RING finger (Really Interesting New Gene) domain and U-box domain superfamily; The RING finger is a specialized type of Zn-finger of 40 to 60 residues that binds two atoms of zinc. It is defined by the "cross-brace" motif that chelates zinc atoms by eight amino acid residues, typically Cys or His, arranged in a characteristic spacing. Canonical RING motifs have been categorized into two major subclasses, RING-HC (C3HC4-type) and RING-H2 (C3H2C3-type), according to their Cys/His content. There are also many variants of RING fingers: some have different Cys/His patterns while some lack a single Cys or His residue at typical Zn ligand positions (the fourth or eighth zinc ligand is prevalently exchanged for an Asp, which can indeed chelate Zn in a RING finger as well). C4C4-, C3HC3D-, C2H2C4-, and C3HC5-type RING fingers are closely related to RING-HC fingers. In contrast, C4HC3- (RING-CH alias RINGv), C3H3C2-, C3H2C2D-, C3DHC3-, and C4HC2H-type RING fingers are more closely related to RING-H2 fingers. However, not all RING finger-containing proteins display regular RING finger features, and the RING finger family has turned out to be multifarious. The degenerate RING fingers of the Siz/PIAS RING (SP-RING) family proteins and sporulation protein RMD5, are characterized by lacking the second, fifth, and sixth Zn2+ ion-coordinating residues. They bind only one Zn2+ ion. On the other hand, the RING fingers of the human APC11 and RBX1 proteins can bind a third Zn atom since they harbor four additional Zn ligands. U-box is a modified form of the RING finger domain that lacks metal chelating Cys and His residues. It resembles the cross-brace RING structure consisting of three beta-sheets and a single alpha-helix, which would be stabilized by salt bridges instead of chelated metal ions. U-box proteins are widely distributed among eukaryotic organisms and show a higher prevalence in plants than in other organisms. RING finger/U-box-containing proteins are a group of diverse proteins with a variety of cellular functions, including oncogenesis, development, viral replication, signal transduction, the cell cycle and apoptosis. Many of them are ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) that serve as scaffolds for binding to ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s, also referred to as ubiquitin carrier proteins or UBCs) in close proximity to substrate proteins, which enable efficient transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to the substrates.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 17534001 199 CEICAHQFShSDEYVPRVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKLDV---GDGIRCPFCR 243
Cdd:cd16587   3 CPICLESFD-EGQLRPKLLHCGHTICEQCLEKLLAslsINGVRCPFCR 49

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 32 (TRIM32) and similar proteins; TRIM32, also known as 72 kDa Tat-interacting protein, zinc finger protein HT2A, or BBS11, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes degradation of several targets, including actin, PIASgamma, Abl interactor 2, dysbindin, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), p73 transcription factor, thin filaments and Z-bands during fasting. It plays important roles in neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells, as well as in controlling cell fate in skeletal muscle progenitor cells. It reduces PI3K-Akt-FoxO signaling in muscle atrophy by promoting plakoglobin-PI3K dissociation. It also functions as a pluripotency-reprogramming roadblock that facilitates cellular transition towards differentiation by modulating the levels of Oct4 and cMyc. Moreover, TRIM32 is an intrinsic influenza A virus (IAV) restriction factor which senses and targets the polymerase basic protein 1 (PB1) for ubiquitination and protein degradation. It also plays a significant role in mediating the biological activity of the HIV-1 Tat protein in vivo, binds specifically to the activation domain of HIV-1 Tat, and can also interact with the HIV-2 and EIAV Tat proteins in vivo. Furthermore, TRIM32 regulates myoblast proliferation by controlling turnover of NDRG2 (N-myc downstream-regulated gene). It negatively regulates tumor suppressor p53 to promote tumorigenesis. It also facilitates degradation of MYCN on spindle poles and induces asymmetric cell division in human neuroblastoma cells. In addition, TRIM32 plays important roles in regulation of hyperactivities and positively regulates the development of anxiety and depression disorders induced by chronic stress. It also plays a role in regeneration by affecting satellite cell cycle progression via modulation of the SUMO ligase PIASy (PIAS4). Defects in TRIM32 leads to limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2H (LGMD2H), sarcotubular myopathies (STM) and Bardet-Biedl syndrome. TRIM32 belongs to the C-VII subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif)-NHL family that is defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil domain, as well as a NHL (named after proteins NCL-1, HT2A and Lin-41 that contain repeats folded into a six-bladed beta propeller) repeat domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. The NHL domain mediates the interaction with Argonaute proteins and consequently allows TRIM32 to modulate the activity of certain miRNAs.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 17534001 199 CEICAHQFShSDEYVPRVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKLDV---GDGIRCPFCR 243
Cdd:cd16587   3 CPICLESFD-EGQLRPKLLHCGHTICEQCLEKLLAslsINGVRCPFCR 49

