second RING finger, HC subclass, found in the LON peptidase N-terminal domain and RING finger protein family; The LON peptidase N-terminal domain and RING finger protein family includes LONRF1 (also known as RING finger protein 191 or RNF191), LONRF2 (also known as RING finger protein 192, RNF192, or neuroblastoma apoptosis-related protease), LONRF3 (also known as RING finger protein 127 or RNF127), which are characterized by containing two C3HC4-type RING-HC fingers, four tetratricopeptide (TPR) repeats, and an ATP-dependent protease La (LON) substrate-binding domain at the C-terminus. Their biological functions remain unclear. This model corresponds to the second RING-HC finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 386770754  685 DFDCVVCSRTLWKPVVTPCGHTYCLVCLDRCMDYNSPCPLCMSPL 729
Cdd:cd16514     1 DLECSLCLRLLYEPVTTPCGHTFCRACLERCLDHSPKCPLCRTSL 45

RING finger (Really Interesting New Gene) domain and U-box domain superfamily; The RING finger is a specialized type of Zn-finger of 40 to 60 residues that binds two atoms of zinc. It is defined by the "cross-brace" motif that chelates zinc atoms by eight amino acid residues, typically Cys or His, arranged in a characteristic spacing. Canonical RING motifs have been categorized into two major subclasses, RING-HC (C3HC4-type) and RING-H2 (C3H2C3-type), according to their Cys/His content. There are also many variants of RING fingers: some have different Cys/His patterns while some lack a single Cys or His residue at typical Zn ligand positions (the fourth or eighth zinc ligand is prevalently exchanged for an Asp, which can indeed chelate Zn in a RING finger as well). C4C4-, C3HC3D-, C2H2C4-, and C3HC5-type RING fingers are closely related to RING-HC fingers. In contrast, C4HC3- (RING-CH alias RINGv), C3H3C2-, C3H2C2D-, C3DHC3-, and C4HC2H-type RING fingers are more closely related to RING-H2 fingers. However, not all RING finger-containing proteins display regular RING finger features, and the RING finger family has turned out to be multifarious. The degenerate RING fingers of the Siz/PIAS RING (SP-RING) family proteins and sporulation protein RMD5, are characterized by lacking the second, fifth, and sixth Zn2+ ion-coordinating residues. They bind only one Zn2+ ion. On the other hand, the RING fingers of the human APC11 and RBX1 proteins can bind a third Zn atom since they harbor four additional Zn ligands. U-box is a modified form of the RING finger domain that lacks metal chelating Cys and His residues. It resembles the cross-brace RING structure consisting of three beta-sheets and a single alpha-helix, which would be stabilized by salt bridges instead of chelated metal ions. U-box proteins are widely distributed among eukaryotic organisms and show a higher prevalence in plants than in other organisms. RING finger/U-box-containing proteins are a group of diverse proteins with a variety of cellular functions, including oncogenesis, development, viral replication, signal transduction, the cell cycle and apoptosis. Many of them are ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) that serve as scaffolds for binding to ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s, also referred to as ubiquitin carrier proteins or UBCs) in close proximity to substrate proteins, which enable efficient transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to the substrates.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 386770754  179 DPLMCPLCSDILRCPVTTNCGHTFCRQC--CETITQCNICQVRFPR 222
Cdd:cd16513     1 DLLSCPLCRGLLFEPVTLPCGHTFCKRCleRDPSSRCRLCRLKLSP 46

ATP-dependent protease La (LON) substrate-binding domain; This domain has been shown to be part of the PUA superfamily. This domain represents a general protein and polypeptide interaction domain for the ATP-dependent serine peptidase, LON, Peptidase_S16, pfam05362. ATP-dependent Lon proteases are conserved in all living organizms and catalyze rapid turnover of short-lived regulatory proteins and many damaged or denatured proteins.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 386770754   802 VPVFIC--TAAFPAVPCPLFVCEPRYRLMVRRAVEsGDKTFGIV--------QPNGGKSRYYDVGTILDIRDCVQLGDGC 871
Cdd:pfam02190    2 LPLLPLrnTVLFPGMVLPLFVGRPRSIAAIEAALN-KDKLYGVLlvsqkdaeDEEPTPDDLYEVGTVAKIVQILKLPDGT 80

                           90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 386770754   872 SILSTIGCKRFKILARNEK-DGYETAKVEYICDEPIADEQVkilagmqgvvlakasewFESLSTEQKHEILQSFGQMPPL 950
Cdd:pfam02190   81 YKVLVEGLERVRIVELVKKeEPYLRAEVEDLPEDSDELSEA-----------------LKALVKELIEKLRRLLKLLLPL 143

                          170       180       190       200       210
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 386770754   951 EPNWEL--ISDGPAWAWWIIALLPLSQQLKVDILATTSLEKRLRaidKTLDWLHD 1003
Cdd:pfam02190  144 ELLLKIkdIENPGRLADLVAAILPLSPEEKQELLETLDVKERLE---KVLELLNR 195

Tetratricopeptide (TPR) repeat [General function prediction only];

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 386770754  357 ASSCMHLNLLDDALKFCNASLEKSPANFKSLCLRAEVLLKLSHYQSSLADIENALRTRCTSPKAHYLRALALSGLGRLEE 436
Cdd:COG0457    49 GLAYLRLGRYEEALADYEQALELDPDDAEALNNLGLALQALGRYEEALEDYDKALELDPDDAEALYNLGLALLELGRYDE 128

                  ..
gi 386770754  437 AL 438
Cdd:COG0457   129 AI 130

Predicted O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase, SPINDLY family [Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones];

