Chapter 22Books and Other Individual Titles on the Internet

Box 1Determining the author if there is no standard title page

Some books on the Internet do not display a traditional title page that clearly states the names of the authors. When there is no title page:

• Look at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen or the bottom of the last screen of the book
• Do not assume that an individual named as Web master or contact person is the author; he or she most probably is not, especially for sites produced by large organizations
• Some sites give a name in association with a copyright statement, such as "copyright 1997 by John A. Smith". Do not assume that this individual is the author, either.
• If the only personal name given in a site is associated with a copyright statement, use that individual's name as the publisher
• Many sites will display an organization's name rather than a person's name. In such cases when the organization appears to be serving as both author and publisher, place the organization in the publisher position.

Box 2Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them

• Keep hyphens in surnames

  • Estelle Palmer-Canton   becomes   Palmer-Canton E
  • Ahmed El-Assmy   becomes   El-Assmy A
• Keep particles, such as O', D', and L'

  • Alan D. O'Brien   becomes   O'Brien AD
  • James O. L'Esperance   becomes   L'Esperance JO
  • U. S'adeh   becomes   S'adeh U
• Omit all other punctuation in surnames

  • Charles A. St. James   becomes   St James CA

Box 3Other surname rules

• Keep prefixes in surnames

  • Lama Al Bassit   becomes   Al Bassit L
  • Jiddeke M. van de Kamp   becomes   van de Kamp JM
  • Gerard de Pouvourville   becomes   de Pouvourville G
• Keep compound surnames even if no hyphen appears

  • Sergio Lopez Moreno   becomes   Lopez Moreno S
  • Jaime Mier y Teran   becomes   Mier y Teran J
  • Virginie Halley des Fontaines   becomes   Halley des Fontaines V
  • [If you cannot determine from the title page or opening or closing screens whether a surname is compound or a combination of a middle name and a surname, look at the table of contents, the copyright page, or elsewhere in the text for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott Parker E.]
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe

Box 4Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle

• Disregard hyphens joining given (first or middle) names

  • Jean-Louis Lagrot   becomes   Lagrot JL
• Use only the first letter of given names and middle names if they contain a prefix, a preposition, or another particle

  • D'Arcy Hart   becomes   Hart D
  • W. St. John Patterson   becomes   Patterson WS
  • De la Broquerie Fortier   becomes   Fortier D
  • Craig McC. Brooks   becomes   Brooks CM
• Disregard traditional abbreviations of given names. Some non-US publications use abbreviations of conventional given names rather than single initials, such as St. for Stefan. Use only the first letter of the abbreviation.

  • Ch. Wunderly   becomes   Wunderly C
  • C. Fr. Erdman   becomes   Erdman CF
• For non-English names that are been romanized (written in the roman alphabet), capitalize only the first letter if the original initial is represented by more than one letter

  • Iu. A. Iakontov   becomes   Iakontov IuA
  • G. Th. Tsakalos   becomes   Tsakalos GTh

Box 5Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name

• Omit degrees, titles, and honors such as M.D. following a personal name

  • James A. Reed, M.D., F.R.C.S.   becomes   Reed JA
  • Kristine Schmidt, Ph.D.   becomes   Schmidt K
  • Robert V. Lang, Major, US Army   becomes   Lang RV
• Omit rank and honors such as Colonel or Sir that precede a name

  • Sir Frances Hildebrand   becomes   Hildebrand F
  • Dr. Jane Eberhard   becomes   Eberhard J
  • Captain R.C. Williams   becomes   Williams RC

Box 6Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III

• Place family designations of rank after the initials, without punctuation
• Convert roman numerals to arabic ordinals
  Examples:

  • Vincent T. DeVita, Jr.   becomes   DeVita VT Jr
  • James G. Jones II   becomes   Jones JG 2nd
  • John A. Adams III   becomes   Adams JA 3rd
  • Henry B. Cooper IV   becomes   Cooper HB 4th

Box 7Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)

Romanization, a form of transliteration, means using the roman (Latin) alphabet to represent the letters or characters of another alphabet. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

• Romanize names in Cyrillic (Russian, Bulgarian, etc.), Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, or character-based languages, such as Chinese and Japanese
• Capitalize only the first letter of romanized names if the original initial is represented by more than one letter

  • Iu. A. Iakontov   becomes   Iakontov IuA
  • G. Th. Tsakalos   becomes   Tsakalos GTh
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe

Box 8Non-English words for editor

• Translate the word found for editor into English. However, the wording found on the publication may always be used.
• If not translated, ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• To assist in identifying editors, below is a brief list of non-English words for editor:

  View in own window

  Language	Word for Editor
  French	redacteur
  	editeur
  German	redakteur
  	herausgeber
  Italian	redattore
  	curatore
  	editore
  Spanish	redactor
  	editor
  Russian	redaktor
  	izdatel

Box 9Organizations as author

An organization such as a university, society, association, corporation, or governmental body may be an author.

• Omit "The" preceding an organizational name

  • The American Cancer Society   becomes   American Cancer Society
• If a division or another part of an organization is included in the publication, give the parts of the name in descending hierarchical order, separated by commas

  • American Medical Association, Committee on Ethics.
  • International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division.
  • American College of Surgeons, Committee on Trauma, Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Outcomes, Working Group.
• When citing organizations that are national bodies such as government agencies, if a nationality is not part of the name, place the country in parentheses after the name, using the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D)

  • National Academy of Sciences (US).
  • Royal Marsden Hospital Bone-Marrow Transplantation Team (GB).
• Separate two or more different organizations by a semicolon

  • Canadian Association of Orthodontists; Canadian Dental Association.
  • American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine; American College of Emergency Physicians, Pediatric Committee.
• If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on the title page of a book as authors, use the names of the individuals as the author. Give the organization at the end of the reference as a note, if desired.

  • Prepared for the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
• For names of organizations not in English:

  • Give names in languages using the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, Italian, Spanish, German, Swedish, etc.) as they appear in the publication. Whenever possible follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translations in square brackets.

    • Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica del CNR.
    • Universitatsmedizin Berlin.
    • Nordisk Anaestesiologisk Forening [Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiologists].
  • Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate names of organizations in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables. Whenever possible follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translations in square brackets.

    • Rossiiskoe Respiratornoe Obshchestvo [Russian Respiratory Society].
    • or
    • [Russian Respiratory Society].
  • Translate names of organizations in character-based languages such as Chinese and Japanese. Place all translations in square brackets.

    • [Chinese Medical Society].
  • Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

    • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

      • Å   treated as   A
      • Ø   treated as   O
      • Ç   treated as   C
      • Ł   treated as   L
      • à   treated as   a
      • ĝ   treated as   g
      • ñ   treated as   n
      • ü   treated as   u
    • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

      • æ   treated as   ae
      • œ   treated as   oe

Box 10No author can be found

• If no person or organization can be found as the author but editors or translators are present, begin the reference with the names of the editors or translators. Follow the same rules used for author names, but end the list of names with a comma and the specific role, that is, editor or translator.

  • Oblinger DG, Oblinger JL, editors. Educating the net generation [Internet]. Boulder (CO): EDUCAUSE; c2005 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. 264 p. Available from: http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/pub7101.pdf
• If no person or organization can be identified as the author and no editors or translators are given, begin the reference with the title of the book. Do not use anonymous.

  • Making a difference: state injury and violence prevention programs [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): State and Territorial Injury Prevention Directors Association; c2006 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 120 p. Available from: http://www.stipda.org/associations/5805/files/MakingADifference2006.pdf

Box 11Options for author names

The following formats are not NLM practice for citing authors, but are acceptable options:

• Full first names of authors may be given. Separate the surname from the given name or initials by a comma; follow initials with a period; separate successive names by a semicolon and a space.

  • Takagi, Yasushi; Harada, Jun; Chiarugi, Alberto M.; Moskowitz, Michael A.
  • Mann, Frederick D.; Swartz, Mary N.; Little, R.T.
• If space is a consideration, the number of authors may be limited to a specific number, such as the first three authors. Follow the last named author by a comma and "et al." or "and others."

  • Rastan S, Hough T, Kierman A, et al.
  • Adler DG, Baron TH, Davila RE, and others.

Box 12Abbreviations in affiliations

• Abbreviate commonly used words in affiliations, if desired. Follow all abbreviated words with a period.

  • Examples:

    • Acad. for Academy
    • Assoc. for Association
    • Co. for Company
    • Coll. for College
    • Corp. for Corporation
    • Dept. for Department
    • Div. for Division
    • Inst. for Institute or Institution
    • Soc. for Society
    • Univ. for University
  • See Appendix C for more abbreviations of commonly used English words.
• Abbreviate names of US states and Canadian provinces using their official two-letter abbreviations. See Appendix E for a list of these.
• Abbreviate names of countries outside of the US and Canada using the two-letter ISO country code, if desired. See Appendix D for codes of selected countries.
• Be consistent. If you abbreviate a word in one reference in a list of references, abbreviate the same word in all references.

Box 13E-mail address included

• Follow the US state, Canadian province, or country of the author with a period and a space
• Insert the e-mail address as it appears in the publication
• Do not end an e-mail address with a period
• Place the e-mail address within the closing parenthesis for the author affiliation
  Example:

  • Patrias K (Reference Section, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda MD. [email protected]), de la Cruz FF (Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD. [email protected]).

Box 14Organizational names for affiliations not in English

• Give the affiliation of all authors or only the first author
• Begin with the department and name of the organization, followed by the city, the two-letter abbreviation for the US state or Canadian province (see Appendix E), and the country name or ISO country code (see Appendix D) if non-US. Place the affiliation in parentheses.
• Provide the name in the original language for non-English organization names in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)

  • Carpentier AF (Service de Neurologie, Hopital de la Salpetriere, Paris, France), Moreno Perez D (Unidad de Infectologia e Inmunodeficiencias, Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital Materno-Infantil Carlos Haya, Malaga, Spain).
  • Marubini E (Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy), Rebora P, Reina G.
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate organizational names in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

  • Barbulescu M (Clinica Chirurgicala, Spitalul Clinic Coltea, Bucarest, Romania), Burcos T, Ungureanu CD, Zodieru-Popa I.
  • Grudinina NA (Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia), Golubkov VI, Tikhomirova OS, Brezhneva TV, Hanson KP, Vasilyev VB, Mandelshtam MY.
• Translate organizational names in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)

  • Susaki K (First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan), Bandoh S, Fujita J, Kanaji N, Ishii T, Kubo A, Ishida T.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Use the English form of names for cities and countries whenever possible. For example, Vienna for Wien and Spain for Espana. However, the name found on the publication may always be used.

Box 15Names for cities and countries not in English

• Use the English form for names of cities and countries if possible. However, the name as found on the publication may always be used.