RING-type zinc-finger; This zinc-finger is a typical RING-type of plant ubiquitin ligases.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 17534001   199 CEICAHQFSHsdeyvPrVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKLDVGDG--IRCP 240
Cdd:pfam13445   1 CPICLELFTD-----P-VLPCGHTFCRECLEEMSQKKGgkFKCP 38

RING-finger-containing ubiquitin ligase [Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones];

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 17534001 199 CEICAHQFSHSDEYvpRVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKLDVGDGIRCPFCRT 244
Cdd:COG5540 326 CAICMSNFIKNDRL--RVLPCDHRFHVGCVDKWLLGYSNKCPVCRT 369

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 32 (TRIM32) and similar proteins; TRIM32, also known as 72 kDa Tat-interacting protein, zinc finger protein HT2A, or BBS11, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes degradation of several targets, including actin, PIASgamma, Abl interactor 2, dysbindin, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), p73 transcription factor, thin filaments and Z-bands during fasting. It plays important roles in neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells, as well as in controlling cell fate in skeletal muscle progenitor cells. It reduces PI3K-Akt-FoxO signaling in muscle atrophy by promoting plakoglobin-PI3K dissociation. It also functions as a pluripotency-reprogramming roadblock that facilitates cellular transition towards differentiation by modulating the levels of Oct4 and cMyc. Moreover, TRIM32 is an intrinsic influenza A virus (IAV) restriction factor which senses and targets the polymerase basic protein 1 (PB1) for ubiquitination and protein degradation. It also plays a significant role in mediating the biological activity of the HIV-1 Tat protein in vivo, binds specifically to the activation domain of HIV-1 Tat, and can also interact with the HIV-2 and EIAV Tat proteins in vivo. Furthermore, TRIM32 regulates myoblast proliferation by controlling turnover of NDRG2 (N-myc downstream-regulated gene). It negatively regulates tumor suppressor p53 to promote tumorigenesis. It also facilitates degradation of MYCN on spindle poles and induces asymmetric cell division in human neuroblastoma cells. In addition, TRIM32 plays important roles in regulation of hyperactivities and positively regulates the development of anxiety and depression disorders induced by chronic stress. It also plays a role in regeneration by affecting satellite cell cycle progression via modulation of the SUMO ligase PIASy (PIAS4). Defects in TRIM32 leads to limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2H (LGMD2H), sarcotubular myopathies (STM) and Bardet-Biedl syndrome. TRIM32 belongs to the C-VII subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif)-NHL family that is defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil domain, as well as a NHL (named after proteins NCL-1, HT2A and Lin-41 that contain repeats folded into a six-bladed beta propeller) repeat domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. The NHL domain mediates the interaction with Argonaute proteins and consequently allows TRIM32 to modulate the activity of certain miRNAs.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 17534001 199 CEICAHQFShSDEYVPRVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKLDV---GDGIRCPFCR 243
Cdd:cd16587   3 CPICLESFD-EGQLRPKLLHCGHTICEQCLEKLLAslsINGVRCPFCR 49

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC3D-type), found in Caenorhabditis elegans putative GTP-binding protein trim-23 homolog (arc-1) and similar proteins; arc-1, also called RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase arc-1, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates E2-dependent protein ubiquitination. arc-1 contains a modified C3HC3D-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 17534001 198 LCEICAHQFSHSDEYV-PRVLV-CGHTLCTSCIEKL--DVGDGIRCPFCRTWT 246
Cdd:cd23124   3 ECGICQQEYSADDPLLiPRILTeCGHTICTNCAGTIlgQSSGSIFCPFDRIVT 55

