRDSAQE--DYLFSVSFRRynRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDahDPCVFhsSTVTGLL 475
Cdd:cd09937     3 MPWFHGKISREEAERLLQPPEDGLFLVRESTNYpgDYTLCVSFEG--KVEHYRVIYRNGKLTID--EEEYF--ENLIQLV 76

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gi 1025047427 476 EHYK 479
Cdd:cd09937    77 EHYT 80

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the Vav2 proteins; Proto-oncogene vav is a member of the Dbl family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) for the Rho family of GTP binding proteins. All vavs are activated by tyrosine phosphorylation leading to their activation. There are three Vav mammalian family members: Vav1 which is expressed in the hematopoietic system, and Vav2 and Vav3 are more ubiquitously expressed. Vav2 is a GEF for RhoA, RhoB and RhoG and may activate Rac1 and Cdc42. Vav2 has been shown to interact with CD19 and Grb2. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for Vav2. Vav proteins are involved in several processes that require cytoskeletal reorganization, such as the formation of the immunological synapse (IS), phagocytosis, platelet aggregation, spreading, and transformation. Vavs function as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for the Rho/Rac family of GTPases. Vav family members have several conserved motifs/domains including: a leucine-rich region, a leucine-zipper, a calponin homology (CH) domain, an acidic domain, a Dbl-homology (DH) domain, a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a cysteine-rich domain, 2 SH3 domains, a proline-rich region, and a SH2 domain. Vavs are the only known Rho GEFs that have both the DH/PH motifs and SH2/SH3 domains in the same protein. The leucine-rich helix-loop-helix (HLH) domain is thought to be involved in protein heterodimerization with other HLH proteins and it may function as a negative regulator by forming inactive heterodimers. The CH domain is usually involved in the association with filamentous actin, but in Vav it controls NFAT stimulation, Ca2+ mobilization, and its transforming activity. Acidic domains are involved in protein-protein interactions and contain regulatory tyrosines. The DH domain is a GDP-GTP exchange factor on Rho/Rac GTPases. The PH domain in involved in interactions with GTP-binding proteins, lipids and/or phosphorylated serine/threonine residues. The SH3 domain is involved in localization of proteins to specific sites within the cell interacting with protein with proline-rich sequences. The SH2 domain mediates a high affinity interaction with tyrosine phosphorylated proteins. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

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gi 1025047427 396 TALPCYWGVMDRYQAEALLDGRPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYNRSLHARI---EQWNH 454
Cdd:cd10406     3 TAYPWFAGNMERQQTDNLLKSHASGTYLIRERPAEAERFAISIKFNDEVKHIKVvekDNWIH 64

Src homology 2 domain found in cancer-related signaling adaptor protein CRK; SH2 domain in the CRK proteins. CRKI (SH2-SH3) and CRKII (SH2-SH3-SH3) are splicing isoforms of the oncoprotein CRK. CRKs regulate transcription and cytoskeletal reorganization for cell growth and motility by linking tyrosine kinases to small G proteins. The SH2 domain of CRK associates with tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors or components of focal adhesions, such as p130Cas and paxillin. CRK transmits signals to small G proteins through effectors that bind its SH3 domain, such as C3G, the guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rap1 and R-Ras, and DOCK180, the GEF for Rac6. The binding of p130Cas to the CRK-C3G complex activates Rap1, leading to regulation of cell adhesion, and activates R-Ras, leading to JNK-mediated activation of cell proliferation, whereas the binding of CRK DOCK180 induces Rac1-mediated activation of cellular migration. The activity of the different splicing isoforms varies greatly with CRKI displaying substantial transforming activity, CRKII less so, and phosphorylated CRKII with no biological activity whatsoever. CRKII has a linker region with a phosphorylated Tyr and an additional C-terminal SH3 domain. The phosphorylated Tyr creates a binding site for its SH2 domain which disrupts the association between CRK and its SH2 target proteins. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

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gi 1025047427 401 YWGVMDRYQAEALLDGRPEGTFLLRDSAQ--EDYLFSVS 437
Cdd:cd09926    10 YFGPMSRQEAQELLQGQRHGVFLVRDSSTipGDYVLSVS 48