  • Moskva   becomes   Moscow
  • Wien   becomes   Vienna
  • Italia   becomes   Italy
  • Espana   becomes   Spain

Box 16Determining the title if there is no standard title page

While many books on the Internet display a traditional title page and clearly state the title, some sites do not. When there is no title page:

• Look for what is the most prominent (usually the largest) wording on the opening screen
• Look at the title bar of the Web browser (generally in the top left corner)
• Look for the title in the source code of the document
• If a title cannot be determined, construct a title by using the first series of words on the screen; place the constructed title in square brackets
  Example:

  • Tracey E, Lange R. [Podcast for week of November 6, 2006] [Internet]. Baltimore (MD): Johns Hopkins Medicine; 2006 Nov 6 [cited 2006 Nov 7]. Podcast: 10 min. Available from: http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/mediaII/Podcasts.html

Box 17Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character

• Capitalize the first word of a book title unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character that might lose its meaning if capitalized

  • 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin: health-based reassessment of administrative occupational exposure limits [Internet].
  • von Willebrand factor and the mechanisms of platelet function [Internet].
• Retain special characters in book titles when possible

  • E©UP: European Copyright User Platform [Internet].
• If a title contains a Greek letter or some other symbol that cannot be reproduced with the type fonts available, substitute the name for the symbol. For example, Ω becomes omega.

  • Enantioselective synthesis of β-amino acids [Internet].
  • may become
  • Enantioselective synthesis of beta-amino acids [Internet].
• If a title contains superscripts or subscripts that cannot be reproduced with the type fonts available, place the superscript or subscript in parentheses

  • TiO₂ nanoparticles [Internet].
  • may become
  • TiO(2) nanoparticles [Internet].

Box 18Titles not in English

• Provide the title in the original language for non-English titles in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)

  • Harpes JP, Milmeister JC, editors. La recherche sur les embryons [Internet]. Luxembourg: Centre Universitaire de Luxembourg; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 103 p. Available from: http://www.cne.public.lu/publications/avis/2002_2_2002_3_2003_1.pdf#search=%22%22la%20recherche%20sur%20les%20embryons%22%20%2Bcne%22 French.
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) titles in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

  • Diagnostika i kompleksnoe lechenie osnovnykh gastroenterologicheskikh zabolevanii: klinicheskie ocherki [Internet].
• Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Place translated titles in square brackets.

  • Anrakushi to keiho [Internet].
  • or
  • [Euthanasia and criminal law] [Internet].
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in titles. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Capitalize only the first word of the title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms unless the conventions of a particular language require other capitalization

  • Zieger K. Die Bedeutung der deutschen Arztevereine fur das wissenschaftliche Leben, die medizinische Versorgung und soziale Belange der Stadt St. Petersburg von 1819-1914 [dissertation on the Internet]. Leipzig (Germany): Universitat Leipzig, Karl-Sudhoff-Institut fur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften; 2000 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 123 p. Available from: http://www.vifaost.de/w/pdf/zieger-aerzte.pdf German.
• Provide an English translation after the original language title whenever possible; place translations in square brackets

  • Harpes JP, Milmeister JC, editors. La recherche sur les embryons [Embryonic research] [Internet]. Luxembourg: Centre Universitaire de Luxembourg; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 103 p. Available from: http://www.cne.public.lu/publications/avis/2002_2_2002_3_2003_1.pdf#search=%22%22la%20recherche%20sur%20les%20 embryons%22%20%2Bcne%22French.
  • Abriendo un camino genetico: familias y cientificos se unen en la busqueda de genes defectuosos que causan enfermedades [Blazing a genetic trial: families and scientists join in seeking the flawed genes that cause disease] [Internet]. Chevy Chase (MD): Howard Hughes Medical Institute; c1991 [updated 2002; cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.hhmi.org/genetictrail-esp/. Spanish.

Box 19Titles in more than one language

• If a book title is written in several languages:

  • Give the title in the first language found on the title page or opening screens
  • List all languages of publication after the extent (pagination)
  • Separate the languages by commas
  • End the list of languages with a period
    Example:

    • Principles of medical ethics relevant to the role of health personnel, particularly physicians, in the protection of prisoners and detainees against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment [Internet]. Geneva: United nations, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights; 1982 [cited 2006 Nov 6]. Available from: http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_comp40.htm English, French, Spanish.
• If a book title is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:

  • Give all titles in the order in which they are found on the title page or opening screens
  • Place an equals sign with a space on either side between each title
  • List the particular languages, separated by commas, after the extent (pagination)
  • End the list with a period
    Example:

    • Settle TB, compiler. La storia e la filosofia della scienza, della tecnologia e della medicina = The history and philosophy of science, technology and medicine [Internet]. Florence (Italy): IMSS & Polytechnic University; c1994-2006 [updated 2006 Aug 22; cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 20 p.]. Available from: http://www.imss.fi.it/%7etsettle/index.html Italian, English.

Box 20Titles ending in punctuation other than a period

• Most titles end in a period. Place [Internet] inside the period.

  • Richardson ML. Approaches to differential diagnosis in musculoskeletal imaging [Internet]. Version 2.0. Seattle (WA): University of Washington School of Medicine; c2000 [revised 2001 Oct 1; cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.rad.washington.edu/mskbook/index.html
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow [Internet] with a period

  • Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. Who needs Medicaid? [Internet]. Washington: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2006 Apr [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.kff.org/medicaid/upload/7496.pdf

Box 21No title can be found

Occasionally a publication does not appear to have any title; the book or other short document simply begins with the text. When this occurs:

• Construct a title from the first few words of the text
• Use enough words to make the constructed title meaningful
• Place the constructed title in square brackets
  Example:

  • Tracey E, Lange R. [Podcast for week of November 6, 2006] [Internet]. Baltimore (MD): Johns Hopkins Medicine; 2006 Nov 6 [cited 2006 Nov 7]. Podcast: 10 min. Available from: http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/mediaII/Podcasts.html

Box 22Titles ending in punctuation other than a period

• Most book titles end in a period. Place [monograph on the Internet], [dissertation on the Internet], [master's thesis on the Internet], or [bibliography on the Internet] inside the period.

  • Richardson ML. Approaches to differential diagnosis in musculoskeletal imaging [monograph on the Internet]. Version 2.0. Seattle (WA): University of Washington School of Medicine; c2000 [revised 2001 Oct 1; cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.rad.washington.edu/mskbook/index.html
  • Toolkit of instruments to measure end of life [bibliography on the Internet]. Washington: George Washington University Medical Center, Center to Improve Care of the Dying; [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.gwu.edu/~cicd/toolkit/toolkit.htm
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow [monograph on the Internet], [dissertation on the Internet], [master's thesis on the Internet], or [bibliography on the Internet] with a period

  • Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. Who needs Medicaid? [monograph on the Internet]. Washington: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2006 Apr [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.kff.org/medicaid/upload/7496.pdf

Box 23Titles not in English

• If a translation of a title is provided, place it in square brackets
• Place [monograph on the Internet], [dissertation on the Internet], [master's thesis on the Internet], or [bibliography on the Internet] after the square brackets for the translation
  Example:

  • Harpes JP, Milmeister JC, editors. La recherche sur les embryons [Embryonic research] [monograph on the Internet]. Luxembourg: Centre Universitaire de Luxembourg; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 103 p. Available from: http://www.cne.public.lu/publications/avis/2002_2_2002_3_2003_1.pdf#search=%22%22la%20recherche%20sur%20les%20embryons%22%20%2Bcne%22 French.

Box 24Both a content type and a type of medium

• If a dissertation, master's thesis, or bibliography is on the Internet, give the content type before the type of medium separated by "on the"

  • Toolkit of instruments to measure end of life [bibliography on the Internet]. Washington: George Washington University Medical Center, Center to Improve Care of the Dying; [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.gwu.edu/~cicd/toolkit/toolkit.htm
  • Zieger K. Die Bedeutung der deutschen Arztevereine fur das wissenschaftliche Leben, die medizinische Versorgung und soziale Belange der Stadt St. Petersburg von 1819-1914 [dissertation on the Internet]. Leipzig (Germany): Universitat Leipzig, Karl-Sudhoff-Institut fur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften; 2000 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 123 p. Available from: http://www.vifaost.de/w/pdf/zieger-aerzte.pdf German.

Box 25Titles ending in punctuation other than a period

• Most titles end in a period. Place [Internet] inside the period.

  • Richardson ML. Approaches to differential diagnosis in musculoskeletal imaging [Internet]. Version 2.0. Seattle (WA): University of Washington School of Medicine; c2000 [revised 2001 Oct 1; cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.rad.washington.edu/mskbook/index.html
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow [Internet] with a period

  • Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. Who needs Medicaid? [Internet]. Washington: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2006 Apr [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.kff.org/medicaid/upload/7496.pdf

Box 26Titles not in English

• If a translation of a title is provided, give the translation after the original title and place it in square brackets
• Place Internet in square brackets following the translation
• End with a period
  Example:

  • Harpes JP, Milmeister JC, editors. La recherche sur les embryons [Embryonic research] [Internet]. Luxembourg: Centre Universitaire de Luxembourg; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 103 p. Available from: http://www.cne.public.lu/publications/avis/2002_2_2002_3_2003_1.pdf#search=%22%22la%20recherche%20sur%20les%20embryons%22%20%2Bcne%22French.

Box 27Abbreviation rules for editions

• Abbreviate common words found in edition statements, if desired:

  View in own window

  Word	Abbreviation
  edition	ed.
  abbreviated	abbr.
  abridged	abr.
  American	Am.
  augmented	augm.
  authorized	authoriz.
  English	Engl.
  enlarged	enl.
  expanded	expand.
  illustrated	ill.
  modified	mod.
  original	orig.
  reprint(ed)	repr.
  revised	rev.
  special	spec.
  translation	transl.
  translated

  For additional abbreviations, see ISO 832:1994 - Rules for the abbreviation of bibliographic terms.
• Follow abbreviated words with a period and end all edition information with a period

  • 3rd rev. ed.
  • 1st Engl. ed.
• Do not abbreviate the following words used in Internet editions:

  • version
  • release
  • update
  • level

Box 28Non-English words for editions

• For non-English edition statements in the roman alphabet (French, German, Spanish, Italian, etc.):

  • Provide the name in the original language
  • Abbreviate common words used in edition statements if the language is a familiar one
  • Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns unless the particular language requires capitalization of other words
  • Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

    • Treat letters marked with a diacritic or accent as if they are not marked

      • Å   treated as   A
      • Ø   treated as   O
      • Ç   treated as   C
      • Ł   treated as   L
      • à   treated as   a
      • ĝ   treated as   g
      • ñ   treated as   n
      • ü   treated as   u
    • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

      • æ   treated as   ae
      • œ   treated as   oe
  • Do not convert numbers or words for numbers to arabic ordinals as is the practice for English language publications. This assists those unfamiliar with a language and avoids awkward constructions.
  • Separate the edition from the title proper by a space
  • Retain the punctuation used in the edition statement
  • Follow abbreviated words by a period and end edition information with a period
    Examples:

