RNA recognition motif (RRM) superfamily; RRM, also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), is a highly abundant domain in eukaryotes found in proteins involved in post-transcriptional gene expression processes including mRNA and rRNA processing, RNA export, and RNA stability. This domain is 90 amino acids in length and consists of a four-stranded beta-sheet packed against two alpha-helices. RRM usually interacts with ssRNA, but is also known to interact with ssDNA as well as proteins. RRM binds a variable number of nucleotides, ranging from two to eight. The active site includes three aromatic side-chains located within the conserved RNP1 and RNP2 motifs of the domain. The RRM domain is found in a variety heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), proteins implicated in regulation of alternative splicing, and protein components of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1039769032   2 AVVIRLLGLPFIAGPVDIRHFFKGLTIPDGGVHIIGGKVGEAFIIFATDEDARRAISRSGGFIKDSSVELFLSSKVEMQ 80
Cdd:cd12744     1 AVVIRLQGLPVVAGSTDIRHFFTGLTIPDGGVHIIGGELGEAFIIFATDEDARRAMSRSGGFIKGSRVELFLSSKAEMQ 79

RNA recognition motif (RRM) superfamily; RRM, also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), is a highly abundant domain in eukaryotes found in proteins involved in post-transcriptional gene expression processes including mRNA and rRNA processing, RNA export, and RNA stability. This domain is 90 amino acids in length and consists of a four-stranded beta-sheet packed against two alpha-helices. RRM usually interacts with ssRNA, but is also known to interact with ssDNA as well as proteins. RRM binds a variable number of nucleotides, ranging from two to eight. The active site includes three aromatic side-chains located within the conserved RNP1 and RNP2 motifs of the domain. The RRM domain is found in a variety heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), proteins implicated in regulation of alternative splicing, and protein components of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1039769032 760 VMISNLPFKANANEILDFFHGYKVIPDSVSIQYNEEGLPLGEAIVSMTNYNEALSAVKDLSGRPVGPRKVKLSLL 834
Cdd:cd12750     3 VKLFNLPFKATVNEILDFFYGYRVIPDSVSIQYNEQGLPTGDAIIAMETYEEAMAAVQDLNDRPIGPRKVKLSLL 77

rhoptry-associated protein 1 (RAP-1); Provisional

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1039769032 590 PQEDDFRQCHEKDHRQLRspweEDFRRPSQEHFRRS-------YQEHIRRPPQEHFRRSREEDfRHVADEDFRQASDEDF 662
Cdd:PTZ00465  340 PTKKFMQDTHEKTKGYLK----ENVAEPTKTFFKEApqvtkhfFDENIGQPTKEFFREAPQAT-KHFLDENIGQPTKEFF 414

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1039769032 663 RISQEDLRYPTDEDFRRVSVEDLREVPE 690
Cdd:PTZ00465  415 REAPQVTKHFLDENIAQPTKEFFRDVPQ 442

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in RNA-binding protein 12B (RBM12B) and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM12B which contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). Its biological role remains unclear.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1039769032   2 AVVIRLLGLPFIAGPVDIRHFFKGLTIPDGGVHIIGGKVGEAFIIFATDEDARRAISRSGGFIKDSSVELFLSSKVEMQ 80
Cdd:cd12744     1 AVVIRLQGLPVVAGSTDIRHFFTGLTIPDGGVHIIGGELGEAFIIFATDEDARRAMSRSGGFIKGSRVELFLSSKAEMQ 79

RNA recognition motif 5 (RRM5) found in RNA-binding protein 12B (RBM12B) and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM5 of RBM12B which contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). Its biological role remains unclear.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1039769032 760 VMISNLPFKANANEILDFFHGYKVIPDSVSIQYNEEGLPLGEAIVSMTNYNEALSAVKDLSGRPVGPRKVKLSLL 834
Cdd:cd12750     3 VKLFNLPFKATVNEILDFFYGYRVIPDSVSIQYNEQGLPTGDAIIAMETYEEAMAAVQDLNDRPIGPRKVKLSLL 77

RNA recognition motif;

                           10        20        30        40        50        60
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1039769032  402 CIYIRNLPFDVTKGEVQKFFADFSLVEDDIYLLCDDKGVGLGEALVRFKSEEQAMKA-ERLNRQRFLG 468
Cdd:smart00360   1 TLFVGNLPPDTTEEELRELFSKFGKVESVRLVRDKETGKSKGFAFVEFESEEDAEKAlEALNGKELDG 68

splicing factor, CC1-like family; This model represents a subfamily of RNA splicing factors including the Pad-1 protein (N. crassa), CAPER (M. musculus) and CC1.3 (H.sapiens). These proteins are characterized by an N-terminal arginine-rich, low complexity domain followed by three (or in the case of 4 H. sapiens paralogs, two) RNA recognition domains (rrm: pfam00706). These splicing factors are closely related to the U2AF splicing factor family (TIGR01642). A homologous gene from Plasmodium falciparum was identified in the course of the analysis of that genome at TIGR and was included in the seed.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1039769032 247 RMRSEEHSPSRRINGRHFR--KRSHSKSPRARSRSPLGF--------YVHLKNLSLNTNKRDLRNLF------RDTDLTN 310
Cdd:TIGR01622  69 RYRPREKRRRRGDSYRRRRddRRSRREKPRARDGTPEPLtederdrrTVFVQQLAARARERDLYEFFskvgkvRDVQIIK 148