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 386770754  363 LNLLDDALKFCNASLEKSPANFKSLCLRAEVLLKLSHYQSSLADIENALRTRCTSPKAHYLRALALSGLGRLEEAL--YN 440
Cdd:COG3914   125 LGRLEEALAALRRALALNPDFAEAYLNLGEALRRLGRLEEAIAALRRALELDPDNAEALNNLGNALQDLGRLEEAIaaYR 204

                          90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 386770754  441 GFLAICLDKKTNLSN-------------SEIFQHDLAKILQRLLAHMPKNRTSLSSATVPVFQQQHRNFAT--SRAPYPL 505
Cdd:COG3914   205 RALELDPDNADAHSNllfalrqacdwevYDRFEELLAALARGPSELSPFALLYLPDDDPAELLALARAWAQlvAAAAAPE 284

                         170
                  ....*....|..
gi 386770754  506 LWEQVRRRRKQQ 517
Cdd:COG3914   285 LPPPPNPRDPDR 296

putative PEP-CTERM system TPR-repeat lipoprotein; This protein family occurs in strictly within a subset of Gram-negative bacterial species with the proposed PEP-CTERM/exosortase system, analogous to the LPXTG/sortase system common in Gram-positive bacteria. This protein occurs in a species if and only if a transmembrane histidine kinase (TIGR02916) and a DNA-binding response regulator (TIGR02915) also occur. The present of tetratricopeptide repeats (TPR) suggests protein-protein interaction, possibly for the regulation of PEP-CTERM protein expression, since many PEP-CTERM proteins in these genomes are preceded by a proposed DNA binding site for the response regulator.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 386770754   364 NLLDDALKFCNASLEKSPANFKSLCLRAEVLLKLSHYQSSLADIENALRTRCTSPKAHYLRALALSGLGRLEEA 437
Cdd:TIGR02917  173 NRFDEARALIDEVLTADPGNVDALLLKGDLLLSLGNIELALAAYRKAIALRPNNIAVLLALATILIEAGEFEEA 246

zinc finger of C3HC4-type, RING; This is a family of primate-specific Ret finger protein-like (RFPL) zinc-fingers of the C3HC4 type. Ret finger protein-like proteins are primate-specific target genes of Pax6, a key transcription factor for pancreas, eye and neocortex development. This domain is likely to be DNA-binding. This zinc-finger domain together with the RDM domain, pfam11002, forms a large zinc-finger structure of the RING/U-Box superfamily. RING-containing proteins are known to exert an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase activity with the zinc-finger structure being mandatory for binding to the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme.

                           10        20
                   ....*....|....*....|....
gi 386770754   183 CPLCSDILRCPVTTNCGHTFCRQC 206
Cdd:pfam15227    1 CPICLDYLEKPVSIECGHSFCLSC 24

Uncharacterized conserved protein, contains RING and CCCH-type Zn-fingers [General function prediction only];

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 386770754  174 DLEDFdPLMCPLCSDILRCPVTTNCGHTFCRQCCET----ITQCNIC 216
Cdd:COG5152   191 PGEKI-PFLCGICKKDYESPVVTECGHSFCSLCAIRkyqkGDECGVC 236

DNA repair protein rad18; All proteins in this family for which functions are known are involved in nucleotide excision repair.This family is based on the phylogenomic analysis of JA Eisen (1999, Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University). [DNA metabolism, DNA replication, recombination, and repair]

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 386770754   156 PLDMHSPTRELRVPSPLqdLEDFDPLM-CPLCSDILRCPVTTNCGHTFC----RQCCETITQCNICqvRFP 221
Cdd:TIGR00599    3 ELDITDSSDWLTTPIPS--LYPLDTSLrCHICKDFFDVPVLTSCSHTFCslciRRCLSNQPKCPLC--RAE 69

Ring finger; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity is intrinsic to the RING domain of c-Cbl and is likely to be a general function of this domain; Various RING fingers exhibit binding activity towards E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (Ubc' s)

                            10        20        30
                    ....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 386770754    183 CPLC-SDILRCPVTTNCGHTFCRQCCETITQ 212
Cdd:smart00184    1 CPIClEEYLKDPVILPCGHTFCRSCIRKWLE 31

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RMA2; Provisional

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 386770754  680 LIDAS-DFDCVVCSRTLWKPVVTPCGHTYCLVCL-----------DRCMDYN-----SPCPLCMSPLVE 731
Cdd:PLN03208   12 LVDSGgDFDCNICLDQVRDPVVTLCGHLFCWPCIhkwtyasnnsrQRVDQYDhkrepPKCPVCKSDVSE 80

ATP-dependent protease La (LON) substrate-binding domain; This domain has been shown to be part of the PUA superfamily. This domain represents a general protein and polypeptide interaction domain for the ATP-dependent serine peptidase, LON, Peptidase_S16, pfam05362. ATP-dependent Lon proteases are conserved in all living organizms and catalyze rapid turnover of short-lived regulatory proteins and many damaged or denatured proteins.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 386770754   802 VPVFIC--TAAFPAVPCPLFVCEPRYRLMVRRAVEsGDKTFGIV--------QPNGGKSRYYDVGTILDIRDCVQLGDGC 871
Cdd:pfam02190    2 LPLLPLrnTVLFPGMVLPLFVGRPRSIAAIEAALN-KDKLYGVLlvsqkdaeDEEPTPDDLYEVGTVAKIVQILKLPDGT 80

                           90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 386770754   872 SILSTIGCKRFKILARNEK-DGYETAKVEYICDEPIADEQVkilagmqgvvlakasewFESLSTEQKHEILQSFGQMPPL 950
Cdd:pfam02190   81 YKVLVEGLERVRIVELVKKeEPYLRAEVEDLPEDSDELSEA-----------------LKALVKELIEKLRRLLKLLLPL 143

