EF-hand, calcium binding motif; A diverse superfamily of calcium sensors and calcium signal modulators; most examples in this alignment model have 2 active canonical EF hands. Ca2+ binding induces a conformational change in the EF-hand motif, leading to the activation or inactivation of target proteins. EF-hands tend to occur in pairs or higher copy numbers.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 564371315 155 KLRWTFNLYDINKDGYINKEEMMDIVKAIYdmmgkytypvlkEDTPRQHVDVFFQKMDKNKDGIVTLDEFLE 226
Cdd:cd00051    1 ELREAFRLFDKDGDGTISADELKAALKSLG------------EGLSEEEIDEMIREVDKDGDGKIDFEEFLE 60

EF-hand, calcium binding motif; EF-hands are calcium-binding motifs that occur at least in pairs. Links between disease states and genes encoding EF-hands, particularly the S100 subclass, are emerging. Each motif consists of a 12 residue loop flanked on either side by a 12 residue alpha-helix. EF-hands undergo a conformational change unpon binding calcium ions.

                           10        20
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 564371315   155 KLRWTFNLYDINKDGYINKEEMMDIVKAI 183
Cdd:smart00054   1 ELKEAFRLFDKDGDGKIDFEEFKDLLKAL 29

EF-hand, calcium binding motif; A diverse superfamily of calcium sensors and calcium signal modulators; most examples in this alignment model have 2 active canonical EF hands. Ca2+ binding induces a conformational change in the EF-hand motif, leading to the activation or inactivation of target proteins. EF-hands tend to occur in pairs or higher copy numbers.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 564371315 155 KLRWTFNLYDINKDGYINKEEMMDIVKAIYdmmgkytypvlkEDTPRQHVDVFFQKMDKNKDGIVTLDEFLE 226
Cdd:cd00051    1 ELREAFRLFDKDGDGTISADELKAALKSLG------------EGLSEEEIDEMIREVDKDGDGKIDFEEFLE 60

EF-hand, calcium binding motif; A diverse superfamily of calcium sensors and calcium signal modulators; most examples in this alignment model have 2 active canonical EF hands. Ca2+ binding induces a conformational change in the EF-hand motif, leading to the activation or inactivation of target proteins. EF-hands tend to occur in pairs or higher copy numbers.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 564371315 119 YAHYLFNAFDTTQTGSVKFEDFVTALSILLRGTVHEKLRWTFNLYDINKDGYINKEEMMDIVK 181
Cdd:cd00051    1 ELREAFRLFDKDGDGTISADELKAALKSLGEGLSEEEIDEMIREVDKDGDGKIDFEEFLELMA 63

Ca2+-binding protein, EF-hand superfamily [Signal transduction mechanisms];

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 564371315 154 EKLRWTFNLYDINKDGYINKEEMMDIVKAIYDMM---------GKYT-------YPVLKEDTPRQHVDVFFQKMDKNKDG 217
Cdd:COG5126    5 RKLDRRFDLLDADGDGVLERDDFEALFRRLWATLfseadtdgdGRISreefvagMESLFEATVEPFARAAFDLLDTDGDG 84

                 ....*..
gi 564371315 218 IVTLDEF 224
Cdd:COG5126   85 KISADEF 91

Ca2+-binding protein, EF-hand superfamily [Signal transduction mechanisms];

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 564371315  95 SGVVNEETFKQIYAQFFPHGDASTyAHYLFNAFDTTQTGSVKFEDFVTALSILlrGTVHEKLRWTFNLYDINKDGYINKE 174
Cdd:COG5126   47 DGRISREEFVAGMESLFEATVEPF-ARAAFDLLDTDGDGKISADEFRRLLTAL--GVSEEEADELFARLDTDGDGKISFE 123

                         90
                 ....*....|
gi 564371315 175 EMMDIVKAIY 184
Cdd:COG5126  124 EFVAAVRDYY 133

EF-hand-like motif found in the dystrophin/dystrobrevin/dystrotelin family; The dystrophin/dystrobrevin/dystrotelin family has been characterized by a compact cluster of domains comprising four EF-hand-like motifs and a ZZ-domain, followed by a looser region with two coiled-coils. Dystrophin is the founder member of this family. It is a sub-membrane cytoskeletal protein associated with the inner surface membrane. Dystrophin and its close paralog utrophin have a large N-terminal extension of actin-binding CH domains, up to 24 spectrin repeats, and a WW domain. Its further paralog, dystrophin-related protein 2 (DRP-2), retains only two of the spectrin repeats. Dystrophin, utrophin or DRP2 can form the core of a membrane-bound complex consisting of dystroglycan, sarcoglycans and syntrophins, known as the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) that plays an important role in brain development and disease, as well as in the prevention of muscle damage. Dystrobrevins, including alpha- and beta-dystrobrevin, lack the large N-terminal extension found in dystrophin, but alpha-dystrobrevin has a characteristic C-terminal extension. Dystrobrevins are part of the DGC. They physically associate with members of the dystrophin family and with the syntrophins through their homologous C-terminal coiled coil motifs. In contrast, dystrotelins lack both the large N-terminal extension found in dystrophin and the obvious syntrophin-binding sites (SBSs). Dystrotelins are not critical for mammalian development. They may be involved in other forms of cytokinesis. Moreover, dystrotelin is unable to heterodimerize with members of the dystrophin or dystrobrevin families, or to homodimerize.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 564371315 123 LFNAFDTTQTGSVKFEDFVTALSILLRGTVHEKLRWTFNLYDiNKDGYINKE-------EMMDIVKAIY 184
Cdd:cd15901   59 LLNLYDRNRTGCIRLLSVKIALITLCAASLLDKYRYLFGQLA-DSSGFISRErltqflqDLLQIPDLIG 126