                          90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1039769032 311 DQikfvykDERRTR-YAFVMFKNQKDYNTALGLHKTVLQYRPVLIDPVSRkemvriiecyEKKRPESLEKERPGRVSqky 389
Cdd:TIGR01622 149 DR------NSRRSKgVGYVEFYDVDSVQAALALTGQKLLGIPVIVQLSEA----------EKNRAARAATETSGHHP--- 209

                         170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1039769032 390 sqegfsGSGQKLCIYIRNLPFDVTKGEVQKFFADFSLVEDDIYLLCDDKGVGLGEALVRFKSEEQAMKA-ERLNrqrflG 468
Cdd:TIGR01622 210 ------NSIPFHRLYVGNLHFNITEQDLRQIFEPFGEIEFVQLQKDPETGRSKGYGFIQFRDAEQAKEAlEKMN-----G 278

                  ....*...
gi 1039769032 469 IEVLLRLI 476
Cdd:TIGR01622 279 FELAGRPI 286

RNA recognition motif (RRM) domain [Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis];

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1039769032 403 IYIRNLPFDVTKGEVQKFFADFSLVeDDIYLLCD-DKGVGLGEALVRFKSEEQAMKA-ERLNRQRFLG 468
Cdd:COG0724     4 IYVGNLPYSVTEEDLRELFSEYGEV-TSVKLITDrETGRSRGFGFVEMPDDEEAQAAiEALNGAELMG 70

RNA recognition motif. (a.k.a. RRM, RBD, or RNP domain); The RRM motif is probably diagnostic of an RNA binding protein. RRMs are found in a variety of RNA binding proteins, including various hnRNP proteins, proteins implicated in regulation of alternative splicing, and protein components of snRNPs. The motif also appears in a few single stranded DNA binding proteins. The RRM structure consists of four strands and two helices arranged in an alpha/beta sandwich, with a third helix present during RNA binding in some cases The C-terminal beta strand (4th strand) and final helix are hard to align and have been omitted in the SEED alignment The LA proteins have an N terminal rrm which is included in the seed. There is a second region towards the C terminus that has some features characteriztic of a rrm but does not appear to have the important structural core of a rrm. The LA proteins are one of the main autoantigens in Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1039769032 760 VMISNLPFKANANEILDFFHGYKVIpDSVSIQYNEEGLPLGEAIVSMTNYNEALSAVKDLSGRPVGPRKVK 830
Cdd:pfam00076   1 LFVGNLPPDTTEEDLKDLFSKFGPI-KSIRLVRDETGRSKGFAFVEFEDEEDAEKAIEALNGKELGGRELK 70

rhoptry-associated protein 1 (RAP-1); Provisional

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1039769032 590 PQEDDFRQCHEKDHRQLRspweEDFRRPSQEHFRRS-------YQEHIRRPPQEHFRRSREEDfRHVADEDFRQASDEDF 662
Cdd:PTZ00465  340 PTKKFMQDTHEKTKGYLK----ENVAEPTKTFFKEApqvtkhfFDENIGQPTKEFFREAPQAT-KHFLDENIGQPTKEFF 414

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1039769032 663 RISQEDLRYPTDEDFRRVSVEDLREVPE 690
Cdd:PTZ00465  415 REAPQVTKHFLDENIAQPTKEFFRDVPQ 442

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in RNA-binding protein 12B (RBM12B) and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM12B which contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). Its biological role remains unclear.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1039769032   2 AVVIRLLGLPFIAGPVDIRHFFKGLTIPDGGVHIIGGKVGEAFIIFATDEDARRAISRSGGFIKDSSVELFLSSKVEMQ 80
Cdd:cd12744     1 AVVIRLQGLPVVAGSTDIRHFFTGLTIPDGGVHIIGGELGEAFIIFATDEDARRAMSRSGGFIKGSRVELFLSSKAEMQ 79

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in RNA-binding protein RBM12, RBM12B and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM12 and RBM12B. RBM12, also termed SH3/WW domain anchor protein in the nucleus (SWAN), is ubiquitously expressed. It contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two proline-rich regions, and several putative transmembrane domains. RBM12B show high sequence semilarity with RBM12. It contains five distinct RRMs as well. The biological roles of both RBM12 and RBM12B remain unclear.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1039769032   2 AVVIRLLGLPFIAGPVDIRHFFKGLTIPDGGVHIIGGKVGEAFIIFATDEDARRAISRSGGFIKDSSVELFLSS 75
Cdd:cd12510     1 SVVIRLQGLPWEAGSLDIRRFFSGLTIPDGGVHIIGGEKGEAFIIFATDEDARLAMMRDGQTIKGSKVKLFLSS 74

RNA recognition motif 5 (RRM5) found in RNA-binding protein 12B (RBM12B) and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM5 of RBM12B which contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). Its biological role remains unclear.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1039769032 760 VMISNLPFKANANEILDFFHGYKVIPDSVSIQYNEEGLPLGEAIVSMTNYNEALSAVKDLSGRPVGPRKVKLSLL 834
Cdd:cd12750     3 VKLFNLPFKATVNEILDFFYGYRVIPDSVSIQYNEQGLPTGDAIIAMETYEEAMAAVQDLNDRPIGPRKVKLSLL 77