    • Ed. 1a.
    • 5. ed. interamente riv. e aggiornata.
    • 2. ed. veneta.
    • Nuova ed.
    • Seconda ed.
    • 4a ed. rev. e ampliada.
    • 2° ed. ampliada y actualizada.
• For an edition statement in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean

  • Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) the words for edition. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
  • Abbreviate common words used in edition statements if the language is a familiar one
  • Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns unless the particular language requires capitalization of other words
  • Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. Treat letters marked with a diacritic or accent as if they are not marked. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

    • Examples: ĉ or ç   becomes   c
  • Do not convert numbers or words for numbers to arabic ordinals as is the practice for English language publications. This assists those unfamiliar with a language and avoids awkward constructions.
  • Separate the edition from the title proper by a space
  • Retain the punctuation used in the edition statement
  • Follow abbreviated words by a period and end all edition information with a period
    Examples:

    • Izd. 3., perer. i dop.
    • 2. dopunjeno izd.
    • 2. ekd. epeux.
    • 3. ekd.
• For an edition statement in a character-based language such as Chinese and Japanese

  • Transliterate or translate the words for edition
  • Do not abbreviate any of the words or omit any words
  • Use the capitalization system of the particular language
  • Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. Treat letters marked with a diacritic or accent as if they are not marked. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.
    Examples:

    • ŏ   becomes   o
    • ū   becomes   u
  • Do not convert numbers or words for numbers to arabic ordinals as is the practice for English language publications. This assists those unfamiliar with a language and avoids awkward constructions.
  • Separate the edition from the title by a space
  • Retain the punctuation used in the edition statement
  • End all edition information with a period
    Examples:

    • Shohan.
    • Dai 1-han.
    • Dai 3-pan.
    • Di 3 ban.
    • Cai se ban, Xianggang di 1 ban.
    • Che 6-p`an.
• To help identify editions in other languages, below is a brief list of Non-English words for editions with their abbreviations, if any (n.a. = not abbreviated):

  View in own window

  Language	Word for Edition	Abbreviation
  Danish	oplag	n.a.
  	udgave
  Dutch	uitgave	uitg.
  	editie	ed.
  Finnish	julkaisu	julk.
  French	edition	ed.
  German	Ausgabe	Ausg.
  	Auflage	Aufl.
  Greek	ekdosis	ekd.
  Italian	edizione	ed.
  Norwegian	publikasjon	publ.
  	utgave	utg.
  Portuguese	edicao	ed.
  Russian	izdanie	izd.
  	publikacija	publ.
  Spanish	edicion	ed.
  	publicacion	publ.
  Swedish	upplaga	n.a.

Box 29Both an edition and a version

• If both an edition and a version are present, give both, in the order they are presented, separated by a semicolon and a space

  • Beers MH, Fletcher AJ, Jones TV, Porter R, Berkwits R, Kaplan JL, editors. The Merck manual of medical information [Internet]. 2nd home ed.; Online version. Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck Research Laboratories; c2004-2006 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.merck.com/mmhe/index.html

Box 30First editions

• If a book does not carry any statement of edition, assume it is the first or only edition
• Use 1st ed. only when you know that subsequent editions have been published and you are citing the earlier one

Box 31More than one type of secondary author

A book may have several types of secondary author.

• List all of them in the order they are given in the publication
• Separate each type of secondary author with the accompanying role by a semicolon
• End secondary author information with a period
  Examples:

  • Smith BC, editor; Carson HT, illustrator.
  • Graber AF, Longstreet RG, translators; Johnson CT, Marks C, Huston MA, illustrators.

Box 32Secondary author performing more than one role

If the same secondary author performs more than one role:

• List all of them in the order they are given in the publication
• Separate the roles by "and"
• End secondary author information with a period
  Example:

  • Jones AB, editor and translator.

Box 33Non-English names for secondary authors

• Translate the word found for editor, translator, illustrator, or other secondary author into English if possible. However, the wording found on the publication may always be used.
• If not translated, ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• To assist in identifying secondary authors, below is a brief list of non-English words for them:

  View in own window

  Language	Word for Editor	Word for Translator	Word for Illustrator
  French	redacteur	traducteur	illustrateur
  	editeur
  German	redakteur	ubersetzer	illustrator
  	herausgeber	dolmetscher
  Italian	redattore	traduttore	disegnatore
  	curatore
  	editore
  Russian	redaktor	perevodchik	konstruktor
  	izdatel
  Spanish	redactor	traductor	ilustrador
  	editor

Box 34Organization as editor

On rare occasions an organization will be listed as the editor.

• Follow the instructions for entering the organizational name found under Organizations as author
• Place a comma, space, and the word editor after the organizational name
  Example:

  • Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Relevance, editor.

Box 35Locating the place of publication if there is no standard title page

Some books on the Internet do not display a traditional title page that clearly states the place of publication. When there is no title page:

• Look at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen or the bottom of the last screen of the book
• If it is not in one of these locations, try to obtain it from a link within the site, usually under a "contact us" or similar link
• Look in the source code for the book if it is displayed by the Web browser
• If the place cannot be determined from the site itself:

  • Place the name in square brackets if the city can be reasonably inferred. For example, Chicago as the place of publication of a book issued by the American Medical Association.

    • Temporary medicare-approved drug discount card: beneficiaries' awareness and use of information resources [Internet]. [Washington]: Department of Health and Human Services (US), Office of Inspector General; 2005 Oct [cited Nov 17]. 42 p. Available from: http://www.oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-05-04-00200.pdf
  • Put the words "place unknown" in square brackets if it is not possible to infer or otherwise locate the city

    • Suber P. Unbinding knowledge: a proposal for providing open access to past research articles, starting with the most important [Internet]. [place unknown]: Peter Suber; 2004 May 3 [revised 2005 Nov 16; cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 11 p.]. Available from: http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/unbind.htm

Box 36Non-US cities

• Use the anglicized form of a city name, such as Rome for Roma and Moscow for Moskva, if possible. However, the name as found on the publication may always be used.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Follow Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the name of the province (see Appendix E), placed in parentheses:

  • Montreal (QC):
  • Ottawa (ON):
  • Vancouver (BC):
• For cities in other countries, if the city is not well known or could be confused with another city of the same name, follow the city with the country name, either written in full or as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D). Place the country name or code in parentheses.

  • London:
  • Rome:
  • Paris:
  • Madrid:
  • but
  • Malaga (Spain): or Malaga (ES):
  • Basel (Switzerland): or Basel (CH):
  • Oxford (England): or Oxford (GB):
• As an option, use the country name or country code after all cities not in the US or Canada

Box 37Joint publication

Two organizations may co-publish a book.

• Use the city of the first organization found on the title page or on the opening screens as the place of publication
• Put the name of the second organization as a note at the end of the citation, if desired

  • American Academy of Pain Medicine; American Pain Society. The use of opioids for the treatment of chronic pain: a consensus statement [Internet]. Glenview (IL): American Academy of Pain Medicine; c1997 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. 4 p. Available from: http://www.painmed.org/productpub/statements/pdfs/opioids.pdf Jointly published by the American Pain Society.
• Do not give multiple places as place of publication or include multiple publishers

Box 38Multiple places of publication

• If more than one place of publication is found, use the first one or the one set in the largest type or in bold type. Do not give multiple places.
• As an option, if one place is a US city and the other(s) are not, use the US city

Box 39No place of publication can be found

• If no place of publication can be found on the title page or on the opening screens, but one can be found elsewhere on the site or can be reasonably inferred (e.g., Chicago as the place for a publication of the American Medical Association), place the city in square brackets, such as "[Chicago]"

  • Trends in tuberculosis morbidity and mortality [Internet]. [New York]: American Lung Association, Research and Program Services, Epidemiology and Statistics Unit; 2006 Jul [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 32 p. Available from: http://www.lungusa.org/atf/cf/{7A8D42C2-FCCA-4604-8ADE-7F5D5E762256}/TB06FINAL.PDF
• If no place of publication can be found or inferred, use [place unknown]

  • Suber P. Unbinding knowledge: a proposal for providing open access to past research articles, starting with the most important [Internet]. [place unknown]: Peter Suber; 2004 May 3 [revised 2005 Nov 16; cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 11 p.]. Available from: http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/unbind.htm

Box 40Determining the publisher if there is no standard title page

Some books on the Internet do not display a traditional title page that clearly states the name of the publisher. When there is no title page:

• Look at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen or the bottom of the last screen of the book
• Look for the name after a copyright statement, e.g., copyright 2006 by the American Chemical Society
• Try to obtain it from a link within the site, usually under a "contact us" or similar link
• Look in the source code for the book if it is displayed by the Web browser
• If wording such as "this site is maintained by XYZ Corporation for ABC Organization" appears, consider ABC Organization the publisher and XYZ Corporation the distributor. Publisher information is required in a citation; distributor information may be included as a note.
• If no publisher can be identified, use "publisher unknown" in square brackets

Box 41Abbreviated words in publisher names

• Abbreviate commonly used words in publisher names, if desired

  • Examples:

    • Acad. for Academy
    • Assoc. for Association
    • Co. for Company
    • Coll. for College
    • Corp. for Corporation
    • Dept. for Department
    • Div. for Division
    • Inst. for Institute or Institution
    • Ltd. for Limited
    • Soc. for Society
    • Univ. for University
  • See Appendix C for more abbreviations of commonly used English words.
• Be consistent. If you abbreviate a word in one reference in a list of references, abbreviate the same word in all references.
• Follow all abbreviated words with a period

Box 42Non-English names for publishers

• Give publisher names in the roman alphabet (French, Spanish, Italian, etc.) in their original language

  • Rome: Societa Editrice Universo;
  • Lisbon: Imprensa Medica;
• Romanize names given in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean

  • Sofia (Bulgaria): Sofia Medizina i Fizkultura;
• Romanize names or translate names in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Place all translated publisher names in square brackets unless the translation is given in the publication.

  • Tokyo: Medikaru Rebyusha;
  • Beijing (China): [Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Population Research Institute];
  • Taiyuan (China): Shanxi ke xue ji she chu ban she;
  • [Note that the concept of capitalization does not exist in Chinese. Therefore in transliterating Chinese publisher names only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized]
• If the name of a division or another part of an organization is included in the publisher information, give the names in hierarchical order from highest to lowest

  • Valencia (Spain): Universidade de Valencia, Instituto de Historia de la Ciencia y Documentacion Lopez Pinero;
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Follow a non-English name with a translation, if desired. Place all translated publisher names in square brackets.

  • Aarhus (Denmark): Aarhus-Universitetsforlag [Aarhus University Press];
• As an option, you may translate all publisher names not in English. Place all translated publisher names in square brackets unless the translation is given in the publication.