                          170       180       190       200       210
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 386770754   951 EPNWEL--ISDGPAWAWWIIALLPLSQQLKVDILATTSLEKRLRaidKTLDWLHD 1003
Cdd:pfam02190  144 ELLLKIkdIENPGRLADLVAAILPLSPEEKQELLETLDVKERLE---KVLELLNR 195

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana proteolysis 1 protein (PRT1) and similar proteins; PRT1, also called RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase PRT1, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. It functions in the N-end rule pathway of protein degradation, where it specifically recognizes and ubiquitinates proteins with an N-terminal bulky aromatic amino acid (Phe). It does not act on aliphatic hydrophobic and basic N-terminal residues (Arg or Leu) containing proteins. PRT1 contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 386770754  685 DFDCVVCSRTLWKPVVTPCGHTYCLVCLDRCMD--YNSPCPLCMSPLVEF 732
Cdd:cd23132     2 EFLCCICLDLLYKPVVLECGHVFCFWCVHRCMNgyDESHCPLCRRPYDHF 51

Tetratricopeptide (TPR) repeat [General function prediction only];

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 386770754  356 KASSCMHLNLLDDALKFCNASLEKSPANFKSLCLRAEVLLKLSHYQSSLADIENALRTRCTSPKAHYLRALALSGLGRLE 435
Cdd:COG0457    14 LGLAYRRLGRYEEAIEDYEKALELDPDDAEALYNLGLAYLRLGRYEEALADYEQALELDPDDAEALNNLGLALQALGRYE 93

                          90       100       110
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 386770754  436 EAL--YNGFLAIcldkktNLSNSEIFqHDLAKILQRL 470
Cdd:COG0457    94 EALedYDKALEL------DPDDAEAL-YNLGLALLEL 123

first RING finger, HC subclass, found in the LON peptidase N-terminal domain and RING finger protein family; The LON peptidase N-terminal domain and RING finger protein family includes LONRF1 (also known as RING finger protein 191 or RNF191), LONRF2 (also known as RING finger protein 192, RNF192, or neuroblastoma apoptosis-related protease), LONRF3 (also known as RING finger protein 127 or RNF127), which are characterized by containing two C3HC4-type RING-HC fingers, four tetratricopeptide (TPR) repeats, and an ATP-dependent protease La (LON) substrate-binding domain at the C-terminus. Their biological functions remain unclear. This model corresponds to the first RING-HC finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 386770754  179 DPLMCPLCSDILRCPVTTNCGHTFCRQC--CETITQCNICQVRFPR 222
Cdd:cd16513     1 DLLSCPLCRGLLFEPVTLPCGHTFCKRCleRDPSSRCRLCRLKLSP 46

RING finger, HC subclass, found in constitutive photomorphogenesis protein 1 (COP1) and similar proteins; COP1, also known as RING finger and WD repeat domain protein 2 (RFWD2) or RING finger protein 200 (RNF200), is a central regulator of photomorphogenic development in plants, which targets key transcription factors for proteasome-dependent degradation. It is localized predominantly in the nucleus, but may also be present in the cytosol. Mammalian COP1 functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with Jun transcription factors and modulates their transcriptional activity. It also interacts with and negatively regulates the tumor-suppressor protein p53. Moreover, COP1 associates with COP9 signalosome subunit 6 (CSN6), and is involved in 14-3-3sigma ubiquitin-mediated degradation. The CSN6-COP1 link enhances ubiquitin-mediated degradation of p27(Kip1), a critical CDK inhibitor involved in cell cycle regulation, to promote cancer cell growth. Furthermore, COP1 functions as the negative regulator of ETV1 and influences prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer. COP1 contains an N-terminal extension, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a coiled coil domain, and seven WD40 repeats. In human COP1, a classic leucine-rich NES, and a novel bipartite NLS is bridged by the RING-HC finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 386770754  684 SDFDCVVCSRTLWKPVVTPCGHTYCLVCLDRCMDYNSPCPLCMSPL 729
Cdd:cd16504     1 NDFLCPICFDIIKEAFVTKCGHSFCYKCIVKHLEQKNRCPKCNFYL 46

first RING finger, HC subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana ORTHRUS and similar proteins; This subfamily includes Arabidopsis thaliana ORTHRUS 1-5. They are E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases that may participate in CpG methylation-dependent transcriptional regulation and/or epigenetic transcriptional silencing. ORTHRUS 1 mediates ubiquitination with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes UBC11, UBC8 and UBC8 homologs (e.g. UBC10, UBC11, UBC28 and UBC29) but not with UBC27, UBC30, UBC32, UBC34 and UBC36. ORTHRUS 2 and 5 mediate ubiquitination with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC11. ORTHRUS 1 and 2 promote methylation-mediated gene silencing leading, for example, to early flowering. They can bind to CpG, CpNpG, and CpNpN DNA motifs, with a strong preference for methylated forms, and with highest affinity for CpG substrates. Members of this subfamily contain two typical C3HC4-type RING-HC fingers. This model corresponds to the first one.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 386770754  684 SDFDCVVCSRTLWKPVVTPCGHTYCLVCLDRCMDY-NSPCPLCMSPL 729
Cdd:cd23138     1 DELNCSFCMQLPERPVTTPCGHNFCLKCFQKWMGQgKKTCGTCRSPI 47