RNA recognition motif 3 (RRM3) found in RNA-binding protein 12B (RBM12B) and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of RBM12B which contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). Its biological role remains unclear.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1039769032 283 FYVHLKNLSLNTNKRDLRNLFRDTDLTNDQIKFVYKD-ERRTRYAFVMFKNQKDYNTALGLHKTVLQYRPVLIDPVSRKE 361
Cdd:cd12513     1 FCVHLKNLSYSVDKRDIRNFFRDLDISDDQIKFLHDKyGKRTREAFVMFKNEKDYQTALSLHKGCLGNRTVYIYPISRKA 80

                  .
gi 1039769032 362 M 362
Cdd:cd12513    81 M 81

RNA recognition motif 5 (RRM5) found in RNA-binding protein 12 (RBM12) and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM5 of RBM12, also termed SH3/WW domain anchor protein in the nucleus (SWAN), which is ubiquitously expressed. It contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RBMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two proline-rich regions, and several putative transmembrane domains. The biological role of RBM12 remains unclear.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1039769032 760 VMISNLPFKANANEILDFFHGYKVIPDSVSIQYNEEGLPLGEAIVSMTNYNEALSAVKDLSGRPVGPRKVKLS 832
Cdd:cd12751     4 IKVQNMPFTVSVDEILDFFYGYQVIPGSVCLKYNEKGMPTGEAMVAFESRDEAMAAVVDLNDRPIGSRKVKLV 76

RNA recognition motif 4 (RRM4) found in RNA-binding protein 12 (RBM12) and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM4 of RBM12, also termed SH3/WW domain anchor protein in the nucleus (SWAN), which is ubiquitously expressed. It contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two proline-rich regions, and several putative transmembrane domains. The biological role of RBM12 remains unclear.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1039769032 402 CIYIRNLPFDVTKGEVQKFFADFSLVEDDIYLLCDDKGVGLGEALVRFKSEEQAMKAERLNRQRFLGIEVLLRLISEEQM 481
Cdd:cd12749     1 CAHISNIPYNITKKDVLQFLEGIGLDENSVQVLVDNNGQGLGQALVQFKSEDDARKAERLHRKKLNGRDAFLHLVTLEEM 80

                  ..
gi 1039769032 482 QE 483
Cdd:cd12749    81 KE 82

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H protein family, epithelial splicing regulatory proteins (ESRPs), Drosophila RNA-binding protein Fusilli, RNA-binding protein 12 (RBM12) and similar proteins; The family includes RRM domains in the hnRNP H protein family, G-rich sequence factor 1 (GRSF-1), ESRPs (also termed RBM35), Drosophila Fusilli, RBM12 (also termed SWAN), RBM12B, RBM19 (also termed RBD-1) and similar proteins. The hnRNP H protein family includes hnRNP H (also termed mcs94-1), hnRNP H2 (also termed FTP-3 or hnRNP H'), hnRNP F and hnRNP H3 (also termed hnRNP 2H9), which represent a group of nuclear RNA binding proteins that are involved in pre-mRNA processing. GRSF-1 is a cytoplasmic poly(A)+ mRNA binding protein which interacts with RNA in a G-rich element-dependent manner. It may function in RNA packaging, stabilization of RNA secondary structure, or other macromolecular interactions. ESRP1 (also termed RBM35A) and ESRP2 (also termed RBM35B) are epithelial-specific RNA binding proteins that promote splicing of the epithelial variant of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), ENAH (also termed hMena), CD44 and CTNND1 (also termed p120-Catenin) transcripts. Fusilli shows high sequence homology to ESRPs. It can regulate endogenous FGFR2 splicing and functions as a splicing factor. The biological roles of both, RBM12 and RBM12B, remain unclear. RBM19 is a nucleolar protein conserved in eukaryotes. It is involved in ribosome biogenesis by processing rRNA. In addition, it is essential for preimplantation development. Members in this family contain 2~6 conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1039769032   4 VIRLLGLPFIAGPVDIRHFFKGLTIPDGGVHII---GGK-VGEAFIIFATDEDARRAISRSGGFIKDSSVELF 72
Cdd:cd12254     1 VVRLRGLPFSATEEDIRDFFSGLDIPPDGIHIVyddDGRpTGEAYVEFASEEDAQRALRRHKGKMGGRYIEVF 73

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H protein family, epithelial splicing regulatory proteins (ESRPs), Drosophila RNA-binding protein Fusilli, RNA-binding protein 12 (RBM12) and similar proteins; The family includes RRM domains in the hnRNP H protein family, G-rich sequence factor 1 (GRSF-1), ESRPs (also termed RBM35), Drosophila Fusilli, RBM12 (also termed SWAN), RBM12B, RBM19 (also termed RBD-1) and similar proteins. The hnRNP H protein family includes hnRNP H (also termed mcs94-1), hnRNP H2 (also termed FTP-3 or hnRNP H'), hnRNP F and hnRNP H3 (also termed hnRNP 2H9), which represent a group of nuclear RNA binding proteins that are involved in pre-mRNA processing. GRSF-1 is a cytoplasmic poly(A)+ mRNA binding protein which interacts with RNA in a G-rich element-dependent manner. It may function in RNA packaging, stabilization of RNA secondary structure, or other macromolecular interactions. ESRP1 (also termed RBM35A) and ESRP2 (also termed RBM35B) are epithelial-specific RNA binding proteins that promote splicing of the epithelial variant of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), ENAH (also termed hMena), CD44 and CTNND1 (also termed p120-Catenin) transcripts. Fusilli shows high sequence homology to ESRPs. It can regulate endogenous FGFR2 splicing and functions as a splicing factor. The biological roles of both, RBM12 and RBM12B, remain unclear. RBM19 is a nucleolar protein conserved in eukaryotes. It is involved in ribosome biogenesis by processing rRNA. In addition, it is essential for preimplantation development. Members in this family contain 2~6 conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1039769032 155 YLFLRGLPYLVNEDDVRVFFSGLCV--DGVILLKHHDGRNNGDAIVKFASCVDASGGLKCHRSFMGSRFIEV 224
Cdd:cd12254     1 VVRLRGLPFSATEEDIRDFFSGLDIppDGIHIVYDDDGRPTGEAYVEFASEEDAQRALRRHKGKMGGRYIEV 72