C-terminal Src homology 2 (C-SH2) domain in Phospholipase C gamma; Phospholipase C gamma is a signaling molecule that is recruited to the C-terminal tail of the receptor upon autophosphorylation of a highly conserved tyrosine. PLCgamma is composed of a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain followed by an elongation factor (EF) domain, 2 catalytic regions of PLC domains that flank 2 tandem SH2 domains (N-SH2, C-SH2), and ending with a SH3 domain and C2 domain. N-SH2 SH2 domain-mediated interactions represent a crucial step in transmembrane signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. SH2 domains recognize phosphotyrosine (pY) in the context of particular sequence motifs in receptor phosphorylation sites. Both N-SH2 and C-SH2 have a very similar binding affinity to pY. But in growth factor stimulated cells these domains bind to different target proteins. N-SH2 binds to pY containing sites in the C-terminal tails of tyrosine kinases and other receptors. Recently it has been shown that this interaction is mediated by phosphorylation-independent interactions between a secondary binding site found exclusively on the N-SH2 domain and a region of the FGFR1 tyrosine kinase domain. This secondary site on the SH2 cooperates with the canonical pY site to regulate selectivity in mediating a specific cellular process. C-SH2 binds to an intramolecular site on PLCgamma itself which allows it to hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate into diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate. These then activate protein kinase C and release calcium. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

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gi 1025047427 399 PCYWGVMDRYQAEALLDGRPE-GTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYNRSLHARIEQ 451
Cdd:cd09932     5 EWFHANLTREQAEEMLMRVPRdGAFLVRPSETDPNSFAISFRAEGKIKHCRIKQ 58

Src homology 2 domain found in SH2 domain-containing adapter protein F (SHF); SHF is thought to play a role in PDGF-receptor signaling and regulation of apoptosis. SHF is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle, brain, liver, prostate, testis, ovary, small intestine, and colon. SHF contains four putative tyrosine phosphorylation sites and an SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

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gi 1025047427 401 YWGVMDRYQAEALLDGRPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYNRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAHDPCVFHSstVTGLLEHY 478
Cdd:cd10392     4 YHGAISRTDAENLLRLCKEASYLVRNSETSKNDFSLSLKSSQGFMHMKLSRTKEHKYVLGQNSPPFSS--VPEIIHHY 79

SOCS (suppressors of cytokine signaling) box of SOCS7-like proteins. Together with CIS1, the CIS/SOCS family of proteins is characterized by the presence of a C-terminal SOCS box and a central SH2 domain. SOCS7 is important in the functioning of neuronal cells. The general function of the SOCS box is the recruitment of the ubiquitin-transferase system. The SOCS box interacts with Elongins B and C, Cullin-5 or Cullin-2, Rbx-1, and E2. Therefore, SOCS-box-containing proteins probably function as E3 ubiquitin ligases and mediate the degradation of proteins associated through their N-terminal regions.

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gi 1025047427 503 LQHLARAAICRHTTYDGIGALALPPTMQDFLKEYHY 538
Cdd:cd03741     6 LQHLCRFVIRKLVRRDHIPALPLPRRLIDYLREKHY 41

Src homology 2 domain found in Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) and similar proteins; The adaptor proteins here include homologs Grb2 in humans, Sex muscle abnormal protein 5 (Sem-5) in Caenorhabditis elegans, and Downstream of receptor kinase (drk) in Drosophila melanogaster. They are composed of one SH2 and two SH3 domains. Grb2/Sem-5/drk regulates the Ras pathway by linking the tyrosine kinases to the Ras guanine nucleotide releasing protein Sos, which converts Ras to the active GTP-bound state. The SH2 domain of Grb2/Sem-5/drk binds class II phosphotyrosyl peptides while its SH3 domain binds to Sos and Sos-derived, proline-rich peptides. Besides it function in Ras signaling, Grb2 is also thought to play a role in apoptosis. Unlike most SH2 structures in which the peptide binds in an extended conformation (such that the +3 peptide residue occupies a hydrophobic pocket in the protein, conferring a modest degree of selectivity), Grb2 forms several hydrogen bonds via main chain atoms with the side chain of +2 Asn. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

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gi 1025047427 399 PCYWGVMDRYQAEALLDG-RPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYNRSLHARI 449
Cdd:cd09941     4 PWFHGKISRAEAEEILMNqRPDGAFLIRESESSPGDFSLSVKFGNDVQHFKV 55