  • Aarhus (Denmark): [Aarhus University Press];

Box 43Government agencies and other national and international bodies as publisher

• When citing publishers that are national bodies such as government agencies, if a nationality is not part of the name, place the country in parentheses after the name, using the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D)

  • National Cancer Institute (US)
  • National Society on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NZ)
  • Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd. (GB)
  • Royal College of Physicians (AU), Paediatrics & Child Health Division
• Do not confuse the publisher with the distributor of documents for the publisher. The most common distributors of US government agency publications are the US Government Printing Office (GPO) and the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). Designate the agency that issued the publication as the publisher and provide the URL of the distributor, preceded by "Available from:" and a space.

  • Jacobson WB. Safe from the start: taking action on children exposed to violence; summary [Internet]. Washington: Department of Justice (US), Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention; 2000 Nov [cited 2006 Nov 6]. 54 p. Available from: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS41638

Box 44Joint publication

Two organizations may co-publish a book.

• Use the first organization appearing as publisher on the title page or the opening screens
• Place the name of the second organization as a note at the end of the citation, if desired
  Example:

  • American Academy of Pain Medicine; American Pain Society. The use of opioids for the treatment of chronic pain: a consensus statement [Internet]. Glenview (IL): American Academy of Pain Medicine; c1997 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. 4 p. Available from: http://www.painmed.org/productpub/statements/pdfs/opioids.pdf Jointly published by the American Pain Society.
• Do not give more than one name as publisher

Box 45Multiple publishers

• If more than one publisher is found in a document, use the first one given or the one set in the largest type or bold type
• An alternative is to use the publisher likely to be most familiar to the audience of the reference list. For example, use an American publisher for a US audience and a London publisher for a British one.
• Do not list multiple publishers. For those publications with joint or co-publishers, use the name given first as the publisher and include the name of the second as a note if desired. For example, use "Jointly published by the Canadian Pharmacists Association".
• End publisher information with a semicolon
  Example:

  • American Academy of Pain Medicine; American Pain Society. The use of opioids for the treatment of chronic pain: a consensus statement [Internet]. Glenview (IL): American Academy of Pain Medicine; c1997 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. 4 p. Available from: http://www.painmed.org/productpub/statements/pdfs/opioids.pdf Jointly published by the American Pain Society.

Box 46No publisher can be found

• If no publisher can be found, use [publisher unknown]

Box 47Locating the date of publication if there is no standard title page

Some books on the Internet do not display a traditional title page that clearly states the date of publication. When there is no title page:

• Look for the date at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen or the bottom of the last screen of the book
• Look for the date accompanying a copyright statement. For example: copyright 2006 by the American Chemical Society, © 2006 American Medical Association, c2006 Medical College of Wisconsin
• Look in the source code for the book if it can be displayed by the Web browser
• If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found, but a date can be estimated because of material in the book or elsewhere in the site, insert a question mark after the estimated date and place date information in square brackets

  • Evaluation of health literacy work among libraries and community organizations in the New York City area: report highlights [Internet]. New York: Americans for Libraries Council; [2002?] [cited 2006 Nov 1]. 4 p. Available from: http://www.lff.org/programs/hlconfeval.pdf
• If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found nor can the date be estimated, use the date of update/revision and/or the date cited

  • Bibliography of numeracy resources 1980-2005 [Internet]. Ottawa (OT): Government of Canada, Human Resources and Social Development; [modified 2006 Jan 1; cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/en/hip/lld/nls/Resources/07_numbib.shtml
  • Toolkit of instruments to measure end of life [Internet]. Washington: George Washington University Medical Center, Center to Improve Care of the Dying; [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.gwu.edu/~cicd/toolkit/toolkit.htm

Box 48Multiple years of publication

• For multiple years of publication, separate the first and last year of publication by a hyphen. Do not shorten the second of the two years to the last two digits.

  • 2002-2003
  • 1997-1998
  • 1999-2000
• If months are given, place them after the year. Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters.

  • 1999 Oct-2000 Mar
  • 2002 Dec-2003 Jan
• Separate multiple months of publication by a hyphen

  • 2005 Jan-Feb
  • 1999 Dec-2000 Jan
• Separate multiple seasons by a hyphen; for example, Fall-Winter. Do not abbreviate names of seasons.

Box 49Non-English names for months

• Translate names of months into English
• Abbreviate them using the first three letters
• Capitalize them
  Examples:

  • mayo = May
  • luty = Feb
  • brezen = Mar

Box 50Seasons instead of months

• Translate names of seasons into English
• Capitalize them
• Do not abbreviate them
  For example:

  • balvan = Summer
  • outomno = Fall
  • hiver = Winter
  • pomlad = Spring

Box 51Date of publication and date of copyright

Some publications have both a date of publication and a date of copyright. A copyright date is identified by the symbol ©, the letter "c", or the word copyright preceding the date.

• Use only the date of publication unless three or more years separate the two dates
• In this situation, use both dates, beginning with the year of publication
• Precede the date of copyright by the letter "c"
• Separate the dates by a comma and a space. For example, "2002, c1997".

This convention alerts a user that the information in the publication is older than the date of publication implies.

Box 52No date of publication, but a date of copyright

• A copyright date is identified by the symbol ©, the letter "c", or the word copyright preceding the date. If no date of publication can be found, but the publication contains a date of copyright, use the date of copyright preceded by the letter "c"; for example c2005.
  Examples:

  • Griffiths AJ, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM. Introduction to genetic analysis [Internet]. 7th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; c2000 [cited 2006 Nov 6]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=iga.TOC
  • Beers MH, Fletcher AJ, Jones TV, Porter R, Berkwits R, Kaplan JL, editors. The Merck manual of medical information [Internet]. 2nd home ed.; Online version. Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck Research Laboratories; c2004-2006 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.merck.com/mmhe/index.html

Box 53No date of publication or copyright can be found

• If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found, but a date can be estimated because of material in the book or on accompanying material, insert a question mark after the estimated date and place date information in square brackets

  • Evaluation of health literacy work among libraries and community organizations in the New York City area: report highlights [Internet]. New York: Americans for Libraries Council; [2002?] [cited 2006 Nov 1]. 4 p. Available from: http://www.lff.org/programs/hlconfeval.pdf
• If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found nor can the date be estimated, use the date of update/revision and/or the date cited

  • Bibliography of numeracy resources 1980-2005 [Internet]. Ottawa (OT): Government of Canada, Human Resources and Social Development; [modified 2006 Jan 1; cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/en/hip/lld/nls/Resources/07_numbib.shtml
  • Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [Internet]. Columbia (MD): Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; [updated 2005; cited 2006 Nov 3]. 115 p. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.com/Guidelineitem.asp?l1=2&l2=1&intId=989
  • Toolkit of instruments to measure end of life [Internet]. Washington: George Washington University Medical Center, Center to Improve Care of the Dying; [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.gwu.edu/~cicd/toolkit/toolkit.htm

Box 54Options for date of publication

It is not NLM policy, but the following is an acceptable option:

The date of publication may follow the author names (or title if there is no author) in the list of references when the name-year system of in-text references is used.

• Use only the year of publication
• Use (1) the date of copyright, (2) the date of update/revision, or (3) the date of citation, in that order, if there is no publication date
• Place the date followed by a period after the last named author (or title if there is no author)
• Keep the date of update/revision and/or date of citation in their usual position unless they are the only dates available to follow the author(s) (or title)
• End the publisher name with a period if it is not followed by a date of update/revision or date of citation
  NLM citation:

  • Barnitz L. The health care response to pandemic influenza: a position paper of the American College of Physicians [Internet]. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians; 2006 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 21 p. Available from: http://www.acponline.org/college/pressroom/as06/pandemic_policy.pdf
  • Griffiths AJ, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM. Introduction to genetic analysis [Internet]. 7th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; c2000 [cited 2006 Nov 6]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=iga.TOC
  • Bashook PG, Miller SH, Parboosingh J, Horowitz SD, editors. Credentialing physician specialists: a world perspective [Internet]. Evanston (IL): American Board of Medical Specialities, Research and Education Foundation; [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 221 p. Available from: http://www.abms.org/publications.asp
  • Toolkit of instruments to measure end of life [bibliography on the Internet]. Washington: George Washington University Medical Center, Center to Improve Care of the Dying; [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.gwu.edu/~cicd/toolkit/toolkit.htm
  • Bibliography of numeracy resources 1980-2005 [Internet]. Ottawa (OT): Government of Canada, Human Resources and Social Development; [modified 2006 Jan 1; cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/en/hip/lld/nls/Resources/07_numbib.shtml
  Name-year system citation:

  • Barnitz L. 2006. The health care response to pandemic influenza: a position paper of the American College of Physicians [Internet]. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians; [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 21 p. Available from: http://www.acponline.org/college/pressroom/as06/pandemic_policy.pdf
  • Griffiths AJ, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM. c2000. Introduction to genetic analysis [Internet]. 7th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; [cited 2006 Nov 6]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=iga.TOC
  • Bashook PG, Miller SH, Parboosingh J, Horowitz SD, editors. [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Credentialing physician specialists: a world perspective [Internet]. Evanston (IL): American Board of Medical Specialities, Research and Education Foundation. 221 p. Available from: http://www.abms.org/publications.asp
  • Toolkit of instruments to measure end of life [Internet]. [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Washington: George Washington University Medical Center, Center to Improve Care of the Dying. Available from: http://www.gwu.edu/~cicd/toolkit/toolkit.htm
  • Bibliography of numeracy resources 1980-2005 [Internet]. [modified 2006 Jan 1]. Ottawa (OT): Government of Canada, Human Resources and Social Development; [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/en/hip/lld/nls/Resources/07_numbib.shtml

Box 55Locating the date of update/revision

Books on the Internet are often updated or revised after publication. Look for the date accompanied by such words as updated, modified, revised, reviewed:

• At the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen or the bottom of the last screen of the book
• In the source code for the book if it is displayed by the Web browser

Box 56Non-English names for months

• Translate names of months into English
• Abbreviate them using the first three letters
• Capitalize them
  Examples:

  • mayo = May
  • luty = Feb
  • brezen = Mar

Box 57Seasons instead of months

• Translate names of seasons into English
• Capitalize them
• Do not abbreviate them
  For example:

  • balvan = Summer
  • outomno = Fall
  • hiver = Winter
  • pomlad = Spring

Box 58Both a date of update and a date of revision

Various words are used to show that the content of a book has been changed. Among them are: updated, modified, revised, reviewed.

• Use the wording supplied in the book
• Give all words expressing update/revision with the dates provided, in ascending date order
• Enter dates in the format year month day
• Separate words with their dates by a semicolon and a space

  • updated 2006 May; modified 2006 Dec;
  • revised 2005 Dec; updated 2006 Mar;
• Add the date of citation and put all date information in square brackets
• End date information with a period placed outside the closing bracket

  • Are you worried about... cancer? [Internet]. London: Cancerbackup; c2003 [reviewed 2004 Sep 1; modified 2006 Aug 17; cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 5 screens]. Available from: http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Aboutcancer/Genetics/Areyouworriedabout/cancer

Box 59Both a date of update/revision and a date of citation

Various words are used to show that the content of a book has been changed. Among them are: updated, modified, revised, reviewed.