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H protein family, epithelial splicing regulatory proteins (ESRPs), Drosophila RNA-binding protein Fusilli, RNA-binding protein 12 (RBM12) and similar proteins; The family includes RRM domains in the hnRNP H protein family, G-rich sequence factor 1 (GRSF-1), ESRPs (also termed RBM35), Drosophila Fusilli, RBM12 (also termed SWAN), RBM12B, RBM19 (also termed RBD-1) and similar proteins. The hnRNP H protein family includes hnRNP H (also termed mcs94-1), hnRNP H2 (also termed FTP-3 or hnRNP H'), hnRNP F and hnRNP H3 (also termed hnRNP 2H9), which represent a group of nuclear RNA binding proteins that are involved in pre-mRNA processing. GRSF-1 is a cytoplasmic poly(A)+ mRNA binding protein which interacts with RNA in a G-rich element-dependent manner. It may function in RNA packaging, stabilization of RNA secondary structure, or other macromolecular interactions. ESRP1 (also termed RBM35A) and ESRP2 (also termed RBM35B) are epithelial-specific RNA binding proteins that promote splicing of the epithelial variant of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), ENAH (also termed hMena), CD44 and CTNND1 (also termed p120-Catenin) transcripts. Fusilli shows high sequence homology to ESRPs. It can regulate endogenous FGFR2 splicing and functions as a splicing factor. The biological roles of both, RBM12 and RBM12B, remain unclear. RBM19 is a nucleolar protein conserved in eukaryotes. It is involved in ribosome biogenesis by processing rRNA. In addition, it is essential for preimplantation development. Members in this family contain 2~6 conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1039769032 284 YVHLKNLSLNTNKRDLRNLFRDTDLTNDQIKFVYKDE-RRTRYAFVMFKNQKDYNTALGLHKTVLQYRPVLI 354
Cdd:cd12254     1 VVRLRGLPFSATEEDIRDFFSGLDIPPDGIHIVYDDDgRPTGEAYVEFASEEDAQRALRRHKGKMGGRYIEV 72

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H protein family, epithelial splicing regulatory proteins (ESRPs), Drosophila RNA-binding protein Fusilli, RNA-binding protein 12 (RBM12) and similar proteins; The family includes RRM domains in the hnRNP H protein family, G-rich sequence factor 1 (GRSF-1), ESRPs (also termed RBM35), Drosophila Fusilli, RBM12 (also termed SWAN), RBM12B, RBM19 (also termed RBD-1) and similar proteins. The hnRNP H protein family includes hnRNP H (also termed mcs94-1), hnRNP H2 (also termed FTP-3 or hnRNP H'), hnRNP F and hnRNP H3 (also termed hnRNP 2H9), which represent a group of nuclear RNA binding proteins that are involved in pre-mRNA processing. GRSF-1 is a cytoplasmic poly(A)+ mRNA binding protein which interacts with RNA in a G-rich element-dependent manner. It may function in RNA packaging, stabilization of RNA secondary structure, or other macromolecular interactions. ESRP1 (also termed RBM35A) and ESRP2 (also termed RBM35B) are epithelial-specific RNA binding proteins that promote splicing of the epithelial variant of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), ENAH (also termed hMena), CD44 and CTNND1 (also termed p120-Catenin) transcripts. Fusilli shows high sequence homology to ESRPs. It can regulate endogenous FGFR2 splicing and functions as a splicing factor. The biological roles of both, RBM12 and RBM12B, remain unclear. RBM19 is a nucleolar protein conserved in eukaryotes. It is involved in ribosome biogenesis by processing rRNA. In addition, it is essential for preimplantation development. Members in this family contain 2~6 conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1039769032 760 VMISNLPFKANANEILDFFHGYKVIPDSVSIQYNEEGLPLGEAIVSMTNYNEALSAVKDLSGRpVGPRKVKL 831
Cdd:cd12254     2 VRLRGLPFSATEEDIRDFFSGLDIPPDGIHIVYDDDGRPTGEAYVEFASEEDAQRALRRHKGK-MGGRYIEV 72

RNA recognition motif (RRM) superfamily; RRM, also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), is a highly abundant domain in eukaryotes found in proteins involved in post-transcriptional gene expression processes including mRNA and rRNA processing, RNA export, and RNA stability. This domain is 90 amino acids in length and consists of a four-stranded beta-sheet packed against two alpha-helices. RRM usually interacts with ssRNA, but is also known to interact with ssDNA as well as proteins. RRM binds a variable number of nucleotides, ranging from two to eight. The active site includes three aromatic side-chains located within the conserved RNP1 and RNP2 motifs of the domain. The RRM domain is found in a variety heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), proteins implicated in regulation of alternative splicing, and protein components of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1039769032 403 IYIRNLPFDVTKGEVQKFFADFSLVEdDIYLLCDDKGVGLGEALVRFKSEEQAMKA-ERLNRQRFLG 468
Cdd:cd00590     1 LFVGNLPPDTTEEDLRELFSKFGEVV-SVRIVRDRDGKSKGFAFVEFESPEDAEKAlEALNGTELGG 66