HC subclass of RING (RING-HC) finger and its variants; The RING finger is a specialized type of Zn-finger of 40 to 60 residues that binds two atoms of zinc. It is defined by the "cross-brace" motif that chelates zinc atoms by eight amino acid residues, typically Cys or His, arranged in a characteristic spacing. Canonical RING motifs have been categorized into two major subclasses, RING-HC (C3HC4-type) and RING-H2 (C3H2C3-type), according to their Cys/His content. There are also many variants of RING fingers. Some have a different Cys/His pattern. Some lack a single Cys or His residue at typical Zn ligand positions, especially, the fourth or eighth zinc ligand is prevalently exchanged for an Asp, which can chelate Zn in a RING finger as well. This family corresponds to the HC subclass of RING (RING-HC) fingers that are characterized by containing C3HC4-type canonical RING-HC fingers or noncanonical RING-HC finger variants, including C4C4-, C3HC3D-, C2H2C4-, and C3HC5-type modified RING-HC fingers. The canonical RING-HC finger has been defined as C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-C-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C. It binds two Zn ions in a unique "cross-brace" arrangement, which distinguishes it from tandem zinc fingers and other similar motifs. RING-HC fingers can be found in a group of diverse proteins with a variety of cellular functions, including oncogenesis, development, viral replication, signal transduction, the cell cycle, and apoptosis. Many of them are ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) that serve as scaffolds for binding to ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s, also referred to as ubiquitin carrier proteins or UBCs) in close proximity to substrate proteins, which enables efficient transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to the substrates.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 386770754  686 FDCVVCSRTLWKPVVTPCGHTYCLVCLDRCMDYNSP-CPLC 725
Cdd:cd16449     1 LECPICLERLKDPVLLPCGHVFCRECIRRLLESGSIkCPIC 41

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins, TRIM7, TRIM11 and TRIM27, and similar proteins; TRIM7, TRIM11 and TRIM27, closely related tripartite motif-containing proteins, belong to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a SPRY/B30.2 domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. TRIM7, also known as glycogenin-interacting protein (GNIP) or RING finger protein 90 (RNF90), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates c-Jun/AP-1 activation by Ras signalling. Its phosphorylation and activation by MSK1 in response to direct activation by the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway can stimulate TRIM7 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in mediating Lys63-linked ubiquitination of the AP-1 coactivator RACO-1, leading to RACO-1 protein stabilization. Moreover, TRIM7 binds and activates glycogenin, the self-glucosylating initiator of glycogen biosynthesis. TRIM11, also known as protein BIA1, or RING finger protein 92 (RNF92), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the development of the central nervous system. It is overexpressed in high-grade gliomas and promotes proliferation, invasion, migration and glial tumor growth. TRIM11 acts as a potential therapeutic target for congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) by mediating the degradation of CCHS-associated polyalanine-expanded Phox2b. TRIM11 modulates the function of neurogenic transcription factor Pax6 through the ubiquitin-proteosome system, and thus plays an essential role for Pax6-dependent neurogenesis. It also binds to and destabilizes a key component of the activator-mediated cofactor complex (ARC105), humanin, a neuroprotective peptide against Alzheimer's disease-relevant insults, and further regulates ARC105 function in transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling. Moreover, TRIM11 negatively regulates retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-mediated interferon-beta (IFNbeta) production and antiviral activity by targeting TANK-binding kinase-1 (TBK1). It may contribute to the endogenous restriction of retroviruses in cells. It enhances N-tropic murine leukemia virus (N-MLV) entry by interfering with Ref1 restriction. It also suppresses the early steps of human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 transduction, resulting in decreased reverse transcripts. TRIM27, also known as RING finger protein 76 (RNF76), RET finger protein (RFP), or zinc finger protein RFP, is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is highly expressed in testis and in various tumor cell lines. Expression of TRIM27 is associated with prognosis of colon and endometrial cancers. TRIM27 was first identified as a fusion partner of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase. It functions as a transcriptional repressor and associates with several proteins involved in transcriptional activity, such as enhancer of polycomb 1 (Epc1), a member of the Polycomb group proteins, and Mi-2beta, a main component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex, and the cell cycle regulator retinoblastoma protein (RB1). It also interacts with HDAC1, leading to downregulation of thioredoxin binding protein 2 (TBP-2), which inhibits the function of thioredoxin. Moreover, TRIM27 mediates Pax7-induced ubiquitination of MyoD in skeletal muscle atrophy. In addition, it inhibits muscle differentiation by modulating serum response factor (SRF) and Epc1. TRIM27 promotes a non-canonical polyubiquitination of PTEN, a lipid phosphatase that catalyzes PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (PIP3) to PtdIns(4,5)P2 (PIP2). It is an IKKepsilon-interacting protein that regulates IkappaB kinase (IKK) function and negatively regulates signaling involved in the antiviral response and inflammation. TRIM27 also forms a protein complex with MBD4 or MBD2 or MBD3, and thus plays an important role in the enhancement of transcriptional repression through MBD proteins in tumorigenesis, spermatogenesis, and embryogenesis. It is a component of an estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) regulatory complex that is involved in estrogen receptor-mediated transcription in MCF-7 cells.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 386770754  179 DPLMCPLCSDILRCPVTTNCGHTFCRQCcetITQC 213
Cdd:cd16594     4 EELTCPICLDYFTDPVTLDCGHSFCRAC---IARC 35

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 77 (TRIM77) and similar proteins; TRIM77 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including two consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and Bbox2, as well as a SPRY/B30.2 domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 386770754  179 DPLMCPLCSDILRCPVTTNCGHTFCRQCC-------ETITQCNICQVRFPR 222
Cdd:cd16543     2 DQLTCSICLDLLKDPVTIPCGHSFCMNCItllwdrkQGVPSCPQCRESFPP 52

Flp pilus assembly protein TadD, contains TPR repeats [Intracellular trafficking, secretion, and vesicular transport, Extracellular structures];