Penta-EF hand, calcium binding motifs, found in Group I PEF proteins; The family corresponds to Group I PEF proteins that have been found not only in higher animals but also in lower animals, plants, fungi and protists. Group I PEF proteins include apoptosis-linked gene 2 protein (ALG-2), peflin and similar proteins. ALG-2, also termed programmed cell death protein 6 (PDCD6), is a widely expressed calcium-binding modulator protein associated with cell proliferation and death, as well as cell survival. It forms a homodimer in the cell or a heterodimer with its closest paralog peflin. Among the PEF proteins, ALG-2 can bind three Ca2+ ions through its EF1, EF3, and EF5 hands, where it is unique in that its EF5 hand binds Ca2+ ion in a canonical coordination. Peflin is a ubiquitously expressed 30-kD PEF protein containing five EF-hand motifs in its C-terminal domain and a longer N-terminal hydrophobic domain (NHB domain) than any other member of the PEF family. The NHB domain harbors nine repeats of a nonapeptide (A/PPGGPYGGP). Peflin may modulate the function of ALG-2 in Ca2+ signaling. It exists only as a heterodimer with ALG-2, and binds two Ca2+ ions through its EF1 and EF3 hands. Its additional EF5 hand is unpaired and does not bind Ca2+ ion but mediates the heterodimerization with ALG-2. The dissociation of heterodimer occurs in the presence of Ca2+.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 564371315 123 LFNAFDTTQTGSVKFEDFVtalsillrGTVHEKLRWT--FNLYDINKDGYINKEEMmdiVKAIYdMMGkytYPVlkedtP 200
Cdd:cd16180   42 MINMFDRDRSGTINFDEFV--------GLWKYIQDWRrlFRRFDRDRSGSIDFNEL---QNALS-SFG---YRL-----S 101

                         90       100
                 ....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 564371315 201 RQHVDVFFQKMDKNKDGIVTLDEFLESC 228
Cdd:cd16180  102 PQFVQLLVRKFDRRRRGSISFDDFVEAC 129

EF-hand motif found in eukaryotic phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC, EC 3.1.4.11) isozymes; PI-PLC isozymes are signaling enzymes that hydrolyze the membrane phospholipids phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to generate two important second messengers in eukaryotic signal transduction cascades, Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). InsP3 triggers inflow of calcium from intracellular stores, while DAG, together with calcium, activates protein kinase C, which goes on to phosphorylate other molecules, leading to altered cellular activity. Calcium is required for the catalysis. This family corresponds to the four EF-hand motifs containing PI-PLC isozymes, including PI-PLC-beta (1-4), -gamma (1-2), -delta (1,3,4), -epsilon (1), -zeta (1), eta (1-2). Lower eukaryotes such as yeast and slime molds contain only delta-type isozymes. In contrast, other types of isoforms present in higher eukaryotes. This family also includes 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase 1 (PLC1) from fungi. Some homologs from plants contain only two atypical EF-hand motifs and they are not included. All PI-PLC isozymes except sperm-specific PI-PLC-zeta share a core set of domains, including an N-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, four atypical EF-hand motifs, a PLC catalytic core, and a single C2 domain. PI-PLC-zeta lacks the PH domain. The PLC catalytic core domain is a TIM barrel with two highly conserved regions (X and Y) split by a highly degenerate linker sequence. Most of EF-hand motifs found in PI-PLCs consist of a helix-loop-helix structure, but lack residues critical to metal binding. Moreover, the EF-hand region of most of PI-PLCs may have an important regulatory function, but it has yet to be identified. However, PI-PLC-zeta is a key exception. It is responsible for Ca2+ oscillations in fertilized oocytes and exhibits a high sensitivity to Ca2+ mediated through its EF-hand domain. In addition, PI-PLC-eta2 shows a canonical EF-loop directing Ca2+-sensitivity and thus can amplify transient Ca2+ signals. Also it appears that PI-PLC-delta1 can regulate the binding of PH domain to PIP2 in a Ca2+-dependent manner through its functionally important EF-hand domains. PI-PLCs can be activated by a variety of extracellular ligands, such as growth factors, hormones, cytokines and lipids. Their activation has been implicated in tumorigenesis and/or metastasis linked to migration, proliferation, growth, inflammation, angiogenesis and actin cytoskeleton reorganization. PI-PLC-beta isozymes are activated by G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) through different mechanisms. However, PI-PLC-gamma isozymes are activated by receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), such as Rho and Ras GTPases. In contrast, PI-PLC-epsilon are activated by both GPCR and RTK. PI-PLC-delta1 and PLC-eta 1 are activated by GPCR-mediated calcium mobilization. The activation mechanism for PI-PLC-zeta remains unclear.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 564371315 119 YAHYLFNAFDTTQTGSVKFEDFVTALSILlrgTVHEKLRWTFNLYDINKDGYINKEEMMDIVKAiydmmgkytypVLKED 198
Cdd:cd15898   37 ELKKLFKEVDTNGDGTLTFDEFEELYKSL---TERPELEPIFKKYAGTNRDYMTLEEFIRFLRE-----------EQGEN 102