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein hnRNP H, hnRNP H2, hnRNP F and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of hnRNP H (also termed mcs94-1), hnRNP H2 (also termed FTP-3 or hnRNP H') and hnRNP F. These represent a group of nuclear RNA binding proteins that play important roles in the regulation of alternative splicing decisions. hnRNP H and hnRNP F are two closely related proteins, both of which bind to the RNA sequence DGGGD. They are present in a complex with the tissue-specific splicing factor Fox2, and regulate the alternative splicing of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) transcripts. The presence of Fox 2 can allows hnRNP H and hnRNP F to better compete with the SR protein ASF/SF2 for binding to FGFR2 exon IIIc. Thus, hnRNP H and hnRNP F can function as potent silencers of FGFR2 exon IIIc inclusion through an interaction with the exonic GGG motifs. Furthermore, hnRNP H and hnRNP H2 are almost identical; both have been found to bind nuclear-matrix proteins. hnRNP H activates exon inclusion by binding G-rich intronic elements downstream of the 5' splice site in the transcripts of c-src, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), Bcl-X, GRIN1, and myelin. It silences exons when bound to exonic elements in the transcripts of beta-tropomyosin, HIV-1, and alpha-tropomyosin. hnRNP H2 has been implicated in pre-mRNA 3' end formation. Members in this family contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). RRM1 and RRM2 are responsible for the binding to the RNA at DGGGD motifs, and they play an important role in efficiently silencing the exon. In addition, the family members have an extensive glycine-rich region near the C-terminus, which may allow them to homo- or heterodimerize.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1039769032 148 PLKAENPYLFLRGLPYLVNEDDVRVFFSGLCV--DGVILLKHHDGRNNGDAIVKFASCVDASGGLKCHRSFMGSRFIEVM 225
Cdd:cd12731     3 PDTANDGFVRLRGLPFGCSKEEIVQFFSGLEIvpNGITLPVDFQGRSTGEAFVQFASQEIAEKALKKHKERIGHRYIEIF 82

                  ....*.
gi 1039769032 226 QGSEQQ 231
Cdd:cd12731    83 KSSRAE 88

RNA recognition motif 3 (RRM3) found in RNA-binding protein 12 (RBM12) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of RBM12. RBM12, also termed SH3/WW domain anchor protein in the nucleus (SWAN), is ubiquitously expressed. It contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two proline-rich regions, and several putative transmembrane domains. The biological role of RBM12 remains unclear.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1039769032 276 RSRSP--LGFYVHLKNLSLNTNKRDLRNLFRDTDLTNDQIKFVY-KDERRTRYAFVMFKNQKDYNTALGLHKTVLQYRPV 352
Cdd:cd12512     1 RSRSPheKGFCVYLKGLPYEAENKHVIEFFKKLDIVEDSIYIAYgPNGRATGEGFVEFRNEIDYKAALCRHKQYMGNRFI 80

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|
gi 1039769032 353 LIDPVSRKEMVRIIECYEKK 372
Cdd:cd12512    81 QVHPITKKAMLEKIDMIRKR 100

RNA recognition motif 3 (RRM3) found in RNA-binding protein 12B (RBM12B) and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of RBM12B which contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). Its biological role remains unclear.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1039769032 401 LCIYIRNLPFDVTKGEVQKFFADFSLVEDDIYLLCDDKGVGLGEALVRFKSEEQAMKAERLNRQRFLGIEVLLRLISEEQ 480
Cdd:cd12513     1 FCVHLKNLSYSVDKRDIRNFFRDLDISDDQIKFLHDKYGKRTREAFVMFKNEKDYQTALSLHKGCLGNRTVYIYPISRKA 80

                  .
gi 1039769032 481 M 481
Cdd:cd12513    81 M 81

RNA recognition motif 5 (RRM5) found in RNA-binding protein RBM12, RBM12B and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM5 of RBM12 and RBM12B. RBM12, also termed SH3/WW domain anchor protein in the nucleus (SWAN), is ubiquitously expressed. It contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two proline-rich regions, and several putative transmembrane domains. RBM12B show high sequence semilarity with RBM12. It contains five distinct RRMs as well. The biological roles of both RBM12 and RBM12B remain unclear.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1039769032 402 CIYIRNLPFDVTKGEVQKFFADFSLVEDDIYLLCDDKGVGLGEALVRFKSEEQAMKAERLNRQRFLG 468
Cdd:cd12515     2 VVKMRNLPFKATIEDILDFFYGYRVIPDSVSIRYNDDGQPTGDARVAFPSPREARRAVRELNNRPLG 68