RING finger, HC subclass, found in malin and similar proteins; Malin ("mal" for seizure in French), also known as NHL repeat-containing protein 1 (NHLRC1), or EPM2B, is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that ubiquitinates and promotes the degradation of laforin (EPM2A encoding protein phosphatase). Malin and laforin operate as a functional complex that play key roles in regulating cellular functions such as glycogen metabolism, unfolded cellular stress response, and proteolytic processes. They act as pro-survival factors that negatively regulate the Hipk2-p53 cell death pathway. They also negatively regulate cellular glucose uptake by preventing plasma membrane targeting of glucose transporters. Moreover, they degrade polyglucosan bodies in concert with glycogen debranching enzyme and brain isoform glycogen phosphorylase. Furthermore, they, together with Hsp70, form a new functional complex that suppress the cellular toxicity of misfolded proteins by promoting their degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Defects in either malin or laforin may cause Lafora disease (LD), a fatal form of teenage-onset autosomal recessive progressive myoclonus epilepsy. In addition, malin may have function, independent of laforin, in lysosomal biogenesis and/or lysosomal glycogen disposal. Malin contains six NHL-repeat protein-protein interaction domains and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 17534001 199 CEICAHQFSHSDEYVPRVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKLDVGDGIR--CPFCRT 244
Cdd:cd16516   3 CKVCFEKYSHQQEHRPRNLPCGHVLCRECVTALAHPRRSKleCPFCRK 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins TRIM13, TRIM59 and similar proteins; TRIM13 and TRIM59, two closely related tripartite motif-containing proteins, belong to the C-V subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by an N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domain, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, followed by a C-terminal transmembrane domain. TRIM13, also known as B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia tumor suppressor Leu5, leukemia-associated protein 5, putative tumor suppressor RFP2, RING finger protein 77 (RNF77), or Ret finger protein 2, is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane anchored E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with proteins localized to the ER, including valosin-containing protein (VCP), a protein indispensable for ER-associated degradation (ERAD). TRIM59, also known as RING finger protein 104 (RNF104) or tumor suppressor TSBF-1, is a putative E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that functions as a novel multiple cancer biomarker for immunohistochemical detection of early tumorigenesis.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 17534001 199 CEICAHQFSHsdeyvPRVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKLDVGDG------IRCPFCR 243
Cdd:cd16581   5 CSICYNIFDD-----PKILPCSHTFCKNCLEKLLAASGyyllasLKCPTCR 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Casitas B-lineage lymphoma (Cbl) proteins; The Cbl adaptor protein family contains a small class of RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases with oncogenic activity, which is represented by three mammalian members, c-Cbl, Cbl-b and Cbl-c, as well as two invertebrate Cbl-family proteins, D-Cbl in Drosophila and Sli-1 in C. elegans. Cbl proteins function as potent negative regulators of various signaling cascades in a wide range of cell types. They play roles in ubiquitinating activated tyrosine kinases and targeting them for degradation. D-Cbl associates with the Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and overexpression of D-Cbl in the eye of Drosophila embryos inhibits EGFR-dependent photoreceptor cell development. Sli-1 is a negative regulator of the Let-23 receptor tyrosine kinase, an EGFR homolog, in vulva development. Cbl proteins in this subfamily consist of a highly conserved N-terminal half that includes a tyrosine-kinase-binding domain (TKB, also known as the phosphotyrosine binding PTB domain, composed of a four helix-bundle, a Ca2+ binding EF-hand and a highly variant SH2 domain) and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, both of which are required for Cbl-mediated downregulation of RTKs, and a divergent C-terminal region.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 17534001 198 LCEICAHqfshSDEYVpRVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKLDVGDGIRCPFCR 243
Cdd:cd16502   3 LCKICAE----NDKDV-RIEPCGHLLCTPCLTSWQDSDGQTCPFCR 43

RING-type zinc-finger; This zinc-finger is a typical RING-type of plant ubiquitin ligases.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 17534001   199 CEICAHQFSHsdeyvPrVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKLDVGDG--IRCP 240
Cdd:pfam13445   1 CPICLELFTD-----P-VLPCGHTFCRECLEEMSQKKGgkFKCP 38

RING finger, HC subclass, found in E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Cbl and similar proteins; Cbl, also known as Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene, proto-oncogene c-Cbl, RING finger protein 55 (RNF55), or signal transduction protein Cbl, is a multi-domain protein that acts as a key negative regulator of various receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. It contains a tyrosine kinase-binding domain (TKB, also known as the phosphotyrosine binding PTB domain, composed of a four helix-bundle, a Ca2+ binding EF-hand and a highly variant SH2 domain), a proline-rich domain, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, and an ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain. TKB is responsible for the interactions with many tyrosine kinases, such as the colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) receptor, Syk/ZAP-70, and Src-family of protein tyrosine kinases. The proline-rich domain can recruit proteins with a SH3 domain. Moreover, Cbl functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that can bind ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) through the RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 17534001 181 QLQFEQQEVTGETplWKLCEICAHqfshSDEYVpRVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKLDVGDGIRCPFCR 243
Cdd:cd16708   8 QEQYELYCEMGST--FQLCKICAE----NDKDV-KIEPCGHLMCTSCLTSWQESEGQGCPFCR 63