• Begin with the date(s) of update/revision in the format year month day

  • Use the wording for update/revision supplied in the book
  • Give all words with the dates provided, in ascending date order
  • Separate words by a semicolon and a space
  • End the date(s) of update/revision with a semicolon and a space
• Enter the date cited in the format year month day
• Place all dates of update/revision and date of citation information in one set of square brackets
• End with a period placed outside the closing bracket
  Examples:

  • Rosenbaum EH, Piper BF, Dodd M, Dzubur K, Glover M, Kramer P, Kurshner RA, Manuel F. Fatigue reduction and management for the primary side-effects of cancer therapy [Internet]. [California]: Cancer Supportive Care; 1999 May 1 [updated 2004 Sep 9; cited 2006 Nov 1]. [about 9 p.]. Available from: http://www.cancersupportivecare.com/fatigue.html
  • Are you worried about...cancer? [Internet]. London: Cancerbackup; c2003 [reviewed 2004 Sep 1; modified 2006 Aug 17; cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 5 screens]. Available from: http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Aboutcancer/Genetics/Areyouworriedabout/cancer

Box 60Roman numerals used as page numbers

If all of the pages (not just the introductory pages) of a book in PDF (Portable Document Format) have roman numerals instead of the usual arabic numbers:

• Convert the roman numeral on the last page of the text to an arabic number
• Follow the number by "p."
• Place the number and "p." in square brackets, such as [12 p.]
• End page information with a period
  Example: [20 p.].

Box 61Books without page numbers

• If all of the pages (not just the introductory pages) of a book in PDF (Portable Document Format) have no page numbers:

  • Count the total numbers of pages of the text
  • Follow the count total by "p."
  • Place the number and "p." in square brackets, such as [12 p.]
  • End page information with a period
    Example: [20 p.].
• If the book is in HTML, XML, or other unpaginated format:

  • Count the number of screens, paragraphs, lines, or bytes, whichever is most practical, or print out the book and count the number of pages
  • Because screen size and type fonts vary, precede the total with the word "about" for all except the number of paragraphs
  • Place the count total and the measure used in square brackets
  • End with a period placed outside the closing bracket
    Examples:

    • [about 6 screens].
    • [about 23 p.].
    • [10 paragraphs].

Box 62Books that are videocasts or podcasts

If the entire book (not just a portion of one) is available as a videocast or podcast:

• Enter the word Videocast or Podcast followed by a colon and a space
• Give extent as the number of minutes needed to view/listen
• Abbreviate minutes to min.
  Examples:

  • Alberts B. Spreading science throughout the world: how, why and when? [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US); 2003 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Videocast: 65 min. Available from: http://videocast.nih.gov/launch.asp?10488
  • Tracey E, Lange R. [Podcast for week of November 6, 2006] [Internet]. Baltimore (MD): Johns Hopkins Medicine; 2006 Nov 6 [cited 2006 Nov 7]. Podcast: 10 min. Available from: http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/mediaII/Podcasts.html

Box 63Series editor's name provided

As an option, the name of the overall series editor may be included with the series information.

• Begin with the name of the series editor or editors:

  • Give surname first
  • Convert given (first) names and middle names to initials, for a maximum of two initials following each surname
  • Separate multiple names with a comma
  • End name information with a comma
• See the information under Author/Editor for further name rules
• Place the word editor or editors after the name information, followed by a period
• Enter the name of the series, capitalizing only the first word and proper nouns
• Follow the name with any numbers given, such as a volume or issue number; for example, vol. 3 and no. 12
• Separate the name and the numbers by a semicolon and a space
• Place series information in parentheses
• End series information with a period, placed outside the closing parenthesis
  Example:

  • (Jones R, editor. Cancer medicine online; no. 4).

Box 64Multiple series

If a book is a part of more than one series, include information on all series if desired.

• Place each series in parentheses
• Separate the series by a semicolon and a space
• End series information with a period, placed outside the closing parenthesis of the last series
  Example:

  • Prescription drugs: abuse and addiction [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute on Drug Abuse (US); 2001 Jul [revised 2005 Aug; cited 2006 Nov 3]. 12 p. (NIDA research report series); (NIH publication; no. 05-4881). Available from: http://www.drugabuse.gov/PDF/RRPrescription.pdf

Box 65Breaking long URLs

Some URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) are longer than one line.

• Retain the entire string as found when possible
• Break a URL at a slash if necessary
• Do not insert a hyphen or a hard line break within a URL

Box 66URLs not directly addressable

The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always be used to retrieve the book, i.e., is not directly addressable.

• Always check to see if the URL is directly addressable
• If it is not, provide instructions for locating it from the closest addressable URL
  Example:

  • Available from: http://www.genomic.unimelb.edu.au/mdi/ by using the Relevant Publications link.

Box 67Multiple URLs

If more than one URL can be used to locate a book:

• Give the URL you used in locating the book
• As an option, give all known URLs, separated by a space, a semicolon, and a space
  Example:

  • Available from:
  • http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t01.htm#bm1..1.3.1 ;
  • http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t03.htm#bm3..1.3.1 ;
  • http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t05.htm#bm5..1.3.1

Box 68Books appearing in more than one language

• If a book is written in several languages:

  • Give the title in the first language found on the title page or opening screens
  • List all languages of publication after the Availability statement (URL)
  • Capitalize the language names
  • Separate the language names by commas
  • End the list of languages with a period
    Example:

    • Pan-European Conference on Food Safety and Quality [Internet]. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; [2003?] [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.foodsafetyforum.org/paneuropean/index_en.htm English, French, Russian, Spanish.
• If a book is written in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:

  • Give all titles in the order in which they are presented on the title page or opening screens
  • Separate them with an equals sign with a space on either side
  • List the languages after the Availability statement (URL)
  • Capitalize the language names
  • Separate the language names by commas
  • End the list of languages with a period
    Example:

    • Settle TB, compiler. La storia e la filosofia della scienza, della tecnologia e della medicina = The history and philosophy of science, technology and medicine [Internet]. Florence (Italy): IMSS & Polytechnic University; c1994-2006 [updated 2006 Aug 22; cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 20 p.]. Available from: http://www.imss.fi.it/%7etsettle/index.html Italian, English.
• If each language version has its own URL, give the URL of the language you used. As an option, give the URLs for all languages. Separate them by a space, a semicolon, and a space.
  Example:

  • Available from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t01.htm#bm1..1.3.1 ; http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t03.htm#bm3..1.3.1 ; http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t05.htm#bm5..1.3.1 English, French, Spanish.
• If none of the titles is English, follow with a translation whenever possible. Place the translation in square brackets.

Box 69DOIs

The DOI or Digital Object Identifier was developed by the International DOI Foundation to provide for persistent identification of documents across networks. It does this using a naming convention consisting of a prefix that contains the name of the particular DOI directory and the content owner's identifier, and a suffix that is a numeric or alphanumeric string supplied by the publisher.

Publishers register with the International DOI Foundation to obtain their owner's identifier, then submit their suffix to a DOI registration agency along with the URL and appropriate metadata for the particular document being registered.

Publishers are currently assigning DOIs at both the book and chapter level. Some assign one DOI to a book regardless of changes in edition or format, while others give a unique DOI to each version.

To find a book on the Internet using its DOI, add the prefix http://dx.doi.org/ to the number.

To use a DOI in a citation:

• Begin with doi followed by a colon and a space
• Enter the number supplied by the publisher
  Example:

  • Schiraldi GR. Post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: a guide to healing, recovery, and growth [Internet]. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000 [cited 2006 Nov 6]. 446 p. Available from: http://books.mcgraw-hill.com/getbook.php?isbn=0071393722&template=#toc doi: 10.1036/0737302658

Box 70System requirements

System requirements describe the particular software and hardware needed to view the book.

• Begin with the phrase "System Requirements" followed by a colon and a space
• Use the wording supplied by the publisher; no standardization is needed
• Separate the types of information by a semicolon and a space
• End requirement information with a period
  Examples:

  • Cook N. AIDS in Africa [Internet]. Washington: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service; 2006 [updated 2006 Mar 9; cited 2006 Nov 3]. 16 p. Available from: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IB10050.pdf System Requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader.
  • Airiani S, Braunstein RE, Chang S, editors. Digital reference of ophthalmology [Internet]. New York: Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute; c2003 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://dro.hs.columbia.edu/. System Requirements: Browser must be able to handle tables, javascript, and other advanced features; Netscape Navigator (version 4.0 or greater) or Microsoft Internet Explorer (version 4.0 or greater) is recommended.

Box 71Other types of material to include in notes

The notes element may be used to provide any useful information. Begin by citing the book, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:

• If the book was sponsored by or prepared for a particular organization, give the name and any relevant numbers

  • Kahn CE Jr, editor. CHORUS: Collaborative Hypertext of Radiology [Internet]. [Milwaukee]: Medical College of Wisconsin; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://chorus.rad.mcw.edu/. Supported in part by USPHS grant G08 LM05705 from the National Library of Medicine.
• If the book has an International Standard Book Number assigned, give the number preceded by ISBN:

  • Sayers R. Principles of awareness-raising: information literacy, a case study [Internet]. Bangkok (Thailand): UNESCO Bangkok; 2006 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. 124 p. Available from: http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/22439/11510733461 Principles_of_Awareness_Raising_19th_April_06.pdf/ Principles%2Bof%2BAwareness_Raising_19th%2BApril%2B06.pdf ISBN: 92-9223-082-4.
• If the book has information that may not be apparent from the title, describe it

  • Tracey E, Lange R. [Podcast for week of November 6, 2006] [Internet]. Baltimore (MD): Johns Hopkins Medicine; 2006 Nov 6 [cited 2006 Nov 7]. Podcast: 10 min. Available from: http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/mediaII/Podcasts.html Subscription to the podcast series available from the publisher.
• If the book is available in another version, describe it

  • Reitz JM. ODLIS: online dictionary for library and information science [Internet]. Westport (CT): Libraries Unlimited; c2004-2006 [updated 2006 Apr 3; cited 2006 Nov 6]. Available from: http://lu.com/odlis/odlis_c.cfm Also available as a print book from the publisher.

Box 72Non-English names for parts

• Provide the name in the original language for non-English names in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)

  • Tabelle 5.3,
  • Figura 10a,
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) titles in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

  • Risunok 6,
  • Parartema 4,
• Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Place translated titles in square brackets.

