Protein Kinase B-like pleckstrin homology (PH) domain; PKB (also called Akt), a member of the AGC kinase family, is a phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)-dependent Ser/Thr kinase which alters the activity of the targeted protein. The name AGC is based on the three proteins that it is most similar to cAMP-dependent protein kinase 1 (PKA; also known as PKAC), cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG; also known as CGK1) and protein kinase C (PKC). Human Akt has three isoforms derived for distinct genes: Akt1/PKBalpha, Akt2/PKBbeta, and Akt3/PKBgamma. All Akts have an N-terminal PH domain with an activating Thr phosphorylation site, a kinase domain, and a short C-terminal regulatory tail with an activating Ser phosphorylation site. The PH domain recruits Akt to the plasma membrane by binding to phosphoinositides (PtdIns-3,4-P2) and is required for activation. The phosphorylation of Akt at its Thr and Ser phosphorylation sites leads to increased Akt activity toward forkhead transcription factors, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and the Bcl-xL/Bcl-2-associated death promoter (BAD), all of which possess a consensus motif R-X-R-XX-ST-B (X = amino acid, B = bulky hydrophobic residue) for Akt phosphorylation. PH domains have diverse functions, but in general are involved in targeting proteins to the appropriate cellular location or in the interaction with a binding partner. They share little sequence conservation, but all have a common fold, which is electrostatically polarized. Less than 10% of PH domains bind phosphoinositide phosphates (PIPs) with high affinity and specificity. PH domains are distinguished from other PIP-binding domains by their specific high-affinity binding to PIPs with two vicinal phosphate groups: PtdIns(3,4)P2, PtdIns(4,5)P2 or PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 which results in targeting some PH domain proteins to the plasma membrane. A few display strong specificity in lipid binding. Any specificity is usually determined by loop regions or insertions in the N-terminus of the domain, which are not conserved across all PH domains. PH domains are found in cellular signaling proteins such as serine/threonine kinase, tyrosine kinases, regulators of G-proteins, endocytotic GTPases, adaptors, as well as cytoskeletal associated molecules and in lipid associated enzymes.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449   4 VTIVKEGWVQKRGEYIKNWRPRYFLLKTDGSFIGYKEKPQDVDLPYPLNNFSVAKCQLMKTERPKPNTFIIRCLQWTTVI 83
Cdd:cd01241     1 VSVVKEGWLLKRGEYIKNWRPRYFVLKSDGSFIGYKEKPKPNQDPPPLNNFSVAECQLMKTEKPKPNTFIIRCLQWTTVI 80

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1370451449  84 ERTFHVDTPEEREEWTEAIQAVADRLQ 110
Cdd:cd01241    81 ERTFHVESEEEREEWMKAIQGVASSLK 107

Protein Kinase B-like pleckstrin homology (PH) domain; PKB (also called Akt), a member of the AGC kinase family, is a phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)-dependent Ser/Thr kinase which alters the activity of the targeted protein. The name AGC is based on the three proteins that it is most similar to cAMP-dependent protein kinase 1 (PKA; also known as PKAC), cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG; also known as CGK1) and protein kinase C (PKC). Human Akt has three isoforms derived for distinct genes: Akt1/PKBalpha, Akt2/PKBbeta, and Akt3/PKBgamma. All Akts have an N-terminal PH domain with an activating Thr phosphorylation site, a kinase domain, and a short C-terminal regulatory tail with an activating Ser phosphorylation site. The PH domain recruits Akt to the plasma membrane by binding to phosphoinositides (PtdIns-3,4-P2) and is required for activation. The phosphorylation of Akt at its Thr and Ser phosphorylation sites leads to increased Akt activity toward forkhead transcription factors, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and the Bcl-xL/Bcl-2-associated death promoter (BAD), all of which possess a consensus motif R-X-R-XX-ST-B (X = amino acid, B = bulky hydrophobic residue) for Akt phosphorylation. PH domains have diverse functions, but in general are involved in targeting proteins to the appropriate cellular location or in the interaction with a binding partner. They share little sequence conservation, but all have a common fold, which is electrostatically polarized. Less than 10% of PH domains bind phosphoinositide phosphates (PIPs) with high affinity and specificity. PH domains are distinguished from other PIP-binding domains by their specific high-affinity binding to PIPs with two vicinal phosphate groups: PtdIns(3,4)P2, PtdIns(4,5)P2 or PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 which results in targeting some PH domain proteins to the plasma membrane. A few display strong specificity in lipid binding. Any specificity is usually determined by loop regions or insertions in the N-terminus of the domain, which are not conserved across all PH domains. PH domains are found in cellular signaling proteins such as serine/threonine kinase, tyrosine kinases, regulators of G-proteins, endocytotic GTPases, adaptors, as well as cytoskeletal associated molecules and in lipid associated enzymes.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449   4 VTIVKEGWVQKRGEYIKNWRPRYFLLKTDGSFIGYKEKPQDVDLPYPLNNFSVAKCQLMKTERPKPNTFIIRCLQWTTVI 83
Cdd:cd01241     1 VSVVKEGWLLKRGEYIKNWRPRYFVLKSDGSFIGYKEKPKPNQDPPPLNNFSVAECQLMKTEKPKPNTFIIRCLQWTTVI 80