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 47 (TRIM47) and similar proteins; TRIM47, also known as gene overexpressed in astrocytoma protein (GOA) or RING finger protein 100 (RNF100), belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a B-box, and two coiled coil domains, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. It plays an important role in the process of dedifferentiation that is associated with astrocytoma tumorigenesis. This subfamily also includes RING finger protein 135 (RNF135). RNF135, also known as RIG-I E3 ubiquitin ligase (REUL) or Riplet, is a widely expressed E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that consists of an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and C-terminal B30.2/SPRY and PRY motifs, but lacks the B-box and coiled-coil domains that are also typically present in TRIM proteins. RNF135 serves as a specific retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-interacting protein that ubiquitinates RIG-I and specifically stimulates RIG-I-mediated innate antiviral activity to produce antiviral type-I interferon (IFN) during the early phase of viral infection. It also has been identified as a bio-marker and therapy target of glioblastoma. It associates with the ERK signal transduction pathway and plays a role in glioblastoma cell proliferation, migration and cell cycle.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 17534001 199 CEICAHQFShsdeyVPRVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKL---DVGDGIRCPFCR 243
Cdd:cd16604   3 CPICLDLLK-----DPVTLPCGHSFCMGCLGALwgaGRGGRASCPLCR 45

RING finger, HC subclass, found in E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Cbl-c and similar proteins; Cbl-c, also known as RING finger protein 57 (RNF57), SH3-binding protein Cbl-3, SH3-binding protein Cbl-c, or signal transduction protein Cbl-c, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase expressed exclusively in epithelial cells. It contains a tyrosine-kinase-binding domain (TKB, also known as the phosphotyrosine binding PTB domain, composed of a four helix-bundle, a Ca2+ binding EF-hand and a highly variant SH2 domain), a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, and a short proline-rich region, but lacks the ubiquitin-associated (UBA) leucine zipper motif that are present in Cbl and Cbl-b. Cbl-c acts as a regulator of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mediated signal transduction. It also suppresses v-Src-induced transformation through ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation. Moreover, Cbl-c ubiquitinates and downregulates RETMEN2A and implicates Enigma (PDLIM7) as a positive regulator of RETMEN2A by blocking Cbl-mediated ubiquitination and degradation. The ubiquitin ligase activity of Cbl-c is increased via the interaction of its RING-HC finger domain with a LIM domain of the paxillin homolog, hydrogen peroxide induced construct 5 (Hic-5).

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 17534001 180 EQLQFEQqevtGETPLWKLCEICAHqfshSDEYVpRVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKLDVGDGIRCPFCR 243
Cdd:cd16710   1 EQLQLYQ----AMNSTFELCKICAE----RDKDV-RIEPCGHLLCSCCLAAWQHSDSQTCPFCR 55

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 59 (TRIM59) and similar proteins; TRIM59, also known as RING finger protein 104 (RNF104) or tumor suppressor TSBF-1, is a putative E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that functions as a novel multiple cancer biomarker for immunohistochemical detection of early tumorigenesis. It is upregulated in gastric cancer and promotes gastric carcinogenesis by interacting with and targeting the P53 tumor suppressor for its ubiquitination and degradation. It also acts as a novel accessory molecule involved in cytotoxicity of BCG-activated macrophages (BAM). Moreover, TRIM59 may serve as a multifunctional regulator for innate immune signaling pathways. It interacts with ECSIT and negatively regulates nuclear factor-kappaB (NF- kappa B) and interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3/7-mediated signal pathways. TRIM59 belongs to the C-V subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by an N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domain, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region. In addition, TRIM59 contains a C-terminal transmembrane domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 17534001 199 CEICAHQFSHsdeyvPRVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKLDVGDG-----------IRCPFCR 243
Cdd:cd16763   6 CSVCYSLFED-----PRVLPCSHTFCRNCLENILQVSGnfsiwrplrppLKCPNCR 56

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein RNF224 and similar proteins; RNF224 is uncharacterized C3HC4-type RING-HC finger-containing proteins. It may function as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 17534001 199 CEICAHQFSHSDEyVPRVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKLDVGDG----IRCPFCRTWTNMKR 250
Cdd:cd16565   3 CIICYSAYDLSTR-LPRRLYCGHTFCQACLKRLDTVINeqrwIPCPQCRQNTPTPR 57