  • Ichiran-hiyo 3, or [Table 3, ]
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with a diacritic or accent as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Convert words and roman numerals used for part numbers into arabic numbers, so that the word for two or II becomes 2
• Provide an English translation, if possible, after the original language title; place translated titles in square brackets

  • Anexo, Creacion de las especialidades medicas [Appendix, Beginnings of medical specialties];
• To help identify parts in other languages, see the following examples:

  View in own window

  Language	Chapter	Table	Figure	Appendix	Section
  French	Chapitre	Tableau	Figure	Appendice	Section
  German	Kapitel	Tabelle	Abbildung	Anhang	Sektion
  			Figur	Appendix	Abteilung
  				Zusatz
  Italian	Capitolo	Tabella	Figura	Appendice	Parte
  					Sezione
  Russian	Glava	Tablitsa	Risunok	Prilozenie	Sekcija
  					Otdel
  					Otdelenie
  Spanish	Capitulo	Tabla	Figura	Apendice	Seccion
  					Parte

Box 73No letter or number follows the name

• Occasionally, an author will label a part as simply "Table", "Figure", "Appendix", or another name without following the name with a letter or number. In this case, give whatever name is used for the part and follow it with a comma and the title.

  • Appendix, Timetable of human prenatal development 1 to 6 weeks;

Box 74Part is a video clip, videocast, or podcast

• If a video clip, videocast, or podcast is part of a book, place the word Video, Videocast, or Podcast in square brackets followed by a comma and a space

  • Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky LS, Matsudaira P, Baltimore D, Darnell J. Molecular cell biology [Internet]. 4th ed. New York: W.H. Freeman; 2000. [Video], Immunoblot and enzyme-linked assay; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; [3 min.]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bookres.fcgi/mcb/ch3anim4.mov

Box 75No name appears

• If the part being cited is clearly a table, figure, appendix, or similar part but it is not labeled as such, place the name in square brackets and follow it with any identifying number or letter

  • [Figure], Protein binding and drug disposition;
  • [Photograph] 8, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Professor of Anatomy and Physiology from 1838 to 1841;
• If the part being cited is not a table, figure, or appendix and has no other identifying name such as "section", begin with the title of the part

  • Data and calculations required for a life table;
  • Sialography;

Box 76Titles for parts not in English

• Provide the name in the original language for non-English titles in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)

  • Tabla 10, Etiologia de la esplenomegalia secundaria a procesos infecciosos;
  • Chapitre 4, Le virage de la jouissance;
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) titles in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

  • Risunok 2, Tendentsii smertnosti i prodolzhitel'nosti zhizni naseleniya Ukrainy v poslevoennyi period;
• Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Place the translation in square brackets.

  • 10 Shoyo, Anchi eijingu igaku;
  • [Figure 9, Annual progression of swine influenza in Seoul];
• Capitalize only the first word of the title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms unless the conventions of a particular language require other capitalization

  • Tabelle 1, Verteilung der deutschsprachigen Bevolkerung auf die einzelnen Stadtteile von St. Petersburg und die Gesamtentwicklung 1869-1910;
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in titles. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Provide an English translation, if possible, after the original language title. Place the translation in square brackets.

  • Tableau 5, Principaux marqueurs biologiques de l'etat nutritionnel [Table 5, Principal biological markers of nutritional state];
  • 10 Shoyo, Anchi eijingu igaku [Chapter 10, Anti-aging medicine];

Box 77Titles for parts in more than one language

If a chapter, figure, or another part is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:

• Give all titles in the order in which they are found on the title page or opening screens
• Place an equals sign with a space on either side between the titles
• List all languages, separated by commas, after the Availability (URL)
• End the list with a period
  Example:

  • Robinson A, compiler. Veterinary public health and control of zoonoses in developing countries = Sante publique veterinaire et controle des zoonoses dans les pays en developpement = Salud publica veterinaria y control de zoonosis en Paises en Desarrollo [Internet]. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2003. [Part] A, Veterinary public health in the 21st century = La sante publique veterinaire au XXIeme siecle = Salud publica veterinaria en el siglo XXI; [cited 2006 Nov 17]; [about 6 screens each]. Available from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t01.htm#bm1..1.3.1 ; http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t03.htm#bm3..1.3.1 ; http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t05.htm#bm5..1.3.1 English, French, Spanish.

Box 78Titles for parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special character

• Capitalize the first word of the title of a part unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character that might lose its meaning if capitalized

  • Figure 10, n-alkenes on capillary columns with stationary phases of C87 hydrocarbon, Apiezonl L, CW-20M;
• Retain special characters in titles when possible

  • Chapter 3, E©UP: European Copyright User Platform;
• If a title contains a Greek letter or some other symbol that cannot be reproduced with the type fonts available, substitute the name for the symbol. For example, Ω becomes omega.

  • Figure 3, Influence of seed extract of Syzygium Cumini (Jamun) on mice exposed to different doses of γ-radiation;
  • may become
  • Figure 3, Influence of seed extract of Syzygium Cumini (Jamun) on mice exposed to different doses of gamma-radiation;
• If a title contains superscripts or subscripts that cannot be reproduced with the type fonts available, place the superscript or subscript in parentheses

  • Table 4, Glycoprotein mediated transport of NH₃ into red blood cells;
  • may become
  • Table 4, Glycoprotein mediated transport of NH(3) into red blood cells;

Box 79No title appears

Occasionally a part does not have a formal title, only a legend (explanatory text) for the table, figure, appendix, or other part. When this occurs:

• Create a title from the first few words of the text. Use enough words to make the constructed title meaningful.
• Place the created title in square brackets

  • Table, [Waist-hip ratio ranges and the sample sizes for women aged 40 to 59];
  • Appendix, [Excerpts from "Prescription Pain Medications: Frequently Asked Questions and Answers for Health Care Professionals"];

Box 80Locating the date of update/revision

Parts of books on the Internet are often updated or revised after publication. Look for the date accompanied by such words as updated, modified, revised, reviewed:

• At the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen for the part or the bottom of the last screen of the part
• In the source code for the part if it is displayed by the Web browser

Box 81Non-English names for months

• Translate names of months into English
• Abbreviate them using the first three letters
• Capitalize them
  Examples:

  • mayo = May
  • luty = Feb
  • brezen = Mar

Box 82Seasons instead of months

• Translate names of seasons into English
• Capitalize them
• Do not abbreviate them
  For example:

  • balvan = Summer
  • outomno = Fall
  • hiver = Winter
  • pomlad = Spring

Box 83Both a date of update and a date of revision

Various words are used to show that the content of a book part has been changed. Among them are: updated, modified, revised, reviewed.

• Use the wording supplied in the book
• Give all words with the dates provided, in ascending date order
• Enter dates in the format year month day
• Separate words with their dates by a semicolon and a space
  Example:

  • MedlinePlus health topics [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); [updated 2006 May 11]. Alzheimer's disease; [reviewed 2006 Oct 25; updated 2006 Dec 22; cited 2006 Dec 29]; [about 8 p.]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alzheimersdisease.html

Box 84Both a date of update/revision and a date of citation

Various words are used to show that the content of a part of a book has been changed. Among them are: updated, modified, revised, reviewed.

• Begin with the date(s) of update/revision in the format year month day

  • Use the wording for update/revision supplied in the book
  • Give all words with the dates provided, in ascending date order
  • Separate words by a semicolon and a space
  • End the date(s) of update/revision with a semicolon and a space
• Enter the date cited in the format year month day
• Place all dates of update/revision and date of citation information in square brackets
• End with a semicolon placed outside the closing bracket
  Examples:

  • Richardson ML. Approaches to differential diagnosis in musculoskeletal imaging [Internet]. Version 2.0. Seattle (WA): University of Washington School of Medicine; c2000. [Figure], A patient with rather dysplastic fibulas due to juvenile rheumatoid arthritis; [updated 2006 May 24; cited 2006 Nov 15]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.rad.washington.edu/mskbook/dysplasia.html
  • MedlinePlus health topics [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); [updated 2006 May 11]. Alzheimer's disease; [reviewed 2006 Oct 25; updated 2006 Dec 22; cited 2006 Dec 29]; [about 8 p.]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alzheimersdisease.html

Box 85Roman numerals for page numbers

• Unlike the practice with volume and issue numbers, keep roman numerals when they are used as page numbers

  • Collins SR, Kriss JL, Davis K, Doty MM, Holmgren AL. Squeezed: why rising exposure to health care costs threatens the health and financial well-being of American families [Internet]. New York: Commonwealth Fund; 2006 Sep. Figure ES-1, Individual market is not an affordable option for many people; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; p. viii. Available from: http://www.cmwf.org/usr_doc/Collins_squeezedrisinghltcarecosts_953.pdf
• Give roman numerals in upper or lower case, whichever appears in the publication

  • Appendix 2, Common aquatic invertebrates; [cited 2006 Dec 15]; p. XXI-XXII.
  • Table 8, Classification of lung adenocarcinoma; [cited 2006 Dec 13]; p. xv.
• If the pagination for a part begins anew with page I or i, give the total number of pages of the part in square brackets

  • Appendix, Questionnaire; [5 p.].

Box 86Part paginated separately

• A part such as an appendix or a group of tables may be given its own pagination, beginning anew with page one. When this occurs, give the total number of pages of the part you are citing, placed in square brackets, such as [5 p.].

  • Appendix 3C, Description of model output tables and graphs; [cited 2006 Dec 15]; [7 p.].

Box 87No page numbers appear on the pages of the part

• If the part of a book in PDF (Portable Document Format) has no page numbers:

  • Count the total numbers of pages of the text
  • Follow the count total by "p."
  • Place the number and "p." in square brackets, such as [12 p.]
  • End page information with a period
    Example: [20 p.].
• If the part of the book is in HTML, XML, or other unpaginated format:

  • Count the number of screens, paragraphs, lines, or bytes, whichever is most practical, or print out the part and count the number of pages
  • Because screen size and type fonts vary, precede the total with the word "about" for all except the number of paragraphs
  • Place the count total and the measure used in square brackets
  • End with a period placed outside the closing bracket
    Examples:

    • [about 6 screens].
    • [about 23 p.].
    • [10 paragraphs].

Box 88Part is a video clip, videocast, or podcast

If a video clip, videocast , or podcast is part of a book:

• Place the word Video, Videocast, or Podcast in square brackets followed by a comma and a space
• Enter the title of the part, followed by a semicolon and a space
• Give the date of update/revision (if known) and the date of citation in square brackets, separated by a semicolon and a space
• End date information with a semicolon and a space
• Give extent as the number of minutes needed to view/listen, placed in square brackets
• Abbreviate minutes to min.
• End with a semicolon placed outside the closing bracket
  Example:

  • Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky LS, Matsudaira P, Baltimore D, Darnell J. Molecular cell biology [Internet]. 4th ed. New York: W.H. Freeman; 2000. [Video], Immunoblot and enzyme-linked assay; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; [3 min.]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bookres.fcgi/mcb/ch3anim4.mov

Box 89Breaking long URLs

Some URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) are longer than one line.

• Retain the entire string as found when possible
• Break a URL at a slash if necessary
• Do not insert a hyphen or a hard line break within a URL

Box 90URLs not directly addressable

The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always be used to retrieve the part of the book, i.e., is not directly addressable.

