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    RHOA ras homolog family member A [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 387, updated on 10-Dec-2024

    Summary

    Official Symbol
    RHOAprovided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    ras homolog family member Aprovided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:HGNC:667
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000067560 MIM:165390; AllianceGenome:HGNC:667
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    ARHA; ARH12; RHO12; EDFAOB; RHOH12
    Summary
    This gene encodes a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, which cycle between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states and function as molecular switches in signal transduction cascades. Rho proteins promote reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and regulate cell shape, attachment, and motility. Overexpression of this gene is associated with tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. Multiple alternatively spliced variants have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]
    Expression
    Ubiquitous expression in fat (RPKM 218.4), lung (RPKM 210.7) and 25 other tissues See more
    Orthologs
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    Genomic context

    See RHOA in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    3p21.31
    Exon count:
    7
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 3 NC_000003.12 (49359145..49411976, complement)
    RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 3 NC_060927.1 (49388518..49441355, complement)
    RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 3 NC_000003.11 (49396578..49449409, complement)

    Chromosome 3 - NC_000003.12Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene ubiquitin specific peptidase 4 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:49353925-49354426 Neighboring gene Sjoegren syndrome nuclear autoantigen 1 homolog Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:49354427-49354926 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 14361 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:49377657-49378156 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 19863 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 19864 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 2568 Neighboring gene GATA motif-containing MPRA enhancer 295 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 19865 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancers GRCh37_chr3:49395462-49396070 and GRCh37_chr3:49396071-49396679 Neighboring gene glutathione peroxidase 1 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:49423846-49424400 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:49424401-49424954 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:49426165-49426934 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 7935 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 19868 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:49455091-49455809 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:49458781-49459533 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:49459534-49460287 Neighboring gene T cell leukemia translocation altered Neighboring gene aminomethyltransferase Neighboring gene nicolin 1, tubulin polyglutamylase complex subunit

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

    Expression

    • Project title: Tissue-specific circular RNA induction during human fetal development
    • Description: 35 human fetal samples from 6 tissues (3 - 7 replicates per tissue) collected between 10 and 20 weeks gestational time were sequenced using Illumina TruSeq Stranded Total RNA
    • BioProject: PRJNA270632
    • Publication: PMID 26076956
    • Analysis date: Mon Apr 2 22:54:59 2018

    Bibliography

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?

    HIV-1 interactions

    Protein interactions

    Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
    Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120 env Inhibition of the RhoA/Rac1 signal cascade by guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors limits the HIV-1 gp120-dependent early phase of the viral life cycle PubMed
    env Filamin-A-dependent activation of the RhoA-ROCK-LIMK-cofilin pathway is a major event in HIV-1 gp120-induced receptor clustering PubMed
    Nef nef MYH9 is downregulated by HIV-1 infection, which indicates that MYH9 downregulation is likely part of the Nef-mediated signaling cascade that includes RhoA downregulation PubMed
    Tat tat HIV-1 Tat increases permeability of human glomerular endothelial cells by activating Rho-A, pMLC, and c-Src pathways, which involves VEGF-A and FGF-2 PubMed
    tat HIV-1 Tat downregulates OCLN (occludin) and LRP1 and upregulates AGER (RAGE), and in a RhoA/ROCK1 dependent manner as shown through hydroxyfasudil inhibition in hCMEC/D3 cells PubMed
    tat The basic domain (49RKKRRQRRR57) of HIV-1 Tat is essential for enhancing the FGF-induced activation of ERK, Rho-A, and MLC2 and upregulates the expression of MMP-9 in human podocytes PubMed
    tat Disruption of lipid rafts by depletion of membrane cholesterol with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin abolishes Tat-mediated RhoA activation and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) upregulation PubMed
    tat HIV-1 Tat-mediated downregulation of occludin expression requires activities of the RhoA and p160-Rho-associated coiled kinase (ROCK) proteins in primary human brain micro vascular endothelial cells PubMed
    tat Treatment of human brain endothelial cells with Tat markedly elevates GTP-RhoA levels and the potential downstream effectors, such as myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 and myosin light chain PubMed
    tat Knocking down oxidase Nox4 completely suppresses Tat-dependent Ras and ERK activation downstream of Rac1 and RhoA and blocks Tat-dependent proliferation PubMed
    tat Tat activates both Ras and Rho GTPases in endothelial cells, leading to ERK phosphorylation PubMed
    tat HIV-1 Tat exerts several pleiotropic effects by interacting with different cellular receptors, including integrin alpha(v)beta3, which triggers the activation of focal adhesion kinase, RhoA and pp60src PubMed
    Vpr vpr HIV-1 Vpr-expressing Jurkat T cell clones showed a significant upregulation of RhoA expression PubMed
    capsid gag Prostaglandin E2-mediated HIV-1 inhibition requires the EPAC/RAP/RhoA signaling pathway by downregulation of HIV-1 CA production PubMed

    Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

    Pathways from PubChem

    Interactions

    General gene information

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables G protein activity  
    enables GTP binding  
    enables GTP binding PubMed 
    enables GTPase activity PubMed 
    enables GTPase activity  
    enables GTPase activity PubMed 
    enables GTPase activity PubMed 
    enables membrane scission GTPase motor activity  
    enables myosin binding PubMed 
    enables protein binding PubMed 
    enables protein kinase binding  
    Items 1 - 25 of 86
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in Rho protein signal transduction  
    involved_in Rho protein signal transduction PubMed 
    involved_in Rho protein signal transduction PubMed 
    involved_in Rho protein signal transduction  
    involved_in Rho protein signal transduction PubMed 
    involved_in Roundabout signaling pathway PubMed 
    involved_in Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway PubMed 
    involved_in actin cytoskeleton organization PubMed 
    involved_in actin cytoskeleton organization PubMed 
    involved_in alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment  
    involved_in androgen receptor signaling pathway  
    involved_in angiotensin-mediated vasoconstriction involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure  
    involved_in aortic valve formation PubMed 
    involved_in apical junction assembly PubMed 
    involved_in apolipoprotein A-I-mediated signaling pathway PubMed 
    involved_in beta selection  
    involved_in bone trabecula morphogenesis  
    involved_in cell junction assembly PubMed 
    involved_in cell migration  
    involved_in cell migration PubMed 
    involved_in cell migration PubMed 
    involved_in cell migration PubMed 
    involved_in cell morphogenesis  
    involved_in cell-matrix adhesion  
    involved_in cellular response to chemokine PubMed 
    involved_in cellular response to cytokine stimulus PubMed 
    involved_in cellular response to lipopolysaccharide PubMed 
    involved_in cerebral cortex cell migration  
    involved_in cleavage furrow formation PubMed 
    involved_in cytoplasmic microtubule organization PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of_or_within endothelial cell migration PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of_or_within endothelial tube lumen extension PubMed 
    involved_in establishment of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity PubMed 
    involved_in forebrain radial glial cell differentiation  
    involved_in kidney development  
    involved_in mitotic cleavage furrow formation PubMed 
    involved_in mitotic spindle assembly PubMed 
    involved_in motor neuron apoptotic process  
    involved_in negative chemotaxis PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of_or_within negative regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis PubMed 
    involved_in negative regulation of cell size PubMed 
    involved_in negative regulation of cell-substrate adhesion  
    involved_in negative regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway  
    involved_in negative regulation of motor neuron apoptotic process  
    involved_in negative regulation of oxidative phosphorylation  
    involved_in negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process  
    involved_in neuron migration  
    involved_in odontogenesis  
    involved_in ossification involved in bone maturation  
    involved_in positive regulation of T cell migration PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation  
    involved_in positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of cytokinesis PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of lipase activity PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of lipase activity PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of neuron differentiation PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of podosome assembly  
    involved_in positive regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of stress fiber assembly PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of stress fiber assembly PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle contraction  
    involved_in regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization  
    involved_in regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of cell migration PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of focal adhesion assembly PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organization  
    involved_in regulation of modification of postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of modification of postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of modification of postsynaptic structure PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of modification of postsynaptic structure PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation  
    involved_in regulation of neuron projection development  
    involved_in regulation of osteoblast proliferation  
    involved_in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by endothelin  
    involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II  
    involved_in semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway  
    involved_in skeletal muscle satellite cell migration  
    involved_in skeletal muscle tissue development  
    involved_in stress fiber assembly  
    involved_in stress fiber assembly PubMed 
    involved_in substantia nigra development PubMed 
    involved_in substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading PubMed 
    involved_in wound healing, spreading of cells  
    Items 1 - 25 of 86
    Items 1 - 20 of 28
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in apical junction complex PubMed 
    located_in cell cortex PubMed 
    located_in cell junction  
    located_in cell periphery PubMed 
    colocalizes_with cleavage furrow PubMed 
    located_in cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane PubMed 
    located_in cytoskeleton  
    is_active_in cytosol  
    located_in cytosol PubMed 
    located_in cytosol  
    is_active_in dendritic spine  
    located_in endoplasmic reticulum membrane  
    located_in endosome PubMed 
    located_in extracellular exosome PubMed 
    located_in ficolin-1-rich granule membrane  
    located_in focal adhesion PubMed 
    is_active_in glutamatergic synapse PubMed 
    is_active_in glutamatergic synapse PubMed 
    located_in lamellipodium  
    located_in midbody  
    located_in nucleus  
    is_active_in plasma membrane  
    located_in plasma membrane  
    is_active_in postsynapse PubMed 
    is_active_in postsynapse PubMed 
    located_in ruffle membrane  
    located_in secretory granule membrane  
    located_in vesicle PubMed 
    Items 1 - 20 of 28