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1370451449  84 ERTFHVDTPEEREEWTEAIQAVADRLQ 110
Cdd:cd01241    81 ERTFHVESEEEREEWMKAIQGVASSLK 107

Serine/Threonine protein kinases, catalytic domain; Phosphotransferases. Serine or threonine-specific kinase subfamily.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449  148 FDYLKLLGKGTFGKVILVREKASGKYYAMKILKKEVIiaKDEVAHTLTESRVLKNTRHPFLTSLKYSFQTKDRLCFVMEY 227
Cdd:smart00220   1 YEILEKLGEGSFGKVYLARDKKTGKLVAIKVIKKKKI--KKDRERILREIKILKKLKHPNIVRLYDVFEDEDKLYLVMEY 78

                   ....*.
gi 1370451449  228 VNGGEM 233
Cdd:smart00220  79 CEGGDL 84

protein kinase A catalytic subunit; Provisional

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 133 MDASTTHHKRKT----MNDFDYLKLLGKGTFGKVILVREKASGKYYAMKILKKEVIIAKDEVAHTLTESRVLKNTRHPFL 208
Cdd:PTZ00263    1 MKAAYMFTKPDTsswkLSDFEMGETLGTGSFGRVRIAKHKGTGEYYAIKCLKKREILKMKQVQHVAQEKSILMELSHPFI 80

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1370451449 209 TSLKYSFQTKDRLCFVMEYVNGGEM 233
Cdd:PTZ00263   81 VNMMCSFQDENRVYFLLEFVVGGEL 105

Pleckstrin homology domain; Domain commonly found in eukaryotic signalling proteins. The domain family possesses multiple functions including the abilities to bind inositol phosphates, and various proteins. PH domains have been found to possess inserted domains (such as in PLC gamma, syntrophins) and to be inserted within other domains. Mutations in Brutons tyrosine kinase (Btk) within its PH domain cause X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA) in patients. Point mutations cluster into the positively charged end of the molecule around the predicted binding site for phosphatidylinositol lipids.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449    6 IVKEGWVQKRGE-YIKNWRPRYFLLkTDGSFIGYKEKPQDVDL----PYPLNNFSVAKCqLMKTERPKPNTFIIRCLQWT 80
Cdd:smart00233   1 VIKEGWLYKKSGgGKKSWKKRYFVL-FNSTLLYYKSKKDKKSYkpkgSIDLSGCTVREA-PDPDSSKKPHCFEIKTSDRK 78

                           90       100
                   ....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1370451449   81 TVIertFHVDTPEEREEWTEAIQAVAD 107
Cdd:smart00233  79 TLL---LQAESEEEREKWVEALRKAIA 102

Protein Kinase B-like pleckstrin homology (PH) domain; PKB (also called Akt), a member of the AGC kinase family, is a phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)-dependent Ser/Thr kinase which alters the activity of the targeted protein. The name AGC is based on the three proteins that it is most similar to cAMP-dependent protein kinase 1 (PKA; also known as PKAC), cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG; also known as CGK1) and protein kinase C (PKC). Human Akt has three isoforms derived for distinct genes: Akt1/PKBalpha, Akt2/PKBbeta, and Akt3/PKBgamma. All Akts have an N-terminal PH domain with an activating Thr phosphorylation site, a kinase domain, and a short C-terminal regulatory tail with an activating Ser phosphorylation site. The PH domain recruits Akt to the plasma membrane by binding to phosphoinositides (PtdIns-3,4-P2) and is required for activation. The phosphorylation of Akt at its Thr and Ser phosphorylation sites leads to increased Akt activity toward forkhead transcription factors, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and the Bcl-xL/Bcl-2-associated death promoter (BAD), all of which possess a consensus motif R-X-R-XX-ST-B (X = amino acid, B = bulky hydrophobic residue) for Akt phosphorylation. PH domains have diverse functions, but in general are involved in targeting proteins to the appropriate cellular location or in the interaction with a binding partner. They share little sequence conservation, but all have a common fold, which is electrostatically polarized. Less than 10% of PH domains bind phosphoinositide phosphates (PIPs) with high affinity and specificity. PH domains are distinguished from other PIP-binding domains by their specific high-affinity binding to PIPs with two vicinal phosphate groups: PtdIns(3,4)P2, PtdIns(4,5)P2 or PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 which results in targeting some PH domain proteins to the plasma membrane. A few display strong specificity in lipid binding. Any specificity is usually determined by loop regions or insertions in the N-terminus of the domain, which are not conserved across all PH domains. PH domains are found in cellular signaling proteins such as serine/threonine kinase, tyrosine kinases, regulators of G-proteins, endocytotic GTPases, adaptors, as well as cytoskeletal associated molecules and in lipid associated enzymes.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449   4 VTIVKEGWVQKRGEYIKNWRPRYFLLKTDGSFIGYKEKPQDVDLPYPLNNFSVAKCQLMKTERPKPNTFIIRCLQWTTVI 83
Cdd:cd01241     1 VSVVKEGWLLKRGEYIKNWRPRYFVLKSDGSFIGYKEKPKPNQDPPPLNNFSVAECQLMKTEKPKPNTFIIRCLQWTTVI 80