RNA recognition motif 3 (RRM3) found in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein hnRNP H protein family, G-rich sequence factor 1 (GRSF-1) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of hnRNP H proteins and GRSF-1. The hnRNP H protein family includes hnRNP H (also termed mcs94-1), hnRNP H2 (also termed FTP-3 or hnRNP H'), hnRNP F and hnRNP H3 (also termed hnRNP 2H9), which represent a group of nuclear RNA binding proteins that are involved in pre-mRNA processing. These proteins have similar RNA binding affinities and specifically recognize the sequence GGGA. They can either stimulate or repress splicing upon binding to a GGG motif. hnRNP H binds to the RNA substrate in the presence or absence of these proteins, whereas hnRNP F binds to the nuclear mRNA only in the presence of cap-binding proteins. hnRNP H and hnRNP H2 are almost identical; both have been found to bind nuclear-matrix proteins. hnRNP H activates exon inclusion by binding G-rich intronic elements downstream of the 5' splice site in the transcripts of c-src, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), Bcl-X, GRIN1, and myelin. It silences exons when bound to exonic elements in the transcripts of beta-tropomyosin, HIV-1, and alpha-tropomyosin. hnRNP H2 has been implicated in pre-mRNA 3' end formation. hnRNP H3 may be involved in the splicing arrest induced by heat shock. Most family members contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), except for hnRNP H3, in which the RRM1 is absent. RRM1 and RRM2 are responsible for the binding to the RNA at DGGGD motifs, and they play an important role in efficiently silencing the exon. For instance, members in this family can regulate the alternative splicing of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) transcripts, and function as silencers of FGFR2 exon IIIc through an interaction with the exonic GGG motifs. The lack of RRM1 could account for the reduced silencing activity within hnRNP H3. In addition, the family members have an extensive glycine-rich region near the C-terminus, which may allow them to homo- or heterodimerize. The family also includes a cytoplasmic poly(A)+ mRNA binding protein, GRSF-1, which interacts with RNA in a G-rich element-dependent manner. It may function in RNA packaging, stabilization of RNA secondary structure, or other macromolecular interactions. GRSF-1 also contains three potential RRMs responsible for the RNA binding, and two auxiliary domains (an acidic alpha-helical domain and an N-terminal alanine-rich region) that may play a role in protein-protein interactions and provide binding specificity.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1039769032 158 LRGLPYLVNEDDVRVFFSGLCVDGVILLKHHDGRNNGDAIVKFASCVDASGGLKCHRSFMGSRFIE 223
Cdd:cd12506     5 MRGLPYRATENDIFEFFSPLNPVNVRIRYNKDGRATGEADVEFATHEDAVAAMSKDRENMGHRYIE 70

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in epithelial splicing regulatory protein 2 (ESRP2) and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of ESRP2, also termed RNA-binding motif protein 35B (RBM35B), which has been identified as an epithelial cell type-specific regulator of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) splicing. It is required for expression of epithelial FGFR2-IIIb and the regulation of CD44, CTNND1 (also termed p120-Catenin) and ENAH (also termed hMena) splicing. It enhances epithelial-specific exons of CD44 and ENAH, silences mesenchymal exons of CTNND1, or both within FGFR2. ESRP2 contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1039769032 149 LKAENPYLF-LRGLPYLVNEDDVRVFFSGLC-----VDGVILLKHHDGRNNGDAIVKFASCVDASGGLKCHRSFMGSRFI 222
Cdd:cd12740    11 LSKENQVIIrMRGLPFTATPEDVLGFLGPECpvtggTEGLLFVKYPDGRPTGDAFVLFACEEYAQNALKKHKGILGKRYI 90

                  ....*.
gi 1039769032 223 EVMQGS 228
Cdd:cd12740    91 ELFRST 96

RNA recognition motif 4 (RRM4) found in RNA-binding protein 12B (RBM12B) and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM4 of RBM12B which contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). Its biological role remains unclear.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1039769032 760 VMISNLPFKANANEILDFFHGYKVIPDSVSIQYNEEGLPLGEAIVSMTNYNEALSAVKdLSGRPVGPRKVKLSLL 834
Cdd:cd12748     3 IYVRNLPFDVTKVEVQDFFEGFALAEDDIILLYDDKGVGLGEALVKFKSEEEAMKAER-LNGQRFLGTEVLLRLI 76

RNA recognition motif 3 (RRM3) found in epithelial splicing regulatory protein ESRP1, ESRP2 and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of ESRP1 (also termed RBM35A) and ESRP2 (also termed RBM35B). These are epithelial-specific RNA binding proteins that promote splicing of the epithelial variant of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), ENAH (also termed hMena), CD44 and CTNND1 (also termed p120-Catenin) transcripts. They are highly conserved paralogs and specifically bind to GU-rich binding site. ESRP1 and ESRP2 contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1039769032 158 LRGLPYLVNEDDVRVFFSGLCVD----GVILLKHHDGRNNGDAIVKFASCVDA-SGGLKCHRSFMGSRFIEVMQGS 228
Cdd:cd12742     6 LRGLPYAATIEDILEFLGEFAADirphGVHMVLNHQGRPSGDAFIQMKSADRAfLAAQKCHKKTMKDRYVEVFQCS 81

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H3 (hnRNP H3) and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of hnRNP H3 (also termed hnRNP 2H9), a nuclear RNA binding protein that belongs to the hnRNP H protein family that also includes hnRNP H (also termed mcs94-1), hnRNP H2 (also termed FTP-3 or hnRNP H') and hnRNP F. This family is involved in mRNA processing and exhibit extensive sequence homology. Currently, little is known about the functions of hnRNP H3 except for its role in the splicing arrest induced by heat shock. In addition, the typical hnRNP H proteins contain contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), except for hnRNP H3, in which the RRM1 is absent. RRM1 and RRM2 are responsible for the binding to the RNA at DGGGD motifs, and play an important role in efficiently silencing the exon. Members in this family can regulate the alternative splicing of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) transcripts, and function as silencers of FGFR2 exon IIIc through an interaction with the exonic GGG motifs. The lack of RRM1 could account for the reduced silencing activity within hnRNP H3. In addition, like other hnRNP H protein family members, hnRNP H3 has an extensive glycine-rich region near the C-terminus, which may allow it to homo- or heterodimerize.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1039769032 158 LRGLPYLVNEDDVRVFFSGLCV--DGVILLKHHDGRNNGDAIVKFASCVDASGGLKCHRSFMGSRFIEVMQGS 228
Cdd:cd12732    23 LRGLPFGCSKEEIVQFFSGLEIvpNGITLTMDYQGRSTGEAFVQFASKEIAENALGKHKERIGHRYIEIFKSS 95