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 386770754  361 MHLNLLDDALKFCNASLEKSPANFKSLCLRAEVLLKLSHYQSSLADIENALRTRCTSPKAHYLRALALSGLGRLEEAL 438
Cdd:COG5010    65 NKLGDFEESLALLEQALQLDPNNPELYYNLALLYSRSGDKDEAKEYYEKALALSPDNPNAYSNLAALLLSLGQDDEAK 142

second RING finger, HC subclass, found in the LON peptidase N-terminal domain and RING finger protein family; The LON peptidase N-terminal domain and RING finger protein family includes LONRF1 (also known as RING finger protein 191 or RNF191), LONRF2 (also known as RING finger protein 192, RNF192, or neuroblastoma apoptosis-related protease), LONRF3 (also known as RING finger protein 127 or RNF127), which are characterized by containing two C3HC4-type RING-HC fingers, four tetratricopeptide (TPR) repeats, and an ATP-dependent protease La (LON) substrate-binding domain at the C-terminus. Their biological functions remain unclear. This model corresponds to the second RING-HC finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 386770754  177 DFDplmCPLCSDILRCPVTTNCGHTFCR----QCCETITQCNIC 216
Cdd:cd16514     1 DLE---CSLCLRLLYEPVTTPCGHTFCRacleRCLDHSPKCPLC 41

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 72 (TRIM72) and similar proteins; TRIM72, also known as Mitsugumin-53 (MG53), is a muscle-specific protein that plays a central role in cell membrane repair by nucleating the assembly of the repair machinery at muscle injury sites. It is required in repair of alveolar epithelial cells under plasma membrane stress failure. It interacts with dysferlin to regulate sarcolemmal repair. Upregulation of TRIM72 develops obesity, systemic insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia, as well as induces diabetic cardiomyopathy through transcriptional activation of the peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-alpha) signaling pathway. Compensation for the absence of AKT signaling by ERK signaling during TRIM72 overexpression leads to pathological hypertrophy. Moreover, TRIM72 functions as a novel negative feedback regulator of myogenesis by targeting insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1). It is transcriptionally activated by the synergism of myogenin (MyoD) and myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2). TRIM72 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                          10        20
                  ....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 386770754  181 LMCPLCSDILRCPVTTNCGHTFCRQC 206
Cdd:cd16612     5 LSCPLCLKLFQSPVTTECGHTFCQDC 30

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC3D-type), found in ligand of Numb protein LNX1, LNX2, and similar proteins; The ligand of Numb protein X (LNX) family, also known as PDZ and RING (PDZRN) family, includes LNX1-5, which can interact with Numb, a key regulator of neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation. LNX5 (also known as PDZK4 or PDZRN4L) shows high sequence homology to LNX3 and LNX4, but it lacks the RING domain. LNX1-4 proteins function as E3 ubiquitin ligases and have a unique domain architecture consisting of an N-terminal RING-HC finger for E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and either two or four PDZ domains necessary for substrate-binding. LNX1/LNX2-like proteins contain a modified C3HC3D-type RING-HC finger and four PDZ domains. This model corresponds to the RING finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 386770754  685 DFDCVVCSRTLWKPVVTPCGHTYCLVCLDRCMDYNSPCPL 724
Cdd:cd16637     1 DLTCHICLQPLVEPLDTPCGHTFCYKCLTNYLKIQQCCPL 40

Predicted O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase, SPINDLY family [Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones];

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 386770754  348 LQAKKISEKASSCMHLNLLDDALKFCNASLEKSPANFKSLCLRAEVLLKLSHYQSSLADIENALRTRCTSPKAHYLRALA 427
Cdd:COG3914    76 LLAALLELAALLLQALGRYEEALALYRRALALNPDNAEALFNLGNLLLALGRLEEALAALRRALALNPDFAEAYLNLGEA 155

                          90       100       110       120
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 386770754  428 LSGLGRLEEALynGFLAICLDKKTNlsNSEIFQHdLAKILQRL 470
Cdd:COG3914   156 LRRLGRLEEAI--AALRRALELDPD--NAEALNN-LGNALQDL 193

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 31 (TRIM31) and similar proteins; TRIM31 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that primarily localizes to the cytoplasm, but is also associated with the mitochondria. It can negatively regulate cell proliferation and may be a potential biomarker of gastric cancer as it is overexpressed from the early stage of gastric carcinogenesis. TRIM31 is downregulated in non-small cell lung cancer and serves as a potential tumor suppressor. It interacts with p52 (Shc) and inhibits Src-induced anchorage-independent growth. TRIM31 belongs to the C-V subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by an N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domain, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as an uncharacterized region positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 386770754  183 CPLCSDILRCPVTTNCGHTFCRQCCETI--TQCNICQ 217
Cdd:cd16582     4 CPICLDILQKPVTIDCGHNFCLQCITQIgeTSCGFFK 40

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 47 (TRIM47) and similar proteins; TRIM47, also known as gene overexpressed in astrocytoma protein (GOA) or RING finger protein 100 (RNF100), belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a B-box, and two coiled coil domains, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. It plays an important role in the process of dedifferentiation that is associated with astrocytoma tumorigenesis. This subfamily also includes RING finger protein 135 (RNF135). RNF135, also known as RIG-I E3 ubiquitin ligase (REUL) or Riplet, is a widely expressed E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that consists of an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and C-terminal B30.2/SPRY and PRY motifs, but lacks the B-box and coiled-coil domains that are also typically present in TRIM proteins. RNF135 serves as a specific retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-interacting protein that ubiquitinates RIG-I and specifically stimulates RIG-I-mediated innate antiviral activity to produce antiviral type-I interferon (IFN) during the early phase of viral infection. It also has been identified as a bio-marker and therapy target of glioblastoma. It associates with the ERK signal transduction pathway and plays a role in glioblastoma cell proliferation, migration and cell cycle.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 386770754  181 LMCPLCSDILRCPVTTNCGHTFCRQCCETI--------TQCNICQVRFP 221
Cdd:cd16604     1 LSCPICLDLLKDPVTLPCGHSFCMGCLGALwgagrggrASCPLCRQTFP 49