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1370451449  84 ERTFHVDTPEEREEWTEAIQAVADRLQ 110
Cdd:cd01241    81 ERTFHVESEEEREEWMKAIQGVASSLK 107

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Protein Kinase B; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. There are three PKB isoforms from different genes, PKB-alpha (or Akt1), PKB-beta (or Akt2), and PKB-gamma (or Akt3). PKB contains an N-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and a C-terminal catalytic domain. It is activated downstream of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and plays important roles in diverse cellular functions including cell survival, growth, proliferation, angiogenesis, motility, and migration. PKB also has a central role in a variety of human cancers, having been implicated in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. The PKB subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and PI3K.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 152 KLLGKGTFGKVILVREKASGKYYAMKILKKEVIIAKDEVAHTLTESRVLKNTRHPFLTSLKYSFQTKDRLCFVMEYVNGG 231
Cdd:cd05571     1 KVLGKGTFGKVILCREKATGELYAIKILKKEVIIAKDEVAHTLTENRVLQNTRHPFLTSLKYSFQTNDRLCFVMEYVNGG 80

                  ....
gi 1370451449 232 EMEF 235
Cdd:cd05571    81 ELFF 84

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Protein Kinase B beta (also called Akt2); STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. PKB-beta is the predominant PKB isoform expressed in insulin-responsive tissues. It plays a critical role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. It is also implicated in muscle cell differentiation. Mice deficient in PKB-beta display normal growth weights but exhibit severe insulin resistance and diabetes, accompanied by lipoatrophy and B-cell failure. PKB contains an N-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and a C-terminal catalytic domain.The PKB-beta subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 152 KLLGKGTFGKVILVREKASGKYYAMKILKKEVIIAKDEVAHTLTESRVLKNTRHPFLTSLKYSFQTKDRLCFVMEYVNGG 231
Cdd:cd05595     1 KLLGKGTFGKVILVREKATGRYYAMKILRKEVIIAKDEVAHTVTESRVLQNTRHPFLTALKYAFQTHDRLCFVMEYANGG 80

                  ....
gi 1370451449 232 EMEF 235
Cdd:cd05595    81 ELFF 84

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Serum- and Glucocorticoid-induced Kinase; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. SGKs are activated by insulin and growth factors via phosphoinositide 3-kinase and PDK1. They activate ion channels, ion carriers, and the Na-K-ATPase, as well as regulate the activity of enzymes and transcription factors. SGKs play important roles in transport, hormone release, neuroexcitability, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. There are three isoforms of SGK, named SGK1, SGK2, and SGK3 (also called cytokine-independent survival kinase CISK). The SGK subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 152 KLLGKGTFGKVILVREKASGKYYAMKILKKEVIIAKDEVAHTLTESRVL-KNTRHPFLTSLKYSFQTKDRLCFVMEYVNG 230
Cdd:cd05575     1 KVIGKGSFGKVLLARHKAEGKLYAVKVLQKKAILKRNEVKHIMAERNVLlKNVKHPFLVGLHYSFQTKDKLYFVLDYVNG 80

                  ....*
gi 1370451449 231 GEMEF 235
Cdd:cd05575    81 GELFF 85

Catalytic subunit of the Serine/Threonine Kinases, cAMP-dependent protein kinases; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. This subfamily is composed of the cAMP-dependent protein kinases, PKA and PRKX, and similar proteins. The inactive PKA holoenzyme is a heterotetramer composed of two phosphorylated and active catalytic subunits with a dimer of regulatory (R) subunits. Activation is achieved through the binding of the important second messenger cAMP to the R subunits, which leads to the dissociation of PKA into the R dimer and two active subunits. PKA is present ubiquitously in cells and interacts with many different downstream targets. It plays a role in the regulation of diverse processes such as growth, development, memory, metabolism, gene expression, immunity, and lipolysis. PRKX is also reulated by the R subunit and is is present in many tissues including fetal and adult brain, kidney, and lung. It is implicated in granulocyte/macrophage lineage differentiation, renal cell epithelial migration, and tubular morphogenesis in the developing kidney. The PKA-like subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 146 NDFDYLKLLGKGTFGKVILVREKASGKYYAMKILKKEVIIAKDEVAHTLTESRVLKNTRHPFLTSLKYSFQTKDRLCFVM 225
Cdd:cd05580     1 DDFEFLKTLGTGSFGRVRLVKHKDSGKYYALKILKKAKIIKLKQVEHVLNEKRILSEVRHPFIVNLLGSFQDDRNLYMVM 80