• Always check to see if the URL is directly addressable
• If it is not, provide instructions for locating it from the closest addressable URL
  Example:

  • Marcus M, Van Aken H. Prevention of local anaesthetic toxicity. In: Gatt SP, Pybus A, editors. Hypertextbook of regional anaesthesia for obstetrics: an international perspective [Internet]. [place unknown]: MANBIT Technologies; [200?] [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://www.manbit.com/oa/oaindex.htm by selecting Marcus from the Author Index.

Box 91Multiple URLs

If more than one URL can be used to locate a part:

• Give the URL you used in locating the part
• As an option, give all known URLs, separated by a space, a semicolon, and a space
  Example:

  • Available from:
  • http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t01.htm#bm1..1.3.1 ;
  • http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t03.htm#bm3..1.3.1 ;
  • http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t05.htm#bm5..1.3.1

Box 92Parts appearing in more than one language

If a part of a book is written in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:

• Give all titles in the order in which they are presented on the title page or on the opening screens of the part
• Separate the titles with an equals sign with a space on either side
• List the languages after the Availability statement (URL)
• Capitalize the language names
• Separate the language names by commas
• End the list of languages with a period
• If each language version has its own URL, give the URL of the language you used. As an option, give the URLs for all languages. Separate them by a space, a semicolon, and a space.
  Example:

  • Robinson A, compiler. Veterinary public health and control of zoonoses in developing countries = Sante publique veterinaire et controle des zoonoses dans les pays en developpement = Salud publica veterinaria y control de zoonosis en Paises en Desarrollo [Internet]. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2003. [Part] A, Veterinary public health in the 21st century = La sante publique veterinaire au XXIeme siecle = Salud publica veterinaria en el siglo XXI; [cited 2006 Nov 17]; [about 6 screens each]. Available from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t01.htm#bm1..1.3.1 ; http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t03.htm#bm3..1.3.1 ; http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t05.htm#bm5..1.3.1 English, French, Spanish.

Box 93Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them

• Keep hyphens in surnames

  • Estelle Palmer-Canton   becomes   Palmer-Canton E
  • Ahmed El-Assmy   becomes   El-Assmy A
• Keep particles, such as O', D', and L'

  • Alan D. O'Brien   becomes   O'Brien AD
  • James O. L'Esperance   becomes   L'Esperance JO
  • U. S'adeh   becomes   S'adeh U
• Omit all other punctuation in surnames

  • Charles A. St. James   becomes   St James CA

Box 94Other surname rules

• Keep prefixes in surnames

  • Lama Al Bassit   becomes   Al Bassit L
  • Jiddeke M. van de Kamp   becomes   van de Kamp JM
  • Gerard de Pouvourville   becomes   de Pouvourville G
• Keep compound surnames even if no hyphen appears

  • Sergio Lopez Moreno   becomes   Lopez Moreno S
  • Jaime Mier y Teran   becomes   Mier y Teran J
  • Virginie Halley des Fontaines   becomes   Halley des Fontaines V
  • [If you cannot determine from the title page or opening or closing screens whether a surname is compound or is a combination of a middle name and a surname, look at the back of the title page (the copyright page) or elsewhere in the text for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott Parker E.]
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe

Box 95Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle

• Disregard hyphens joining given (first or middle) names

  • Jean-Louis Lagrot   becomes   Lagrot JL
• Use only the first letter of given names and middle names if they contain a prefix, a preposition, or another particle

  • D'Arcy Hart   becomes   Hart D
  • W. St. John Patterson   becomes   Patterson WS
  • De la Broquerie Fortier   becomes   Fortier D
  • Craig McC. Brooks   becomes   Brooks CM
• Disregard traditional abbreviations of given names. Some non-US publications use abbreviations of conventional given names rather than single initials, such as St. for Stefan. Use only the first letter of the abbreviation.

  • Ch. Wunderly   becomes   Wunderly C
  • C. Fr. Erdman   becomes   Erdman CF
• For non-English names that are romanized (written in the roman alphabet), capitalize only the first letter if the original initial is represented by more than one letter

  • Iu. A. Iakontov   becomes   Iakontov IuA
  • G. Th. Tsakalos   becomes   Tsakalos GTh

Box 96Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name

• Omit degrees, titles, and honors such as M.D. following a personal name

  • James A. Reed, M.D., F.R.C.S.   becomes   Reed JA
  • Kristine Schmidt, Ph.D.   becomes   Schmidt K
  • Robert V. Lang, Major, US Army   becomes   Lang RV
• Omit rank and honors such as Colonel or Sir that precede a name

  • Sir Frances Hildebrand   becomes   Hildebrand F
  • Dr. Jane Eberhard   becomes   Eberhard J
  • Captain R.C. Williams   becomes   Williams RC

Box 97Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III

• Place family designations of rank after the initials, without punctuation
• Convert roman numerals to arabic ordinals
  Examples:

  • Vincent T. DeVita, Jr.   becomes   DeVita VT Jr
  • James G. Jones II   becomes   Jones JG 2nd
  • John A. Adams III   becomes   Adams JA 3rd
  • Henry B. Cooper IV   becomes   Cooper HB 4th

Box 98Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)

Romanization, a form of transliteration, means using the roman (Latin) alphabet to represent the letters or characters of another alphabet. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

• Romanize names in Cyrillic (Russian, Bulgarian, etc.), Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, or character-based languages, such as Chinese and Japanese
• Capitalize only the first letter of romanized names if the original initial is represented by more than one letter

  • Iu. A. Iakontov   becomes   Iakontov IuA
  • G. Th. Tsakalos   becomes   Tsakalos GTh
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe

Box 99Organizations as author

An organization such as a university, society, association, corporation, or governmental body may serve as an author.

• Omit "The" preceding an organizational name

  • The American Cancer Society   becomes   American Cancer Society
• If a division or another part of an organization is included in the publication, give the parts of the name in descending hierarchical order, separated by commas

  • American Medical Association, Committee on Ethics.
  • International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division.
  • American College of Surgeons, Committee on Trauma, Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Outcomes, Working Group.
• When citing organizations that are national bodies such as government agencies, if a nationality is not part of the name, place the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D) in parentheses after the name

  • National Academy of Sciences (US).
  • Royal Marsden Hospital Bone-Marrow Transplantation Team (GB).
• Separate two or more different organizations by a semicolon

  • Canadian Association of Orthodontists; Canadian Dental Association.
  • American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine; American College of Emergency Physicians, Pediatric Committee.
• If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on the title page or opening or closing screens of a contribution to a book as authors, use the names of the individuals as the author. Give the organization at the end of the reference as a note, if desired.
• For names of organizations in languages other than English:

  • Give names in languages using the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, Italian, Spanish, German, Swedish, etc.) as they appear in the publication. Whenever possible follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translations in square brackets.

    • Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica del CNR.
    • Universitatsmedizin Berlin.
    • Nordisk Anaestesiologisk Forening [Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiologists].
  • Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate names of organizations in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables. Whenever possible follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translations in square brackets.

    • Rossiiskoe Respiratornoe Obshchestvo [Russian Respiratory Society].
    • or
    • [Russian Respiratory Society].
  • Translate names of organizations in character-based languages such as Chinese and Japanese. Place all translations in square brackets.

    • [Chinese Medical Society].
  • Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

    • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

      • Å   treated as   A
      • Ø   treated as   O
      • Ç   treated as   C
      • Ł   treated as   L
      • à   treated as   a
      • ĝ   treated as   g
      • ñ   treated as   n
      • ü   treated as   u
    • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

      • æ   treated as   ae
      • œ   treated as   oe

Box 100Options for author names

The following formats are not NLM practice for citing authors, but are acceptable options:

• Full first names of authors may be given. Separate the surname from the given name or initials by a comma; follow initials with a period; separate successive names by a semicolon.

  • Takagi, Yasushi; Harada, Jun; Chiarugi, Alberto M.; Moskowitz, Michael A.
  • Mann, Frederick D.; Swartz, Mary N.; Little, R.T.
• If space is a consideration, the number of authors may be limited to a specific number, such as the first three authors. Follow the last named author by a comma and "et al." or "and others."

  • Rastan S, Hough T, Kierman A, et al.
  • Adler DG, Baron TH, Davila RE, and others.

Box 101Abbreviations in affiliations

• Abbreviate commonly used words in affiliations, if desired. Follow all abbreviated words with a period.

  • Examples:

    • Acad. for Academy
    • Assoc. for Association
    • Co. for Company
    • Coll. for College
    • Corp. for Corporation
    • Dept. for Department
    • Div. for Division
    • Inst. for Institute or Institution
    • Soc. for Society
    • Univ. for University
  • See Appendix C for more abbreviations of commonly used English words.
• Abbreviate names of US states and Canadian provinces using their official two-letter abbreviations. See Appendix E for a list of these.
• Abbreviate names of countries outside of the US and Canada using the two-letter ISO country code, if desired. See Appendix D for codes of selected countries.
• Be consistent. If you abbreviate a word in one reference in a list of references, abbreviate the same word in all references.

Box 102E-mail address included

• Follow the US state, Canadian province, or country of the author with a period and a space
• Insert the e-mail address as it appears in the publication
• Do not end an e-mail address with a period
• Place the e-mail address within the closing parenthesis for the author affiliation
  Example:

  • Patrias K (Reference Section, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda MD. [email protected]), de la Cruz FF (Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD. [email protected]).

Box 103Organizational names for affiliations not in English

Give the affiliations of all authors or only the first author.

• Begin with the department and name of the organization, followed by the city, the two-letter abbreviation for the US state or Canadian province (see Appendix E), and the country if non-US. Place the affiliation in parentheses.
• Provide the name in the original language for non-English organization names found in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)

  • Carpentier AF (Service de Neurologie, Hopital de la Salpetriere, Paris, France), Moreno Perez D (Unidad de Infectologia e Inmunodeficiencias, Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital Materno-Infantil Carlos Haya, Malaga, Spain).
  • Marubini E (Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy), Rebora P, Reina G.
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate organizational names in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

  • Barbulescu M (Clinica Chirurgicala, Spitalul Clinic Coltea, Bucarest, Romania), Burcos T, Ungureanu CD, Zodieru-Popa I.
  • Grudinina NA (Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia), Golubkov VI, Tikhomirova OS, Brezhneva TV, Hanson KP, Vasilyev VB, Mandelshtam MY.
• Translate organizational names in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)

  • Susaki K (First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan), Bandoh S, Fujita J, Kanaji N, Ishii T, Kubo A, Ishida T.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Use the English form of names for cities and countries whenever possible. For example, use Vienna for Wien and use Spain for Espana. However, the name as found on the publication may always be used.

Box 104Names for cities and countries not in English

• Use the English form for names of cities and countries if possible. However, the name as found on the publication may always be used.