RING finger (Really Interesting New Gene) domain and U-box domain superfamily; The RING finger is a specialized type of Zn-finger of 40 to 60 residues that binds two atoms of zinc. It is defined by the "cross-brace" motif that chelates zinc atoms by eight amino acid residues, typically Cys or His, arranged in a characteristic spacing. Canonical RING motifs have been categorized into two major subclasses, RING-HC (C3HC4-type) and RING-H2 (C3H2C3-type), according to their Cys/His content. There are also many variants of RING fingers: some have different Cys/His patterns while some lack a single Cys or His residue at typical Zn ligand positions (the fourth or eighth zinc ligand is prevalently exchanged for an Asp, which can indeed chelate Zn in a RING finger as well). C4C4-, C3HC3D-, C2H2C4-, and C3HC5-type RING fingers are closely related to RING-HC fingers. In contrast, C4HC3- (RING-CH alias RINGv), C3H3C2-, C3H2C2D-, C3DHC3-, and C4HC2H-type RING fingers are more closely related to RING-H2 fingers. However, not all RING finger-containing proteins display regular RING finger features, and the RING finger family has turned out to be multifarious. The degenerate RING fingers of the Siz/PIAS RING (SP-RING) family proteins and sporulation protein RMD5, are characterized by lacking the second, fifth, and sixth Zn2+ ion-coordinating residues. They bind only one Zn2+ ion. On the other hand, the RING fingers of the human APC11 and RBX1 proteins can bind a third Zn atom since they harbor four additional Zn ligands. U-box is a modified form of the RING finger domain that lacks metal chelating Cys and His residues. It resembles the cross-brace RING structure consisting of three beta-sheets and a single alpha-helix, which would be stabilized by salt bridges instead of chelated metal ions. U-box proteins are widely distributed among eukaryotic organisms and show a higher prevalence in plants than in other organisms. RING finger/U-box-containing proteins are a group of diverse proteins with a variety of cellular functions, including oncogenesis, development, viral replication, signal transduction, the cell cycle and apoptosis. Many of them are ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) that serve as scaffolds for binding to ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s, also referred to as ubiquitin carrier proteins or UBCs) in close proximity to substrate proteins, which enable efficient transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to the substrates.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 17534001 199 CEICAHQFShsDEYVPRVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKLDVGDGIRCPFC 242
Cdd:cd00162   1 CPICREEMN--DRRPVVLLSCGHTFSRSAIARWLEGSKQKCPFC 42

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae POB3/SPT16 histone-associated protein 1 (ScPSH1) and similar proteins; ScPSH1 is a Cse4-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with the kinetochore protein Pat1 and targets the degradation of budding yeast centromeric histone H3 variant, CENP-ACse4, which is essential for faithful chromosome segregation. ScPSH1 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and a DNA directed RNA polymerase domain.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 17534001 199 CEICahqfsHSDEYVPRVLVCGHTLCTSCIEK-LDVGDGIRCPFCRT 244
Cdd:cd16568   7 CIIC-----HEYLYEPMVTTCGHTYCYTCLNTwFKSNRSLSCPDCRT 48

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein MAT1; MAT1, also known as CDK-activating kinase assembly factor MAT1, CDK7/cyclin-H assembly factor, cyclin-G1-interacting protein, menage a trois, RING finger protein 66 (RNF66), p35, or p36, is involved in cell cycle control and in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. It associates primarily with the catalytic subunit cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) and the regulatory subunit cyclin H to form the CDK-activating kinase (CAK) complex that can further associate with the core-TFIIH to form the transcription factor IIH (TFIIH) basal transcription/DNA repair factor, which activates RNA polymerase II by serine phosphorylation of the repetitive C-terminal domain (CTD) of its large subunit (POLR2A), allowing its escape from the promoter, and elongation of the transcripts. MAT1 contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a central coiled coil domain, and a C-terminal domain rich in hydrophobic residues.

                        10        20
                ....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 17534001 216 VLVCGHTLCTSCIEKLDVGDGIRCPFCRT 244
Cdd:cd16517  20 VNVCGHTLCESCVDLLFVRGSGPCPECGT 48

RING finger, HC subclass, found in promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) and similar proteins; Protein PML, also known as RING finger protein 71 (RNF71) or tripartite motif-containing protein 19 (TRIM19), is predominantly a nuclear protein with a broad intrinsic antiviral activity. It is the eponymous component of PML nuclear bodies (PML NBs) and has been implicated in a wide variety of cell processes, including DNA damage signaling, apoptosis, and transcription. PML interferes with the replication of many unrelated viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), human foamy virus (HFV), poliovirus, influenza virus, rabies virus, EMCV, adeno-associated virus (AAV), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). It also selectively interacts with misfolded proteins through distinct substrate recognition sites and conjugates these proteins with the small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) through its SUMO ligase activity. PML belongs to the C-V subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by an N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domain, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as an uncharacterized region positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 17534001 198 LCEICAHQFshsdeYVPRVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKLDVGDG----IRCPFCR 243
Cdd:cd16579   6 RCPGCKAEY-----KCPKLLPCLHTVCSGCLEALAEQASetteFQCPICK 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 208 (RNF208) and similar proteins; RNF208 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase whose activity can be modulated by S-nitrosylation. It contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 17534001 197 KLCEICAHQFSHSDEyVPRVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKLDVGDG----IRCPFCRTWT 246
Cdd:cd16559   2 LLCPTCGHSYNFTNK-RPRILSCLHSVCEECLQILYESCPkykfISCPTCKRET 54

Ring finger domain;