    General protein information

    Preferred Names
    transforming protein RhoA
    Names
    Aplysia ras-related homolog 12
    epididymis secretory sperm binding protein
    oncogene RHO H12
    small GTP binding protein RhoA
    NP_001300870.1
    NP_001300872.1
    NP_001300873.1
    NP_001300874.1
    NP_001300875.1
    NP_001300876.1
    NP_001655.1

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

    NEW Try the new Transcript table

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    Genomic

    1. NG_051308.1 RefSeqGene

      Range
      5122..57953
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics), LRG_1085

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001313941.2 → NP_001300870.1  transforming protein RhoA isoform 1 precursor

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR compared to variant 1. Both variants 1 and 2 encode the same protein.
      Source sequence(s)
      AC104452, AC121247, BF966305
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS2795.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P06749, P61586, Q53HM4, Q5U024, Q9UDJ0, Q9UEJ4
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A024R2W1, A0A024R324, Q5JR08
      Related
      ENSP00000408402.3, ENST00000445425.6
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cd01870
      Location:5 → 179
      RhoA_like; Ras homology family A (RhoA)-like includes RhoA, RhoB and RhoC
    2. NM_001313943.2 → NP_001300872.1  transforming protein RhoA isoform 2

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (3) contains an alternate 3' coding exon, compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (2) has a shorter and distinct C-terminus, compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AC104452, AC121247, BQ721697
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS82775.1
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      C9JX21
      Related
      ENSP00000413587.1, ENST00000422781.6
      Conserved Domains (3) summary
      smart00174
      Location:8 → 146
      RHO; Rho (Ras homology) subfamily of Ras-like small GTPases
      pfam13900
      Location:151 → 182
      GVQW; Putative domain of unknown function
      cl21455
      Location:5 → 138
      P-loop_NTPase; P-loop containing Nucleoside Triphosphate Hydrolases
    3. NM_001313944.2 → NP_001300873.1  transforming protein RhoA isoform 3

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (4) uses two alternate in-frame splice sites in the 3' coding region, compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (3) is shorter compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AC104452, AC121247, AI269293, AK296654
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      B4DKN9
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cd01870
      Location:5 → 159
      RhoA_like; Ras homology family A (RhoA)-like includes RhoA, RhoB and RhoC
    4. NM_001313945.2 → NP_001300874.1  transforming protein RhoA isoform 4

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (2) uses an alternate splice site in the 5' region and uses a downstream start codon compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (4) has a shorter N-terminus compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AC121247, AI269293, AK307220, EL952052
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q9BVT0
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cl38936
      Location:1 → 98
      P-loop_NTPase; P-loop containing Nucleoside Triphosphate Hydrolases
    5. NM_001313946.2 → NP_001300875.1  transforming protein RhoA isoform 5

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (6) lacks two alternate in-frame exons in the 3' coding region compared to variant 1.The resulting isoform (5) is shorter compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AC104452, AC121247, AW403464
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS93276.1
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A0B6XK12, A0A7I2YQV1
      Related
      ENSP00000504603.1, ENST00000676712.2
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cl38936
      Location:5 → 95
      P-loop_NTPase; P-loop containing Nucleoside Triphosphate Hydrolases
    6. NM_001313947.2 → NP_001300876.1  transforming protein RhoA isoform 6

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (7) lacks an alternate exon in the 5' coding region which results in a frameshift, compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (6) has a shorter and distinct C-terminus compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AC104452, AC121247, BU509012
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS82774.1
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      C9JRM1
      Related
      ENSP00000394483.2, ENST00000454011.7
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cl38936
      Location:5 → 52
      P-loop_NTPase; P-loop containing Nucleoside Triphosphate Hydrolases
    7. NM_001664.4 → NP_001655.1  transforming protein RhoA isoform 1 precursor

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001655.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes the longest isoform (1). Both variants 1 and 2 encode the same protein.
      Source sequence(s)
      AK130066, BC000946
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS2795.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P06749, P61586, Q53HM4, Q5U024, Q9UDJ0, Q9UEJ4
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A024R2W1, A0A024R324, Q5JR08
      Related
      ENSP00000400175.1, ENST00000418115.6
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cd01870
      Location:5 → 179
      RhoA_like; Ras homology family A (RhoA)-like includes RhoA, RhoB and RhoC

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000003.12 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

      Range
      49359145..49411976 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_060927.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

      Range
      49388518..49441355 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
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