                  ....*...
gi 1370451449 226 EYVNGGEM 233
Cdd:cd05580    81 EYVPGGEL 88

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Novel Protein Kinase C epsilon; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. PKC-epsilon has been shown to behave as an oncoprotein. Its overexpression contributes to neoplastic transformation depending on the cell type. It contributes to oncogenesis by inducing disordered cell growth and inhibiting cell death. It also plays a role in tumor invasion and metastasis. PKC-epsilon has also been found to confer cardioprotection against ischemia and reperfusion-mediated damage. Other cellular functions include the regulation of gene expression, cell adhesion, and cell motility. PKCs are classified into three groups (classical, atypical, and novel) depending on their mode of activation and the structural characteristics of their regulatory domain. nPKCs are calcium-independent, but require DAG (1,2-diacylglycerol) and phosphatidylserine (PS) for activity. The nPKC-epsilon subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 152 KLLGKGTFGKVILVREKASGKYYAMKILKKEVIIAKDEVAHTLTESRVLK-NTRHPFLTSLKYSFQTKDRLCFVMEYVNG 230
Cdd:cd05591     1 KVLGKGSFGKVMLAERKGTDEVYAIKVLKKDVILQDDDVDCTMTEKRILAlAAKHPFLTALHSCFQTKDRLFFVMEYVNG 80

                  ....*.
gi 1370451449 231 GEMEFR 236
Cdd:cd05591    81 GDLMFQ 86

Catalytic domain of the Protein Serine/Threonine Kinase, Serum- and Glucocorticoid-induced Kinase 3; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. SGK3 (also called cytokine-independent survival kinase or CISK) is expressed in most tissues and is most abundant in the embryo and adult heart and spleen. It was originally discovered in a screen for antiapoptotic genes. It phosphorylates and inhibits the proapoptotic proteins, Bad and FKHRL1. SGK3 also regulates many transporters, ion channels, and receptors. It plays a critical role in hair follicle morphogenesis and hair cycling. The SGK3 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 151 LKLLGKGTFGKVILVREKASGKYYAMKILKKEVIIAKDEVAHTLTESRV-LKNTRHPFLTSLKYSFQTKDRLCFVMEYVN 229
Cdd:cd05604     1 LKVIGKGSFGKVLLAKRKRDGKYYAVKVLQKKVILNRKEQKHIMAERNVlLKNVKHPFLVGLHYSFQTTDKLYFVLDFVN 80

                  ....*.
gi 1370451449 230 GGEMEF 235
Cdd:cd05604    81 GGELFF 86

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinases, Novel Protein Kinase C theta, delta, and similar proteins; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. PKC-theta is selectively expressed in T-cells and plays an important and non-redundant role in several aspects of T-cell biology. PKC-delta plays a role in cell cycle regulation and programmed cell death in many cell types. PKCs are classified into three groups (classical, atypical, and novel) depending on their mode of activation and the structural characteristics of their regulatory domain. nPKCs are calcium-independent, but require DAG (1,2-diacylglycerol) and phosphatidylserine (PS) for activity. There are four nPKC isoforms, delta, epsilon, eta, and theta. The nPKC-theta-like subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 152 KLLGKGTFGKVILVREKASGKYYAMKILKKEVIIAKDEVAHTLTESRVLK-NTRHPFLTSLKYSFQTKDRLCFVMEYVNG 230
Cdd:cd05592     1 KVLGKGSFGKVMLAELKGTNQYFAIKALKKDVVLEDDDVECTMIERRVLAlASQHPFLTHLFCTFQTESHLFFVMEYLNG 80

                  ....*
gi 1370451449 231 GEMEF 235
Cdd:cd05592    81 GDLMF 85

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Serum- and Glucocorticoid-induced Kinase 2; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. SGK2 shows a more restricted distribution than SGK1 and is most abundantly expressed in epithelial tissues including kidney, liver, pancreas, and the choroid plexus of the brain. In vitro cellular assays show that SGK2 can stimulate the activity of ion channels, the glutamate transporter EEAT4, and the glutamate receptors, GluR6 and GLUR1. The SGK2 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 152 KLLGKGTFGKVILVREKASGKYYAMKILKKEVIIAKDEVAHTLTESRVL-KNTRHPFLTSLKYSFQTKDRLCFVMEYVNG 230
Cdd:cd05603     1 KVIGKGSFGKVLLAKRKCDGKFYAVKVLQKKTILKKKEQNHIMAERNVLlKNLKHPFLVGLHYSFQTSEKLYFVLDYVNG 80

                  ....*
gi 1370451449 231 GEMEF 235
Cdd:cd05603    81 GELFF 85

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Classical Protein Kinase C beta; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The PKC beta isoforms (I and II), generated by alternative splicing of a single gene, are preferentially activated by hyperglycemia-induced DAG (1,2-diacylglycerol) in retinal tissues. This is implicated in diabetic microangiopathy such as ischemia, neovascularization, and abnormal vasodilator function. PKC-beta also plays an important role in VEGF signaling. In addition, glucose regulates proliferation in retinal endothelial cells via PKC-betaI. PKC-beta is also being explored as a therapeutic target in cancer. It contributes to tumor formation and is involved in the tumor host mechanisms of inflammation and angiogenesis. PKCs are classified into three groups (classical, atypical, and novel) depending on their mode of activation and the structural characteristics of their regulatory domain. PKCs undergo three phosphorylations in order to take mature forms. In addition, cPKCs depend on calcium, DAG, and in most cases, phosphatidylserine (PS) for activation. The cPKC-beta subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 147 DFDYLKLLGKGTFGKVILVREKASGKYYAMKILKKEVIIAKDEVAHTLTESRVLK-NTRHPFLTSLKYSFQTKDRLCFVM 225
Cdd:cd05616     1 DFNFLMVLGKGSFGKVMLAERKGTDELYAVKILKKDVVIQDDDVECTMVEKRVLAlSGKPPFLTQLHSCFQTMDRLYFVM 80