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H protein family; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of hnRNP H protein family which includes hnRNP H (also termed mcs94-1), hnRNP H2 (also termed FTP-3 or hnRNP H'), hnRNP F and hnRNP H3 (also termed hnRNP 2H9). They represent a group of nuclear RNA binding proteins that are involved in pre-mRNA processing, having similar RNA binding affinities and specifically recognizing the sequence GGGA. They can either stimulate or repress splicing upon binding to a GGG motif. hnRNP H binds to the RNA substrate in the presence or absence of these proteins, whereas hnRNP F binds to the nuclear mRNA only in the presence of cap-binding proteins. Furthermore, hnRNP H and hnRNP H2 are almost identical; both have been found to bind nuclear-matrix proteins. hnRNP H activates exon inclusion by binding G-rich intronic elements downstream of the 5' splice site in the transcripts of c-src, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), Bcl-X, GRIN1, and myelin. It silences exons when bound to exonic elements in the transcripts of beta-tropomyosin, HIV-1, and alpha-tropomyosin. hnRNP H2 has been implicated in pre-mRNA 3' end formation. hnRNP H3 may be involved in the splicing arrest induced by heat shock. Most family members contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), except for hnRNP H3, in which the RRM1 is absent. RRM1 and RRM2 are responsible for the binding to the RNA at DGGGD motifs, and they play an important role in efficiently silencing the exon. Members in this family can regulate the alternative splicing of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) transcripts, and function as silencers of FGFR2 exon IIIc through an interaction with the exonic GGG motifs. The lack of RRM1 could account for the reduced silencing activity within hnRNP H3. In addition, the family members have an extensive glycine-rich region near the C-terminus, which may allow them to homo- or heterodimerize. The family also includes a cytoplasmic poly(A)+ mRNA binding protein, GRSF-1, which interacts with RNA in a G-rich element-dependent manner. It may function in RNA packaging, stabilization of RNA secondary structure, or other macromolecular interactions. GRSF-1 also contains three potential RRMs responsible for the RNA binding, and two auxiliary domains (an acidic alpha-helical domain and an N-terminal alanine-rich region) that may play a role in protein-protein interactions and provide binding specificity.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1039769032   4 VIRLLGLPFIAGPVDIRHFFKGLTIPDGGVHII----GGKVGEAFIIFATDEDARRAISRSGGFIKDSSVELFLSS 75
Cdd:cd12504     2 VVRLRGLPYGCTKEEIAQFFSGLEIVPNGITLPmdrrGRSTGEAFVQFASQEIAEQALGKHKEKIGHRYIEIFRSS 77

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1 (ESRP1) and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of ESRP1, also termed RNA-binding motif protein 35A (RBM35A), which has been identified as an epithelial cell type-specific regulator of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) splicing. It is required for expression of epithelial FGFR2-IIIb and the regulation of CD44, CTNND1 (also termed p120-Catenin) and ENAH (also termed hMena) splicing. It enhances epithelial-specific exons of CD44 and ENAH, silences mesenchymal exons of CTNND1, or both within FGFR2. Additional research indicated that ESRP1 functions as a tumor suppressor in colon cancer cells. It may be involved in posttranscriptional regulation of various genes by exerting a differential effect on protein translation via 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNAs. ESRP1 contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1039769032 149 LKAENPYLF-LRGLPYLVNEDDVRVFFSGLC-----VDGVILLKHHDGRNNGDAIVKFASCVDASGGLKCHRSFMGSRFI 222
Cdd:cd12739    11 LSKENQVIVrMRGLPFTATAEEVLAFFGQHCpvtggKEGILFVTYPDSRPTGDAFVLFACEEYAQNALKKHKDLLGKRYI 90

                  ....*.
gi 1039769032 223 EVMQGS 228
Cdd:cd12739    91 ELFRST 96

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein hnRNP H, hnRNP H2, hnRNP F and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of hnRNP H (also termed mcs94-1), hnRNP H2 (also termed FTP-3 or hnRNP H') and hnRNP F. These represent a group of nuclear RNA binding proteins that play important roles in the regulation of alternative splicing decisions. hnRNP H and hnRNP F are two closely related proteins, both of which bind to the RNA sequence DGGGD. They are present in a complex with the tissue-specific splicing factor Fox2, and regulate the alternative splicing of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) transcripts. The presence of Fox 2 can allows hnRNP H and hnRNP F to better compete with the SR protein ASF/SF2 for binding to FGFR2 exon IIIc. Thus, hnRNP H and hnRNP F can function as potent silencers of FGFR2 exon IIIc inclusion through an interaction with the exonic GGG motifs. Furthermore, hnRNP H and hnRNP H2 are almost identical; both have been found to bind nuclear-matrix proteins. hnRNP H activates exon inclusion by binding G-rich intronic elements downstream of the 5' splice site in the transcripts of c-src, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), Bcl-X, GRIN1, and myelin. It silences exons when bound to exonic elements in the transcripts of beta-tropomyosin, HIV-1, and alpha-tropomyosin. hnRNP H2 has been implicated in pre-mRNA 3' end formation. Members in this family contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). RRM1 and RRM2 are responsible for the binding to the RNA at DGGGD motifs, and they play an important role in efficiently silencing the exon. In addition, the family members have an extensive glycine-rich region near the C-terminus, which may allow them to homo- or heterodimerize.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1039769032 403 IYIRNLPFDVTKGEVQKFFADFSLVEDDIYLLCDDKGVGLGEALVRFKSEEQAMKAERLNRQR 465
Cdd:cd12731    11 VRLRGLPFGCSKEEIVQFFSGLEIVPNGITLPVDFQGRSTGEAFVQFASQEIAEKALKKHKER 73