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 39 (TRIM39) and similar proteins; TRIM39, also known as RING finger protein 23 (RNF23) or testis-abundant finger protein, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays a role in controlling DNA damage-induced apoptosis through inhibition of the anaphase promoting complex (APC/C), a multiprotein ubiquitin ligase that controls multiple cell cycle regulators, including cyclins, geminin, and others. TRIM39 also functions as a regulator of several key processes in the proliferative cycle. It directly regulates p53 stability. It modulates cell cycle progression and DNA damage responses via stabilizing p21. Moreover, TRIM39 negatively regulates the nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB)-mediated signaling pathway through stabilization of Cactin, an inhibitor of NFkappaB- and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated transcription, which is induced by inflammatory stimulants such as tumor necrosis factor alpha. Furthermore, TRIM39 is a MOAP-1-binding protein that can promote apoptosis signaling through stabilization of MOAP-1 via the inhibition of its poly-ubiquitination process. TRIM39 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 386770754  686 FDCVVCSRTLWKPVVTPCGHTYCLVCLDRC---MDYNSPCPLC 725
Cdd:cd16601     2 ASCSLCKEYLKDPVIIECGHNFCRACITRFweeLDGDFPCPQC 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) and similar proteins; BRCA1, also known as RING finger protein 53 (RNF53), is a RING finger protein encoded by the tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 that regulates all DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways. BRCA1 is frequently mutated in patients with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). Its mutation is also associated with an increased risk of pancreatic, stomach, laryngeal, fallopian tube, and prostate cancer. It plays an important role in the DNA damage response signaling and has been implicated in various cellular processes such as cell cycle regulation, transcriptional regulation, chromatin remodeling, DNA DSBs, and apoptosis. BRCA1 contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, and two BRCT (BRCA1 C-terminus domain) repeats at the C-terminus.

                          10        20
                  ....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 386770754  180 PLMCPLCSDILRCPVTTNCGHTFCRQC 206
Cdd:cd16498    16 NLECPICLELLKEPVSTKCDHQFCRFC 42

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 62 (TRIM62) and similar proteins; TRIM62, also known as Ductal Epithelium Associated Ring Chromosome 1 (DEAR1), is a cytoplasmic E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that was identified as a dominant regulator of acinar morphogenesis in the mammary gland. It is implicated in the inflammatory response of immune cells by regulating the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway, leading to increased activity of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor in primary macrophages. It is also involved in muscular protein homeostasis, especially during inflammation-induced atrophy, and may play a role in the pathogenesis of ICU-acquired weakness (ICUAW) by activating and maintaining inflammation in myocytes. Moreover, TRIM62 facilitates K27-linked poly-ubiquitination of CARD9 and also regulates CARD9-mediated anti-fungal immunity and intestinal inflammation. It also functions as a chromosome 1p35 tumor suppressor and negatively regulates transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)-driven epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by binding to and promoting the ubiquitination of SMAD3, a major effector of TGFbeta-mediated EMT. TRIM62 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                          10        20
                  ....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 386770754  179 DPLMCPLCSDILRCPVTTNCGHTFCRQC 206
Cdd:cd16608     5 DELLCSICLSIYQDPVSLGCEHYFCRQC 32

RING finger, HC subclass, found in helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF) and similar proteins; HLTF, also known as DNA-binding protein/plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 regulator, HIP116, RING finger protein 80, SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 3, or sucrose nonfermenting protein 2-like 3, is a yeast RAD5 homolog found in mammals. It has both E3 ubiquitin ligase and DNA helicase activities, and plays a pivotal role in the template-switching pathway of DNA damage tolerance. It is involved in Lys-63-linked poly-ubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) at Lys-164 and in the regulation of DNA damage tolerance. It shows double-stranded DNA translocase activity with 3'-5' polarity, thereby facilitating regression of the replication fork. HLTF contains an N-terminal HIRAN (HIP116 and RAD5 N-terminal) domain, a SWI/SNF helicase domain that is divided into N- and C-terminal parts by an insertion of a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger involved in the poly-ubiquitination of PCNA.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 386770754  176 EDFDplmCPLCSDILRCPVTTNCGHTFCRQCcetitqcnICQVrfprIQASSPGPPVC 233
Cdd:cd16509     2 SDEE---CAICLDSLTNPVITPCAHVFCRRC--------ICEV----IQREKAKCPMC 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins TRIM41, TRIM52 and similar proteins; TRIM41 and TRIM52, two closely related tripartite motif-containing proteins, have dramatically expanded RING domains compared with the rest of the TRIM family proteins. TRIM41 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. In contrast, TRIM52 lacks the putative viral recognition SPRY/B30.2 domain, and thus has been classified to the C-V subclass of the TRIM family that contains only RBCC domains. TRIM41, also known as RING finger-interacting protein with C kinase (RINCK), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes the ubiquitination of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes in cells. It specifically recognizes the C1 domain of PKC isozymes. It controls the amplitude of PKC signaling by controlling the amount of PKC in the cell. TRIM52, also known as RING finger protein 102 (RNF102), is encoded by a novel, noncanonical antiviral TRIM52 gene in primate genomes with unique specificity determined by the rapidly evolving RING domain.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 386770754  183 CPLCSDILRCPVTTNCGHTFCRQCcetITQ-----CNICQVRFPR 222
Cdd:cd16602     6 CAICLDYFKDPVSIGCGHNFCRVC---VTQlwgftCPQCRKSFPR 47