                          90
                  ....*....|.
gi 1370451449 226 EYVNGGEMEFR 236
Cdd:cd05616    81 EYVNGGDLMYH 91

Catalytic domain of Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK)- and Nuclear Dbf2-Related (NDR)-like Serine/Threonine Kinases; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. Members of this subfamily include ROCK and ROCK-like proteins such as DMPK, MRCK, and CRIK, as well as NDR and NDR-like proteins such as LATS, CBK1 and Sid2p. ROCK and CRIK are effectors of the small GTPase Rho, while MRCK is an effector of the small GTPase Cdc42. NDR and NDR-like kinases contain an N-terminal regulatory (NTR) domain and an insert within the catalytic domain that contains an auto-inhibitory sequence. Proteins in this subfamily are involved in regulating many cellular functions including contraction, motility, division, proliferation, apoptosis, morphogenesis, and cytokinesis. The ROCK/NDR-like subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 146 NDFDYLKLLGKGTFGKVILVREKASGKYYAMKILKKEVIIAKDEVAHTLTESRVLKNTRHPFLTSLKYSFQTKDRLCFVM 225
Cdd:cd05573     1 DDFEVIKVIGRGAFGEVWLVRDKDTGQVYAMKILRKSDMLKREQIAHVRAERDILADADSPWIVRLHYAFQDEDHLYLVM 80

                  ....*...
gi 1370451449 226 EYVNGGEM 233
Cdd:cd05573    81 EYMPGGDL 88

Catalytic domain of Nuclear Dbf2-Related kinase-like Protein Serine/Threonine Kinases; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. NDR kinases regulate mitosis, cell growth, embryonic development, and neurological processes. They are also required for proper centrosome duplication. Higher eukaryotes contain two NDR isoforms, NDR1 and NDR2. This subfamily also contains fungal NDR-like kinases. NDR kinase contains an N-terminal regulatory (NTR) domain and an insert within the catalytic domain that contains an auto-inhibitory sequence. Like many other AGC kinases, NDR kinase requires phosphorylation at two sites, the activation loop (A-loop) and the hydrophobic motif (HM), for activity. The NDR kinase subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 146 NDFDYLKLLGKGTFGKVILVREKASGKYYAMKILKKEVIIAKDEVAHTLTESRVLKNTRHPFLTSLKYSFQTKDRLCFVM 225
Cdd:cd05599     1 EDFEPLKVIGRGAFGEVRLVRKKDTGHVYAMKKLRKSEMLEKEQVAHVRAERDILAEADNPWVVKLYYSFQDEENLYLIM 80

                  ....*...
gi 1370451449 226 EYVNGGEM 233
Cdd:cd05599    81 EFLPGGDM 88

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Novel Protein Kinase C theta; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. PKC-theta is selectively expressed in T-cells and plays an important and non-redundant role in several aspects of T-cell biology. Although T-cells also express other PKC isoforms, PKC-theta is unique in that upon antigen stimulation, it is translocated to the plasma membrane at the immunological synapse, where it mediates signals essential for T-cell activation. It is essential for TCR-induced proliferation, cytokine production, T-cell survival, and the differentiation and effector function of T-helper (Th) cells, particularly Th2 and Th17. PKC-theta is being developed as a therapeutic target for Th2-mediated allergic inflammation and Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases. PKCs are classified into three groups (classical, atypical, and novel) depending on their mode of activation and the structural characteristics of their regulatory domain. nPKCs are calcium-independent, but require DAG (1,2-diacylglycerol) and phosphatidylserine (PS) for activity. The nPKC subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 144 TMNDFDYLKLLGKGTFGKVILVREKASGKYYAMKILKKEVIIAKDEVAHTLTESRVLKNT-RHPFLTSLKYSFQTKDRLC 222
Cdd:cd05619     3 TIEDFVLHKMLGKGSFGKVFLAELKGTNQFFAIKALKKDVVLMDDDVECTMVEKRVLSLAwEHPFLTHLFCTFQTKENLF 82