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 17534001   199 CEICAHQFSHSDEyvPRVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKLdVGDGIRCPFCR 243
Cdd:pfam13639   3 CPICLEEFEEGDK--VVVLPCGHHFHRECLDKW-LRSSNTCPLCR 44

H2 subclass of RING (RING-H2) fingers and its variants; The RING finger is a specialized type of Zn-finger of 40 to 60 residues that binds two atoms of zinc. It is defined by the "cross-brace" motif that chelates zinc atoms by eight amino acid residues, typically Cys or His, arranged in a characteristic spacing. Canonical RING motifs have been categorized into two major subclasses, RING-HC (C3HC4-type) and RING-H2 (C3H2C3-type), according to their Cys/His content. There are also many variants of RING fingers: some have different Cys/His patterns while some lack a single Cys or His residue at typical Zn ligand positions (the fourth or eighth zinc ligand is prevalently exchanged for an Asp, which can indeed chelate Zn in a RING finger as well). This family corresponds to the H2 subclass of RING (RING-H2) finger proteins that are characterized by containing C3H2C3-type canonical RING-H2 fingers or noncanonical RING-H2 finger variants, including C4HC3- (RING-CH alias RINGv), C3H3C2-, C3H2C2D-, C3DHC3-, and C4HC2H-type modified RING-H2 fingers. The canonical RING-H2 finger has been defined as C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-H-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C, X is any amino acid and the number of X residues varies in different fingers. It binds two Zn ions in a unique "cross-brace" arrangement, which distinguishes it from tandem zinc fingers and other similar motifs. RING-H2 finger can be found in a group of diverse proteins with a variety of cellular functions, including oncogenesis, development, viral replication, signal transduction, the cell cycle and apoptosis. Many of them are ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) that serves as a scaffold for binding to ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s, also referred to as ubiquitin carrier proteins or UBCs) in close proximity to substrate proteins, which enables efficient transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to the substrates.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 17534001 199 CEICAHQFSHSDEYvpRVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKLDVGDGIRCPFCR 243
Cdd:cd16448   1 CVICLEEFEEGDVV--RLLPCGHVFHLACILRWLESGNNTCPLCR 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana RING-H2 finger A1a (RHA1A), A1b (RHA1B) and similar proteins; This subfamily includes Arabidopsis thaliana RHA1A, RHA1B and XERICO. RHA1A is a probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that may possess E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro. RHA1B possesses E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity when associated with the E2 enzyme UBC8 in vitro. XERICO functions on abscisic acid homeostasis at post-translational level, probably through ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent substrate-specific degradation. Members of this subfamily contain a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 17534001 199 CEICAHQFsHSDEYVPRVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKLDVGDGIRCPFCRT 244
Cdd:cd23121   4 CAICLSDF-NSDEKLRQLPKCGHIFHHHCLDRWIRYNKITCPLCRA 48

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 152 (RNF152) and similar proteins; RNF152 is a lysosome-anchored E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in apoptosis. It is polyubiquitinated through K48 linkage. It negatively regulates the activation of the mTORC1 pathway by targeting RagA GTPase for K63-linked ubiquitination. It interacts with and ubiquitinates RagA in an amino-acid-sensitive manner. The ubiquitination of RagA recruits its inhibitor GATOR1, a GAP complex for Rag GTPases, to the Rag complex, thereby inactivating mTORC1 signaling. RNF152 contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and a C-terminal transmembrane domain, both of which are responsible for its E3 ligase activity.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 17534001 199 CEICAHQFSHsdEYVPRVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKLDVGDG-IRCPFCR 243
Cdd:cd16548   3 CQICFNYYSP--RRRPKLLDCKHTCCSVCLQQMRTSQKdLRCPWCR 46

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 169 (RNF169) and similar proteins; RNF169 is an uncharacterized E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase paralogous to RNF168. It functions as a negative regulator of the DNA damage signaling cascade. RNF169 recognizes polyubiquitin structures but does not itself contribute to double-strand break (DSB)-induced chromatin ubiquitylation. It contributes to regulation of the DSB repair pathway utilization via functionally competing with recruiting repair factors, 53BP1 and RAP80-BRCA1, for association with RNF168-modified chromatin independent of its catalytic activity, limiting the magnitude of the RNF8/RNF168-dependent signaling response to DSBs. RNF169 contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and a C-terminal MIU (motif interacting with ubiquitin) domain.