RING-finger-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase [Signal transduction mechanisms];

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 386770754  679 QLIDASDFD---------------CVVCSRTLWKPVVTPCGHTYCLVCLDRCMDYNSPCPLCMSPLVE 731
Cdd:COG5432     4 DATDPSDWNqtkipslkgldsmlrCRICDCRISIPCETTCGHTFCSLCIRRHLGTQPFCPVCREDPCE 71

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins TRIM60, TRIM61, TRIM75 and similar proteins; TRIM60, also known as RING finger protein 129 (RNF129) or RING finger protein 33 (RNF33), is a cytoplasmic protein expressed in the testis. It may play an important role in the spermatogenesis process, the development of the preimplantation embryo, and in testicular functions. RNF33 interacts with the cytoplasmic kinesin motor proteins KIF3A and KIF3B suggesting possible contribution to cargo movement along the microtubule in the expressed sites. It is also involved in spermatogenesis in Sertoli cells under the regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). TRIM75 mainly localizes within spindles, suggesting it may function in spindle organization and thereby affect meiosis. Both TRIM60 and TRIM75 belong the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a B2-box, and two coiled coil domains, as well as a PRY domain and a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. In contrast, TRIM61 belongs to the C-V subclass of the TRIM family that contains RBCC domains only. Its biological function remains unclear.

                          10        20
                  ....*....|....*....|....
gi 386770754  183 CPLCSDILRCPVTTNCGHTFCRQC 206
Cdd:cd16607     4 CPICLDYLKDPVTINCGHNFCRSC 27

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (Equine herpesvirus 1/EHV-1) regulatory protein and similar proteins; EHV-1 regulatory protein belongs to the Vmw110 (IPC0) protein family. It contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and binds zinc stably.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 386770754  686 FDCVVCSRTLW-KPVVTPCGHTYCLVCLDRCMDYNSPCPLCMSPLVE 731
Cdd:cd23130     1 DVCPICLDDPEdEAITLPCLHQFCYTCILRWLQTSPTCPLCKTPVTS 47

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 69 (TRIM69) and similar proteins; TRIM69, also known as RFP-like domain-containing protein trimless or RING finger protein 36 (RNF36), is a testis E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays a specific role in apoptosis and may also play an important role in germ cell homeostasis during spermatogenesis. TRIM69 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 386770754  181 LMCPLCSDILRCPVTTNCGHTFCRQC-------CETITQCNICQVRFP 221
Cdd:cd16611     5 LHCPLCLDFFRDPVMLSCGHNFCQSCitgfwelQAEDTTCPECRELCQ 52

RING finger, HC subclass, found in ubiquitin-like PHD and RING finger domain-containing proteins, UHRF1 and UHRF2, and similar proteins; UHRF1 is a unique chromatin effector protein that integrates the recognition of both histone PTMs and DNA methylation. It is essential for cell proliferation and plays a critical role in the development and progression of many human carcinomas, such as laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), gastric cancer (GC), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer. UHRF1 acts as a transcriptional repressor through its binding to histone H3 when it is unmodified at Arg2. Its overexpression in human lung fibroblasts results in downregulation of expression of the tumor suppressor pRB. It also plays a role in transcriptional repression of the cell cycle regulator p21. Moreover, UHRF1-dependent repression of transcription factors can facilitate the G1-S transition. It interacts with Tat-interacting protein of 60 kDa (TIP60) and induces degradation-independent ubiquitination of TIP60. It is also an N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG)-interacting protein that binds MPG in a p53 status-independent manner in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway. In addition, UHRF1 functions as an epigenetic regulator that is important for multiple aspects of epigenetic regulation, including maintenance of DNA methylation patterns and recognition of various histone modifications. UHRF2 was originally identified as a ubiquitin ligase acting as a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase that enhances zinc finger protein 131 (ZNF131) SUMOylation, but does not enhance ZNF131 ubiquitination. It also ubiquitinates PCNP, a PEST-containing nuclear protein. Moreover, UHRF2 functions as a nuclear protein involved in cell-cycle regulation and has been implicated in tumorigenesis. It interacts with cyclins, CDKs, p53, pRB, PCNA, HDAC1, DNMTs, G9a, methylated histone H3 lysine 9, and methylated DNA. It interacts with the cyclin E-CDK2 complex, ubiquitinates cyclins D1 and E1, induces G1 arrest, and is involved in the G1/S transition regulation. Furthermore, UHRF2 is a direct transcriptional target of the transcription factor E2F-1 in the induction of apoptosis. It recruits HDAC1 and binds to methyl-CpG. UHRF2 also participates in the maturation of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) by interacting with the HBV core protein and promoting its degradation. Both UHRF1 and UHRF2 contain an N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain (UBL), a tandem Tudor domain (TTD), a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger, a SET- and RING-associated (SRA) domain, and a C-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 386770754  686 FDCVVCSRTLWKPVVTPCGHTYCLVCLDRCMD---YNspCPLC 725
Cdd:cd16613     1 FTCICCQELVYKPITTPCKHNICKSCLQRSFKaevYT--CPAC 41