                          90
                  ....*....|...
gi 1370451449 223 FVMEYVNGGEMEF 235
Cdd:cd05619    83 FVMEYLNGGDLMF 95

N-terminal catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Mitogen and stress-activated kinase; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. MSKs contain an N-terminal kinase domain (NTD) from the AGC family and a C-terminal kinase domain (CTD) from the CAMK family. MSKs are activated by two major signaling cascades, the Ras-MAPK and p38 stress kinase pathways, in response to various stimuli such as growth factors, hormones, neurotransmitters, cellular stress, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This triggers phosphorylation in the activation loop (A-loop) of the CTD of MSK. The active CTD phosphorylates the hydrophobic motif (HM) in the C-terminal extension of NTD, which facilitates the phosphorylation of the A-loop and activates the NTD, which in turn phosphorylates downstream targets. MSKs are predominantly nuclear proteins. They are widely expressed in many tissues including heart, brain, lung, liver, kidney, and pancreas. There are two isoforms of MSK, called MSK1 and MSK2. The MSK subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 154 LGKGTFGKVILVRE---KASGKYYAMKILKKEVIIAKDEVA-HTLTESRVLKNTRH-PFLTSLKYSFQTKDRLCFVMEYV 228
Cdd:cd05583     2 LGTGAYGKVFLVRKvggHDAGKLYAMKVLKKATIVQKAKTAeHTMTERQVLEAVRQsPFLVTLHYAFQTDAKLHLILDYV 81

                  ....*
gi 1370451449 229 NGGEM 233
Cdd:cd05583    82 NGGEL 86

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Novel Protein Kinase C delta; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. PKC-delta plays a role in cell cycle regulation and programmed cell death in many cell types. It slows down cell proliferation, inducing cell cycle arrest and enhancing cell differentiation. PKC-delta is also involved in the regulation of transcription as well as immune and inflammatory responses. It plays a central role in the genotoxic stress response that leads to DNA damaged-induced apoptosis. PKCs are classified into three groups (classical, atypical, and novel) depending on their mode of activation and the structural characteristics of their regulatory domain. nPKCs are calcium-independent, but require DAG (1,2-diacylglycerol) and phosphatidylserine (PS) for activity. The nPKC-delta subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 152 KLLGKGTFGKVILVREKASGKYYAMKILKKEVIIAKDEVAHTLTESRVLK-NTRHPFLTSLKYSFQTKDRLCFVMEYVNG 230
Cdd:cd05620     1 KVLGKGSFGKVLLAELKGKGEYFAVKALKKDVVLIDDDVECTMVEKRVLAlAWENPFLTHLYCTFQTKEHLFFVMEFLNG 80

                  ....*
gi 1370451449 231 GEMEF 235
Cdd:cd05620    81 GDLMF 85

protein kinase A catalytic subunit; Provisional

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 133 MDASTTHHKRKT----MNDFDYLKLLGKGTFGKVILVREKASGKYYAMKILKKEVIIAKDEVAHTLTESRVLKNTRHPFL 208
Cdd:PTZ00263    1 MKAAYMFTKPDTsswkLSDFEMGETLGTGSFGRVRIAKHKGTGEYYAIKCLKKREILKMKQVQHVAQEKSILMELSHPFI 80

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1370451449 209 TSLKYSFQTKDRLCFVMEYVNGGEM 233
Cdd:PTZ00263   81 VNMMCSFQDENRVYFLLEFVVGGEL 105

N-terminal catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Mitogen and stress-activated kinase 2; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. MSK2 and MSK1 play nonredundant roles in activating histone H3 kinases, which play pivotal roles in compaction of the chromatin fiber. MSK2 is the required H3 kinase in response to stress stimuli and activation of the p38 MAPK pathway. MSK2 also plays a role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. MSKs contain an N-terminal kinase domain (NTD) from the AGC family and a C-terminal kinase domain (CTD) from the CAMK family, similar to 90 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinases (RSKs). MSKs are activated by two major signaling cascades, the Ras-MAPK and p38 stress kinase pathways, which trigger phosphorylation in the activation loop (A-loop) of the CTD of MSK. The active CTD phosphorylates the hydrophobic motif (HM) of NTD, which facilitates the phosphorylation of the A-loop and activates the NTD, which in turn phosphorylates downstream targets. The MSK2 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 147 DFDYLKLLGKGTFGKVILVReKASG----KYYAMKILKKEVIIAKDEVA-HTLTESRVLKNTRH-PFLTSLKYSFQTKDR 220
Cdd:cd05614     1 NFELLKVLGTGAYGKVFLVR-KVSGhdanKLYAMKVLRKAALVQKAKTVeHTRTERNVLEHVRQsPFLVTLHYAFQTDAK 79

                          90
                  ....*....|...
gi 1370451449 221 LCFVMEYVNGGEM 233
Cdd:cd05614    80 LHLILDYVSGGEL 92

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. PDK1 carries an N-terminal catalytic domain and a C-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain that binds phosphoinositides. It phosphorylates the activation loop of AGC kinases that are regulated by PI3K such as PKB, SGK, and PKC, among others, and is crucial for their activation. Thus, it contributes in regulating many processes including metabolism, growth, proliferation, and survival. PDK1 also has the ability to autophosphorylate and is constitutively active in mammalian cells. It is essential for normal embryo development and is important in regulating cell volume. The PDK1 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 146 NDFDYLKLLGKGTFGKVILVREKASGKYYAMKILKKEVIIAKDEVAHTLTESRVLKNTRHPFLTSLKYSFQTKDRLCFVM 225
Cdd:cd05581     1 NDFKFGKPLGEGSYSTVVLAKEKETGKEYAIKVLDKRHIIKEKKVKYVTIEKEVLSRLAHPGIVKLYYTFQDESKLYFVL 80