                        10        20        30
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 17534001 214 PRVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKLDVGD--GIRCPFCR 243
Cdd:cd16551  14 PATLPCGHTLCRGCANRALDAAeaGPTCPRCR 45

Degenerated RING finger found in protein RMD5 homolog A (RMD5A); RMD5A is one of the vertebrate homologs of yeast Rmd5p. The biological function of RMD5A remains unclear. RMD5A contains a Lissencephaly type-1-like homology motif (LisH), a C-terminal to LisH motif (CTLH) domain, and a degenerated RING finger that is characterized by lacking the second, fifth, and sixth Zn2+ ion-coordinating residues compared with the classic C3H2C3-/C3HC4-type RING fingers.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 17534001 199 CEICAHQFSHSDEyvPRVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKLDVGDGIRCPFC 242
Cdd:cd16794   5 CPILRQQTTENNP--PMKLVCGHIISRDALNKMFNGSKLKCPYC 46

chromosome segregation protein SMC, common bacterial type; SMC (structural maintenance of chromosomes) proteins bind DNA and act in organizing and segregating chromosomes for partition. SMC proteins are found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. This family represents the SMC protein of most bacteria. The smc gene is often associated with scpB (TIGR00281) and scpA genes, where scp stands for segregation and condensation protein. SMC was shown (in Caulobacter crescentus) to be induced early in S phase but present and bound to DNA throughout the cell cycle. [Cellular processes, Cell division, DNA metabolism, Chromosome-associated proteins]

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 17534001     35 EIRNLKRKLEEARQREDKYIKNEQLHHTAMRSKQQRIERMEKSMESTNRKMYATQCRLNDMENIYDDLEMESKIMADFID 114
Cdd:TIGR02168  233 RLEELREELEELQEELKEAEEELEELTAELQELEEKLEELRLEVSELEEEIEELQKELYALANEISRLEQQKQILRERLA 312

                           90       100       110
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 17534001    115 HYYDSRNITEEDRDELQDKLDEEAANYRDLEDRIKEVR 152
Cdd:TIGR02168  313 NLERQLEELEAQLEELESKLDELAEELAELEEKLEELK 350

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 39 (RNF39) and similar proteins; RNF39, also called protein HZFw, may play a role in prolonged long term-potentiation (LTP) maintenance. It is involved in the etiology of Behcet's disease (BD). It may also be involved in HIV-1 replication. RNF39 acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that inhibits retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) pathways by mediating K48-linked ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of DDX3X (DEAD-box RNA helicase 3, X-linked). RNF39 contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 17534001 198 LCEICAHQFSHsdeyvPRVLVCGHTLCTSCI--------EKLDVGDGIRCPFCR 243
Cdd:cd16592   6 TCPICLGYFKD-----PVILDCEHSFCRACIarhwgqeaMEGNGAEGVFCPQCG 54

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Caenorhabditis elegans RING finger protein NHL-1 and similar proteins; NHL-1 functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase in the presence of both UBC-13 and UBC-1 within the ubiquitin pathway of Caenorhabditis elegans. It acts in chemosensory neurons to promote stress resistance in distal tissues by the transcription factor DAF-16 activation but is dispensable for the activation of heat shock factor 1 (HSF-1). NHL-1 belongs to the TRIM (tripartite motif)-NHL family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil domain, as well as an NHL (named after proteins NCL-1, HT2A and Lin-41 that contain repeats folded into a six-bladed beta propeller) repeat domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 17534001 199 CEICAHQFSHsdeyvPRVLVCGHTLCTS-CIEKL--DVGDGIRCPFCRT 244
Cdd:cd16524   8 CPICLDRYRR-----PKLLPCQHTFCLSpCLEGLvdYVTRKLKCPECRA 51

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 207 (RNF207) and similar proteins; RNF207 is a cardiac-specific E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays an important role in the regulation of cardiac repolarization. It regulates action potential duration, likely via effects on human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) trafficking and localization in a heat shock protein-dependent manner. RNF207 contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox 1 and Bbox C-terminal (BBC) domain, as well as a C-terminal non-homologous region (CNHR).

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 17534001 198 LCEICAHQFSHsdeyvPRVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKLDVGDGIRCPFC 242
Cdd:cd16558   3 VCYLCHEQYEH-----PCLLDCYHTFCASCLRGRAADGRLTCPLC 42