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in RNA-binding protein 19 (RBM19) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of RBM19, also termed RNA-binding domain-1 (RBD-1), a nucleolar protein conserved in eukaryotes. It is involved in ribosome biogenesis by processing rRNA and is also essential for preimplantation development. RBM19 has a unique domain organization containing 6 conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1039769032 158 LRGLPYLVNEDDVRVFFSGLCVDGVILLKHHDGRNNGDAIVKFASCVDASGGLKCHRSFMGSRFIEV 224
Cdd:cd12502     5 LRGAPFNVKEKQIREFFSPLKPVAIRIVKNAHGNKTGYVFVDFKSEEDVEKALKRNKDYMGGRYIEV 71

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1 (ESRP1) and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of ESRP1, also termed RNA-binding motif protein 35A (RBM35A), which has been identified as an epithelial cell type-specific regulator of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) splicing. It is required for expression of epithelial FGFR2-IIIb and the regulation of CD44, CTNND1 (p120-Catenin) and ENAH (hMena) splicing. It enhances epithelial-specific exons of CD44 and ENAH, silences mesenchymal exons of CTNND1, or both within FGFR2. Additional research indicated that ESRP1 functions as a tumor suppressor in colon cancer cells. It may be involved in posttranscriptional regulation of various genes by exerting a differential effect on protein translation via 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNAs. ESRP1 contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1039769032 152 ENPYLFLRGLPYLVNEDDVRVFFSGLCV--DGVILLKHHDGRNNGDAIVKFASCVDASGGLKCHRSFMGSRFIEVMQGSE 229
Cdd:cd12736     8 DNTVIRARGLPWQSSDQDIARFFKGLNIakGGAALCLNAQGRRNGEALVRFVNEEHRDLALQRHKHHMGNRYIEVYKATG 87

                  ....*
gi 1039769032 230 QQWIE 234
Cdd:cd12736    88 EDFLK 92

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H protein family, G-rich sequence factor 1 (GRSF-1) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of hnRNP H proteins and GRSF-1. The hnRNP H protein family includes hnRNP H (also termed mcs94-1), hnRNP H2 (also termed FTP-3 or hnRNP H'), hnRNP F and hnRNP H3 (also termed hnRNP 2H9), which represent a group of nuclear RNA binding proteins that are involved in pre-mRNA processing. These proteins have similar RNA binding affinities and specifically recognize the sequence GGGA. They can either stimulate or repress splicing upon binding to a GGG motif. hnRNP H binds to the RNA substrate in the presence or absence of these proteins, whereas hnRNP F binds to the nuclear mRNA only in the presence of cap-binding proteins. hnRNP H and hnRNP H2 are almost identical; both have been found to bind nuclear-matrix proteins. hnRNP H activates exon inclusion by binding G-rich intronic elements downstream of the 5' splice site in the transcripts of c-src, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), Bcl-X, GRIN1, and myelin. It silences exons when bound to exonic elements in the transcripts of beta-tropomyosin, HIV-1, and alpha-tropomyosin. hnRNP H2 has been implicated in pre-mRNA 3' end formation. hnRNP H3 may be involved in splicing arrest induced by heat shock. Most family members contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), except for hnRNP H3, in which the RRM1 is absent. RRM1 and RRM2 are responsible for the binding to the RNA at DGGGD motifs, and play an important role in efficiently silencing the exon. Members in this family can regulate the alternative splicing of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) transcripts, and function as silencers of FGFR2 exon IIIc through an interaction with the exonic GGG motifs. The lack of RRM1 could account for the reduced silencing activity within hnRNP H3. Members in this family have an extensive glycine-rich region near the C-terminus, which may allow them to homo- or heterodimerize. They also include a cytoplasmic poly(A)+ mRNA binding protein, GRSF-1, which interacts with RNA in a G-rich element-dependent manner. They may function in RNA packaging, stabilization of RNA secondary structure, or other macromolecular interactions. GRSF-1 contains three potential RRMs responsible for the RNA binding, and two auxiliary domains (an acidic alpha-helical domain and an N-terminal alanine-rich region) that may play a role in protein-protein interactions and provide binding specificity.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1039769032   4 VIRLLGLPFIAGPVDIRHFFKGLTIPDG--GVHII----GGKVGEAFIIFATDEDARRAISRSGGFIKDSSVELFLS 74
Cdd:cd12503     1 VVRARGLPWSATAEDVLNFFTDCRIKGGenGIHFTytreGRPSGEAFIELESEEDVEKALEKHNEHMGHRYIEVFRS 77