                  ....*...
gi 1370451449 226 EYVNGGEM 233
Cdd:cd05581    81 EYAPNGDL 88

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Large Tumor Suppressor; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. LATS was originally identified in Drosophila using a screen for genes whose inactivation led to overproliferation of cells. In tetrapods, there are two LATS isoforms, LATS1 and LATS2. Inactivation of LATS1 in mice results in the development of various tumors, including sarcomas and ovarian cancer. LATS functions as a tumor suppressor and is implicated in cell cycle regulation. The LATS subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 146 NDFDYLKLLGKGTFGKVILVREKASGKYYAMKILKKEVIIAKDEVAHTLTESRVLKNTRHPFLTSLKYSFQTKDRLCFVM 225
Cdd:cd05598     1 SMFEKIKTIGVGAFGEVSLVRKKDTNALYAMKTLRKKDVLKRNQVAHVKAERDILAEADNEWVVKLYYSFQDKENLYFVM 80

                  ....*...
gi 1370451449 226 EYVNGGEM 233
Cdd:cd05598    81 DYIPGGDL 88

Catalytic domain of fungal Rim15-like Protein Serine/Threonine Kinases; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. Members of this group include Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rim15, Schizosaccharomyces pombe cek1, and similar fungal proteins. They contain a central catalytic domain, which contains an insert relative to MAST kinases. In addition, Rim15 contains a C-terminal signal receiver (REC) domain while cek1 contains an N-terminal PAS domain. Rim15 (or Rim15p) functions as a regulator of meiosis. It acts as a downstream effector of PKA and regulates entry into stationary phase (G0). Thus, it plays a crucial role in regulating yeast proliferation, differentiation, and aging. Cek1 may facilitate progression of mitotic anaphase. The Rim15-like subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 151 LKLLGKGTFGKVILVREKASGKYYAMKILKKEVIIAKDEVAHTLTESRVLKNTRH-PFLTSLKYSFQTKDRLCFVMEYVN 229
Cdd:cd05611     1 LKPISKGAFGSVYLAKKRSTGDYFAIKVLKKSDMIAKNQVTNVKAERAIMMIQGEsPYVAKLYYSFQSKDYLYLVMEYLN 80

                  ....*
gi 1370451449 230 GGEME 234
Cdd:cd05611    81 GGDCA 85

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Yank1; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. This subfamily contains uncharacterized STKs with similarity to the human protein designated as Yank1 or STK32A. The Yank1 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 148 FDYLKLLGKGTFGKVILVREKASGKYYAMKILKKEVIIAKDEVAHTLTESRVLKNTRHPFLTSLKYSFQTKDRLCFVMEY 227
Cdd:cd05578     2 FQILRVIGKGSFGKVCIVQKKDTKKMFAMKYMNKQKCIEKDSVRNVLNELEILQELEHPFLVNLWYSFQDEEDMYMVVDL 81

                  ....*...
gi 1370451449 228 VNGGEMEF 235
Cdd:cd05578    82 LLGGDLRY 89

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Never In Mitosis gene A (NIMA)-related kinase; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The Nek family is composed of 11 different mammalian members (Nek1-11) with similarity to the catalytic domain of Aspergillus nidulans NIMA kinase, the founding member of the Nek family, which was identified in a screen for cell cycle mutants that were prevented from entering mitosis. Neks contain a conserved N-terminal catalytic domain and a more divergent C-terminal regulatory region of various sizes and structures. They are involved in the regulation of downstream processes following the activation of Cdc2, and many of their functions are cell cycle-related. They play critical roles in microtubule dynamics during ciliogenesis and mitosis. The Nek family is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 147 DFDYLKLLGKGTFGKVILVREKASGKYYAMkilkKEVIIAK---DEVAHTLTESRVLKNTRHPFLTSLKYSFQTKDRLCF 223
Cdd:cd08215     1 KYEKIRVIGKGSFGSAYLVRRKSDGKLYVL----KEIDLSNmseKEREEALNEVKLLSKLKHPNIVKYYESFEENGKLCI 76

                          90
                  ....*....|...
gi 1370451449 224 VMEYVNGGEMEFR 236
Cdd:cd08215    77 VMEYADGGDLAQK 89

Catalytic domain of the Protein Serine/Threonine Kinase, Microtubule-associated serine/threonine kinase; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. MAST kinases contain an N-terminal domain of unknown function, a central catalytic domain, and a C-terminal PDZ domain that mediates protein-protein interactions. There are four mammalian MAST kinases, named MAST1-MAST4. MAST1 is also called syntrophin-associated STK (SAST) while MAST2 is also called MAST205. MAST kinases are cytoskeletal associated kinases of unknown function that are also expressed at neuromuscular junctions and postsynaptic densities. MAST1, MAST2, and MAST3 bind and phosphorylate the tumor suppressor PTEN, and may contribute to the regulation and stabilization of PTEN. MAST2 is involved in the regulation of the Fc-gamma receptor of the innate immune response in macrophages, and may also be involved in the regulation of the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE3. The MAST kinase subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 147 DFDYLKLLGKGTFGKVILVREKASGKYYAMKILKKEVIIAKDEVAHTLTESRVLKNTRHPFLTSLKYSFQTKDRLCFVME 226
Cdd:cd05609     1 DFETIKLISNGAYGAVYLVRHRETRQRFAMKKINKQNLILRNQIQQVFVERDILTFAENPFVVSMYCSFETKRHLCMVME 80