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein TRIM25 and similar proteins; TRIM25, also known as estrogen-responsive finger protein (EFP), RING finger protein 147 (RNF147), or RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase, is an E3 ubiquitin/ISG15 ligase that is induced by estrogen and is therefore particularly abundant in placenta and uterus. TRIM25 regulates various cellular processes through E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, transferring ubiquitin and ISG15 to target proteins. It mediates K63-linked polyubiquitination of retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I) that is crucial for downstream antiviral interferon signaling. It is also required for melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS, also known as IPS-1, VISA, Cardiff) mediated activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and interferon production. Upon UV irradiation, TRIM25 interacts with mono-ubiquitinated PCNA and promotes its ISG15 modification (ISGylation), suggesting a crucial role in termination of error-prone translesion DNA synthesis. TRIM25 also functions as a novel regulator of p53 and Mdm2. It enhances p53 and Mdm2 abundance by inhibiting their ubiquitination and degradation in 26S proteasomes. Meanwhile, it inhibits p53's transcriptional activity and dampens the response to DNA damage, and is essential for medaka development and this dependence is rescued by silencing of p53. Moreover, TRIM25 is involved in the host cellular innate immune response against retroviral infection. It interferes with the late stage of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) replication. Furthermore, TRIM25 acts as an oncogene in gastric cancer. Its blockade by RNA interference inhibits migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells through transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling, suggesting it presents a novel target for the detection and treatment of gastric cancer. In addition, TRIM25 acts as an RNA-specific activator for Lin28a/TuT4-mediated uridylation. TRIM25 belongs to the C-IV subclass of TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 17534001 199 CEICAHQFSHsdeyvPRVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKL---DVGDGIRCPFCRT 244
Cdd:cd16597   8 CSICLELFKD-----PVTLPCGHNFCGVCIEKTwdsQHGSEYSCPQCRA 51

Uncharacterized conserved protein, contains a C-terminal ATPase domain [Function unknown];

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 17534001   30 EQQSQEIRNLKRKLEEARQREDkyikneQLHHTAMRSKQQRIERMEKSME---------STNRKMYATQCRLNDMENIYD 100
Cdd:COG4913  305 ARLEAELERLEARLDALREELD------ELEAQIRGNGGDRLEQLEREIErlereleerERRRARLEALLAALGLPLPAS 378

                         90       100       110       120       130
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 17534001  101 --DLEMESKIMADFIDHYYDSRNITEEDRDELQDKLDEEAANYRDLEDRIKEVRHR 154
Cdd:COG4913  379 aeEFAALRAEAAALLEALEEELEALEEALAEAEAALRDLRRELRELEAEIASLERR 434

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana protein WAV3 homolog 2 (WAVH2) and similar proteins; WAVH2, also known as RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase WAVH2, is a probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the regulation of root growth. It acts as a positive regulator of root gravitropism. WAVH2 contains a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 17534001 199 CEICAHQFSHSDEYVPRVLVCGHTLCTSCIEKLDVGDGIRCPFCR 243
Cdd:cd23114   7 CSICLETMKPGSGHAIFTAECSHSFHFECIAGNVRHGNLRCPVCR 51

Chromosome segregation ATPase Smc [Cell cycle control, cell division, chromosome partitioning];

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 17534001  29 EEQQSQEIRNLKRKLEEARQREDKYIKNEQLHHTAMRSKQQRIERMEKSMESTNRkmyatqcRLNDMENIYDDLEMESKI 108
Cdd:COG1196 255 LEELEAELAELEAELEELRLELEELELELEEAQAEEYELLAELARLEQDIARLEE-------RRRELEERLEELEEELAE 327

                        90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 17534001 109 MADFIDHYYDSRNITEEDRDELQDKLDEEAANYRDLEDRIKEVRHRDRymktvETERKRTTFYRKKMLELAEQLQFEQQE 188
Cdd:COG1196 328 LEEELEELEEELEELEEELEEAEEELEEAEAELAEAEEALLEAEAELA-----EAEEELEELAEELLEALRAAAELAAQL 402

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 125 (RNF125); RNF125, also known as T-cell RING activation protein 1 (TRAC-1), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is predominantly expressed in lymphoid cells, and functions as a positive regulator of T cell activation. It also down-modulates HIV replication and inhibits pathogen-induced cytokine production. It negatively regulates type I interferon signaling, which conjugates Lys(48)-linked ubiquitination to retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and subsequently leads to the proteasome-dependent degradation of RIG-I. Further, RNF125 conjugates ubiquitin to melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), a family protein of RIG-I. It thus acts as a negative regulator of RIG-I signaling, and is a direct target of miR-15b in the context of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. Moreover, RNF125 binds to and ubiquitinates JAK1, prompting its degradation and inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) expression. It also negatively regulates p53 function through physical interaction and ubiquitin-mediated proteasome degradation. Mutations in RNF125 may lead to overgrowth syndromes (OGS). RNF125, together with three closely related proteins: RNF114, RNF138 and RNF166, forms a novel family of ubiquitin ligases with a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a C2HC-, and two C2H2-type zinc fingers, as well as a ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM). The UIM of RNF125 binds K48-linked poly-ubiquitin chains and is, together with the RING domain, required for auto-ubiquitination.

                        10        20
                ....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 17534001 219 CGHTLCTSCIEKLDVGDGIRCPFCRTWTN 247
Cdd:cd16542  19 CGHVFCRPCIATSLRNNTWTCPYCRAYLS 47