Variant RING finger, HC subclass (C4C4-type), found in retinoblastoma-binding protein 6 (RBBP6) and similar proteins; RBBP6, also known as proliferation potential-related protein, protein P2P-R, retinoblastoma-binding Q protein 1 (RBQ-1), or p53-associated cellular protein of testis (PACT), is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in multiple processes, such as the control of gene expression, mitosis, cell differentiation, and cell apoptosis. It plays a role in both promoting and inhibiting apoptosis in many human cancers, including esophageal, lung, hepatocellular, and colon cancers, familial myeloproliferative neoplasms, as well as in human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIVAN). It functions as an Rb- and p53-binding protein that plays an important role in chaperone-mediated ubiquitination and possibly in protein quality control. It acts as a scaffold protein to promote the assembly of the p53/TP53-MDM2 complex, resulting in an increase of MDM2-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of p53/TP53, and leading to both apoptosis and cell growth. It is also a double-stranded RNA-binding protein that plays a role in mRNA processing by regulating the human polyadenylation machinery and modulating expression of mRNAs with AU-rich 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). Moreover, RBBP6 ubiquitinates and destabilizes the transcriptional repressor ZBTB38 that negatively regulates transcription and levels of the MCM10 replication factor on chromatin. Furthermore, RBBP6 is involved in tunicamycin-induced apoptosis by mediating protein kinase (PKR) activation. RBBP6 contains an N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain and a C4C4-type RING finger, whose overall folding is similar to that of the typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. RBBP6 interacts with chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp40 through its N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain. It promotes the ubiquitination of p53 by Hdm2 in an E4-like manner through its RING finger. It also interacts directly with the pro-proliferative transcription factor Y-box-binding protein-1 (YB-1) via its RING finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 386770754  684 SDFDCVVCSRTLWKPVVTP-CGHTYCLVCLDRCM-DYNSPCPLCMSPLV 730
Cdd:cd16620     2 DELKCPICKDLMKDAVLTPcCGNSFCDECIRTALlEEDFTCPTCKEPDV 50

Ring finger domain;

                           10        20        30        40
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 386770754   686 FDCVVCSRTLWKP---VVTPCGHTYCLVCLDRCMDYNSPCPLC 725
Cdd:pfam13639    1 DECPICLEEFEEGdkvVVLPCGHHFHRECLDKWLRSSNTCPLC 43

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins, TRIM7, TRIM11 and TRIM27, and similar proteins; TRIM7, TRIM11 and TRIM27, closely related tripartite motif-containing proteins, belong to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a SPRY/B30.2 domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. TRIM7, also known as glycogenin-interacting protein (GNIP) or RING finger protein 90 (RNF90), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates c-Jun/AP-1 activation by Ras signalling. Its phosphorylation and activation by MSK1 in response to direct activation by the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway can stimulate TRIM7 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in mediating Lys63-linked ubiquitination of the AP-1 coactivator RACO-1, leading to RACO-1 protein stabilization. Moreover, TRIM7 binds and activates glycogenin, the self-glucosylating initiator of glycogen biosynthesis. TRIM11, also known as protein BIA1, or RING finger protein 92 (RNF92), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the development of the central nervous system. It is overexpressed in high-grade gliomas and promotes proliferation, invasion, migration and glial tumor growth. TRIM11 acts as a potential therapeutic target for congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) by mediating the degradation of CCHS-associated polyalanine-expanded Phox2b. TRIM11 modulates the function of neurogenic transcription factor Pax6 through the ubiquitin-proteosome system, and thus plays an essential role for Pax6-dependent neurogenesis. It also binds to and destabilizes a key component of the activator-mediated cofactor complex (ARC105), humanin, a neuroprotective peptide against Alzheimer's disease-relevant insults, and further regulates ARC105 function in transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling. Moreover, TRIM11 negatively regulates retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-mediated interferon-beta (IFNbeta) production and antiviral activity by targeting TANK-binding kinase-1 (TBK1). It may contribute to the endogenous restriction of retroviruses in cells. It enhances N-tropic murine leukemia virus (N-MLV) entry by interfering with Ref1 restriction. It also suppresses the early steps of human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 transduction, resulting in decreased reverse transcripts. TRIM27, also known as RING finger protein 76 (RNF76), RET finger protein (RFP), or zinc finger protein RFP, is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is highly expressed in testis and in various tumor cell lines. Expression of TRIM27 is associated with prognosis of colon and endometrial cancers. TRIM27 was first identified as a fusion partner of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase. It functions as a transcriptional repressor and associates with several proteins involved in transcriptional activity, such as enhancer of polycomb 1 (Epc1), a member of the Polycomb group proteins, and Mi-2beta, a main component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex, and the cell cycle regulator retinoblastoma protein (RB1). It also interacts with HDAC1, leading to downregulation of thioredoxin binding protein 2 (TBP-2), which inhibits the function of thioredoxin. Moreover, TRIM27 mediates Pax7-induced ubiquitination of MyoD in skeletal muscle atrophy. In addition, it inhibits muscle differentiation by modulating serum response factor (SRF) and Epc1. TRIM27 promotes a non-canonical polyubiquitination of PTEN, a lipid phosphatase that catalyzes PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (PIP3) to PtdIns(4,5)P2 (PIP2). It is an IKKepsilon-interacting protein that regulates IkappaB kinase (IKK) function and negatively regulates signaling involved in the antiviral response and inflammation. TRIM27 also forms a protein complex with MBD4 or MBD2 or MBD3, and thus plays an important role in the enhancement of transcriptional repression through MBD proteins in tumorigenesis, spermatogenesis, and embryogenesis. It is a component of an estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) regulatory complex that is involved in estrogen receptor-mediated transcription in MCF-7 cells.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 386770754  688 CVVCSRTLWKPVVTPCGHTYCLVCLDRC---MDYNSPCPLC 725
Cdd:cd16594     8 CPICLDYFTDPVTLDCGHSFCRACIARCweePETSASCPQC 48