                  ....*.
gi 1370451449 227 YVNGGE 232
Cdd:cd05609    81 YVEGGD 86

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. ROCK is also referred to as Rho-associated kinase or simply as Rho kinase. It contains an N-terminal extension, a catalytic kinase domain, and a long C-terminal extension, which contains a coiled-coil region encompassing a Rho-binding domain (RBD) and a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. ROCK is auto-inhibited by the RBD and PH domain interacting with the catalytic domain. It is activated via interaction with Rho GTPases and is involved in many cellular functions including contraction, adhesion, migration, motility, proliferation, and apoptosis. The ROCK subfamily consists of two isoforms, ROCK1 and ROCK2, which may be functionally redundant in some systems, but exhibit different tissue distributions. Both isoforms are ubiquitously expressed in most tissues, but ROCK2 is more prominent in brain and skeletal muscle while ROCK1 is more pronounced in the liver, testes, and kidney. Studies in knockout mice result in different phenotypes, suggesting that the two isoforms do not compensate for each other during embryonic development. The ROCK subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 142 RKTMNDFDYLKLLGKGTFGKVILVREKASGKYYAMKILKKEVIIAKDEVAHTLTESRVLKNTRHPFLTSLKYSFQTKDRL 221
Cdd:cd05596    22 RMNAEDFDVIKVIGRGAFGEVQLVRHKSTKKVYAMKLLSKFEMIKRSDSAFFWEERDIMAHANSEWIVQLHYAFQDDKYL 101

                          90
                  ....*....|..
gi 1370451449 222 CFVMEYVNGGEM 233
Cdd:cd05596   102 YMVMDYMPGGDL 113

The catalytic domain of CAMK family Serine/Threonine Kinases; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. CaMKs are multifunctional calcium and calmodulin (CaM) stimulated STKs involved in cell cycle regulation. There are several types of CaMKs including CaMKI, CaMKII, and CaMKIV. CaMKI proteins are monomeric and they play pivotal roles in the nervous system, including long-term potentiation, dendritic arborization, neurite outgrowth, and the formation of spines, synapses, and axons. CaMKII is a signaling molecule that translates upstream calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signals into downstream responses that play important roles in synaptic function and cardiovascular physiology. CAMKIV is implicated in regulating several transcription factors like CREB, MEF2, and retinoid orphan receptors, as well as in T-cell development and signaling. The CAMK family also consists of other related kinases including the Phosphorylase kinase Gamma subunit (PhKG), the C-terminal kinase domains of Ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) and Mitogen and stress-activated kinase (MSK), Doublecortin-like kinase (DCKL), and the MAPK-activated protein kinases MK2, MK3, and MK5, among others. The CAMK family is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 147 DFDYLKLLGKGTFGKVILVREKASGKYYAMKILKKEVIIAKDEvAHTLTESRVLKNTRHPFLTSLKYSFQTKDRLCFVME 226
Cdd:cd05117     1 KYELGKVLGRGSFGVVRLAVHKKTGEEYAVKIIDKKKLKSEDE-EMLRREIEILKRLDHPNIVKLYEVFEDDKNLYLVME 79

                  ....*.
gi 1370451449 227 YVNGGE 232
Cdd:cd05117    80 LCTGGE 85

Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, G protein-coupled Receptor Kinase 4; STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. GRK4 has a limited tissue distribution. It is mainly found in the testis, but is also present in the cerebellum and kidney. It is expressed as multiple splice variants with different domain architectures and is post-translationally palmitoylated and localized in the membrane. GRK4 polymorphisms are associated with hypertension and salt sensitivity, as they cause hyperphosphorylation, desensitization, and internalization of the dopamine 1 (D1) receptor while increasing the expression of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. GRK4 plays a crucial role in the D1 receptor regulation of sodium excretion and blood pressure. GRKs phosphorylate and regulate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest superfamily of cell surface receptors which regulate some part of nearly all physiological functions. Phosphorylated GPCRs bind to arrestins, which prevents further G protein signaling despite the presence of activating ligand. The GRK4 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1370451449 148 FDYLKLLGKGTFGKVILVREKASGKYYAMKILKKEVIIAKDEVAHTLTESRVLKNTRHPFLTSLKYSFQTKDRLCFVMEY 227
Cdd:cd05631     2 FRHYRVLGKGGFGEVCACQVRATGKMYACKKLEKKRIKKRKGEAMALNEKRILEKVNSRFVVSLAYAYETKDALCLVLTI 81

                  ....*...
gi 1370451449 228 VNGGEMEF 235
Cdd:cd05631    82 MNGGDLKF 89