                         90       100
                 ....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 564371315 199 TPRQHVDVFFQKMDKN-KDGIVTLDEFL 225
Cdd:cd15898  103 VSEEECEELIEKYEPErENRQLSFEGFT 130

Penta-EF hand, calcium binding motifs, found in Group I PEF proteins; The family corresponds to Group I PEF proteins that have been found not only in higher animals but also in lower animals, plants, fungi and protists. Group I PEF proteins include apoptosis-linked gene 2 protein (ALG-2), peflin and similar proteins. ALG-2, also termed programmed cell death protein 6 (PDCD6), is a widely expressed calcium-binding modulator protein associated with cell proliferation and death, as well as cell survival. It forms a homodimer in the cell or a heterodimer with its closest paralog peflin. Among the PEF proteins, ALG-2 can bind three Ca2+ ions through its EF1, EF3, and EF5 hands, where it is unique in that its EF5 hand binds Ca2+ ion in a canonical coordination. Peflin is a ubiquitously expressed 30-kD PEF protein containing five EF-hand motifs in its C-terminal domain and a longer N-terminal hydrophobic domain (NHB domain) than any other member of the PEF family. The NHB domain harbors nine repeats of a nonapeptide (A/PPGGPYGGP). Peflin may modulate the function of ALG-2 in Ca2+ signaling. It exists only as a heterodimer with ALG-2, and binds two Ca2+ ions through its EF1 and EF3 hands. Its additional EF5 hand is unpaired and does not bind Ca2+ ion but mediates the heterodimerization with ALG-2. The dissociation of heterodimer occurs in the presence of Ca2+.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 564371315 123 LFNAFDTTQTGSVKFEDFVTALSILLRgtvhekLRWTFNLYDINKDGY--INKEEMMDIV 180
Cdd:cd16180  108 LVRKFDRRRRGSISFDDFVEACVTLKR------LTDAFRKYDTNRTGYatISYEDFLTMV 161

EF-hand domain;

                          10        20
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 564371315  155 KLRWTFNLYDINKDGYINKEEMMDIVKAI 183
Cdd:pfam13405   1 ELREAFKLFDKDGDGKISLEELRKALRSL 29

centrin; Provisional

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 564371315 152 VHEKLRWTFNLYDINKDGYINKEEMMDIVKAiydmmgkytypvLKEDTPRQHVDVFFQKMDKNKDGIVTLDEFLESC--- 228
Cdd:PTZ00183  15 QKKEIREAFDLFDTDGSGTIDPKELKVAMRS------------LGFEPKKEEIKQMIADVDKDGSGKIDFEEFLDIMtkk 82

                         90
                 ....*....|....*..
gi 564371315 229 ----QEDDNIMRSLQLF 241
Cdd:PTZ00183  83 lgerDPREEILKAFRLF 99

EF-hand, extracellular calcium-binding (EC) motif, found in secreted modular calcium-binding protein SMOC-1, SMOC-2, and similar proteins; SMOC proteins corresponds to a group matricellular proteins that are involved in direct or indirect modulation of growth factor signaling pathways and play diverse roles in physiological processes involving extensive tissue remodeling, migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis. They may mediate intercellular signaling and cell type-specific differentiation during gonad and reproductive tract development. SMOC-1 is localized in basement membranes. Its mutations have been found to be associated with individuals with Warrdenburg Anopthalmia Syndrome. SMOC-2 is ubiquitously expressed and is involved in angiogenesis and the regulation of cell cycle progression. It enhances the angiogenic effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It has also been implicated in generalized vitiligo. SMOC proteins consist of a follistatin-like (FS) domain, two thyroglobulin-like (TY) domains, a novel domain conserved only in SMOC proteins, and an extracellular calcium-binding (EC) domain with two EF-hand calcium-binding motifs.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 564371315 156 LRWTFNLYDINKDGYINKEEmmdiVKAIYDMmgkytypVLKEDTPRQHVDVFFQKMDKNKDGIVTLDEFLE 226
Cdd:cd16234   41 LDWKFSQLDKNKNGVLERKE----WKPFKRL-------LKKAVKPKKCARKFPKYCDVNKDKKISLTEWLN 100