  • Moskva   becomes   Moscow
  • Wien   becomes   Vienna
  • Italia   becomes   Italy
  • Espana   becomes   Spain

Box 105Titles not in English

• Provide the title in the original language for non-English titles in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)

  • Ochoa S. Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico.
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) titles if they are in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

  • Tsimmerman IaS. Diagnostika i kompleksnoe lechenie osnovnykh gastroenterologicheskikh zabolevanii: klinicheskie ocherki.
• Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Surround translated titles with square brackets.

  • Katsunori K. Anrakushi to keiho.
  • or
  • Katsunori K. [Euthanasia and criminal law].
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in titles. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.

  • Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked

    • Å   treated as   A
    • Ø   treated as   O
    • Ç   treated as   C
    • Ł   treated as   L
    • à   treated as   a
    • ĝ   treated as   g
    • ñ   treated as   n
    • ü   treated as   u
  • Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters

    • æ   treated as   ae
    • œ   treated as   oe
• Capitalize only the first word of the title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms unless the conventions of a particular language require other capitalization

  • Schmitz M. Psychopharmaka: Grundlagen, Standardtherapien und neue Konzepte.
• Provide an English translation after the original language title if possible; place translations in square brackets

  • Ochoa S. Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico [Molecular basis of gene expression].
  • Tsimmerman IaS. Diagnostika i kompleksnoe lechenie osnovnykh gastroenterologicheskikh zabolevanii: klinicheskie ocherki [Diagnosis and complex treatment of basic gastrointestinal diseases: clinical studies].
  • Katsunori K. Anrakushi to keiho [Euthanasia and criminal law].

Box 106Titles in more than one language

If a chapter or another contribution is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:

• Give all titles in the order in which they are found on the title page or opening screens
• Place an equals sign with a space on either side between the titles
  Example:

  • Le genome: avancees scientifiques et therapeutiques et consequences sociales = The genome: scientific and therapeutic developments and social consequences.
• List all the languages, separated by a comma, after the pagination
• End the list with a period
• If each language version has its own URL, give them all, separated by a space and a semicolon

Box 107Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character

• Capitalize the first word of the title of a chapter or other contribution unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character that might lose its meaning if capitalized

  • 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin: health-based reassessment of administrative occupational exposure limits.
  • von Willebrand disease.
• Retain special characters in tites when possible

  • E©UP: European Copyright User Platform [Internet].
• If a title contains a Greek letter or some other symbol that cannot be reproduced with the available type fonts, substitute the name for the symbol. For example, Ω becomes omega.

  • γ-linolenic acid and its clinical applications.
  • may become
  • Gamma-linolenic acid and its clinical applications.
  • Enantioselective synthesis of β-amino acids.
  • may become
  • Enantioselective synthesis of beta-amino acids.
• If a title contains superscripts or subscripts that cannot be reproduced with the type fonts available, place the superscript or subscript in parentheses

  • TiO₂ nanoparticles.
  • may become
  • TiO(2) nanoparticles.

Box 108Contribution has a date of publication or date of update/revision that differs from the book as a whole

Contributions may be published with individual dates separate from the date of the book as a whole or may be updated or otherwise revised separately from book as a whole. When this occurs:

• Give a separate date of publication and/or date of update/revision after the title for the contribution
• Place the date of citation after the above date(s), not after the date(s) of the book
• Keep the date of publication and any dates of update/revision of the book in their usual place
  Example:

  • Smith J, Jones C. Endoscopic management of choledochocele. 2005 Dec [updated 2007 Jan 15; cited 2007 Feb 23]. In:
  • Carter TY, Spence DT. Management of secondary hyperparathyroidism. [revised 2006 Mar; cited 2007 Feb 23]. In:

Box 109Both a date of update/revision and a date of citation

Various words are used to show that the content of a contribution a book has been changed. Among them are: updated, modified, revised, reviewed.

• Begin with the date(s) of update/revision in the format year month day

  • Use the wording for update/revision supplied in the book
  • Give all words with the dates provided, in ascending date order
  • Separate words by a semicolon and a space
  • End the date(s) of update/revision with a semicolon and a space
• Enter the date cited in the format year month day
• Place all dates of update/revision and date of citation information in square brackets
• End with a period placed outside the closing bracket
  Example:

  • ; [revised 2005 Jan 3; updated 2005 Nov 4; cited 2006 Dec 13].

Box 110Roman numerals for page numbers

• Contrary to the practice with volume and issue numbers, keep roman numerals when they are used as page numbers
• Give roman numerals in upper or lower case, whichever appears in the publication
  Examples:

  • p. ix-xxi.
  • p. XIV-XVIII.

Box 111Contribution paginated separately

• A contribution may be given its own pagination and begin anew with page one. When this occurs, give the total number of pages of the part you are to citing, placed in square brackets, such as [5 p.].

Box 112No page numbers appear on the pages of the contribution

• If the contribution to a book in PDF (Portable Document Format) has no page numbers:

  • Count the total numbers of pages of the text
  • Follow the count total by "p."
  • Place the number and "p." in square brackets, such as [12 p.]
  • End page information with a period
    Example: [20 p.].
• If the contribution to a book is in HTML, XML, or other unpaginated format has no page numbers:

  • Count the number of screens, paragraphs, lines, or bytes, whichever is most practical, or print out the part and count the number of pages
  • Because screen size and type fonts vary, precede the total with the word "about" for all except the number of paragraphs and bytes
  • Place the count total and the measure used in square brackets
  • End with a period placed outside the closing bracket
    Examples:

    • [about 6 screens].
    • [about 23 p.].
    • [10 paragraphs].
• As an option, use the chapter number of a contribution in place of the number of pages or screens

  • Chorba T, Tao G, Irwin KL. Sexually transmitted diseases. In: Litwin MS, Saigal CS, editors. Urologic diseases in America [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (US); 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. Chapter 9. Available from: http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/statistics/uda/UTI_STD.pdf#page=91

Box 113Optional chapter number for a contribution

• As an option, use the chapter number of a contribution in place of the number of pages or screens.

  • Chorba T, Tao G, Irwin KL. Sexually transmitted diseases. In: Litwin MS, Saigal CS, editors. Urologic diseases in America [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (US); 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. Chapter 9. Available from: http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/statistics/uda/UTI_STD.pdf#page=91

Box 114Contribution is a video clip, videocast, or podcast

If the entire contribution is a video clip, videocast, or podcast:

• Enter the word Video, Videocast, or Podcast followed by a colon and a space
• Give extent as the number of minutes needed to view/listen
• Abbreviate minutes to min.
• Place all information in square brackets
• End with a period placed outside the square brackets
  Examples:

  • [Video: 6 min.].
  • [Videocast: 11 min.].
  • [Podcast: 3 min.].

Box 115Breaking long URLs

Some URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) are longer than one line.

• Retain the entire string as found when possible
• Break a URL at a slash if necessary
• Do not insert a hyphen or a hard line break within a URL

Box 116URLs not directly addressable

The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always be used to retrieve a contribution to a book, i.e., is not directly addressable.

• Always check to see if the URL is directly addressable
• If it is not, provide instructions for locating it from the closest addressable URL
  Example:

  • Marcus M, Van Aken H. Prevention of local anaesthetic toxicity. In: Gatt SP, Pybus A, editors. Hypertextbook of regional anaesthesia for obstetrics: an international perspective [Internet]. [place unknown]: MANBIT Technologies; [200?] [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://www.manbit.com/oa/oaindex.htm by selecting Marcus from the Author Index.

Box 117Multiple URLs

If more than one URL can be used to locate a contribution:

• Give the URL you used in locating the contribution
• As an option, give all known URLs, separated by a space, a semicolon, and a space
  Example:

  • Available from:
  • http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t01.htm#bm1..1.3.1 ;
  • http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t03.htm#bm3..1.3.1 ;
  • http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t05.htm#bm5..1.3.1

Box 118Contributions appearing in more than one language

If a contribution to a book is written in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:

• Give all titles in the order they are presented on the title page or on the opening screens for the contribution
• Separate them with an equals sign with a space on either side
• List all languages of publication after the Availability statement (URL)
• Capitalize the language names
• Separate the language names by commas
• End the list of languages with a period
• If each language version has its own URL, give the URL of the language you used. As an option, give the URLs for all languages. Separate them by a space, a semicolon, and a space.
  Example:

  • Available from:
  • http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t01.htm#bm1..1.3.1 ;
  • http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t03.htm#bm3..1.3.1 ;
  • http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t05.htm#bm5..1.3.1 English, French, Spanish.

Box 119DOIs

The DOI or Digital Object Identifier was developed by the International DOI Foundation to provide for persistent identification of documents across networks. It uses a naming convention consisting of a prefix, containing the name of the particular DOI directory and the content owner's identifier, and a suffix, a numeric or alphanumeric string supplied by the publisher.

Publishers register with the International DOI Foundation to obtain their owner's identifier, then submit their suffix to a DOI registration agency along with the URL and appropriate metadata for the particular document being registered.

Publishers currently assign DOIs at both the book and chapter level. Some assign one DOI to a book regardless of changes in edition or format, while others give a unique DOI to each version.

To find a book on the Internet from its DOI, add the prefix http://dx.doi.org/ to the number.

To use a DOI in a citation:

• Begin with doi followed by a colon and a space
• Enter the number supplied by the publisher
  Example:

  • Mouchawar J, Taplin S, Ichikawa L, Barlow WE, Geiger AM, Weinmann S, Gilbert J, Manos MM, Ulcickas Yood M. Late-stage breast cancer among women with recent negative screening mammography: do clinical encounters offer opportunity for earlier detection? In: Vogt TM, Wagner EH, editors. Health care systems as research platforms: the cancer research network [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): Oxford University Press; 2005 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. p. 39-46. Available from: http://jncimono.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/2005/35/39 doi: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgi036

Box 120System requirements

System requirements describe the particular software and hardware needed to view the contribution to the book.

• Begin with the phrase "System Requirements" followed by a colon and a space
• Use the wording supplied by the publisher; no standardization is needed
• Separate the types of information by a semicolon
• End requirement information with a period
  Examples:

  • Levin B. Colorectal cancer. In: Dale DC, Antman K, Atkinson JP, Feldman M, Gibbons RJ, Haynes RB, Henrich JB, Henrich WL, Holtzman MJ, Lebwohl MG, Levinson W, Loriaux DL, Ruddy S, Wolinsky JS, editors. ACP medicine [Internet]. New York: Web MD Inc.; c2005 [updated 2006 Jan]. [16 p.]. Available from: http://www.acpmedicine.com/acp_sampleChapters.htm System Requirements: Netscape Navigator 7.0 (or later) or Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.0 (or later); browser must be Java-enabled.

Box 121Other types of material to include in notes

• The notes element may be used to provide any information that the compiler of the reference feels is useful. Begin by citing the contribution and the book, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:

  • Neath SX. Anaphylaxis. In: Barkin RM, Rosen P, editors. Rosen & Barkin's 5-minute emergency medicine consult [Internet]. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2007 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 8 screens]. Available from: http://gateway.ut.ovid.com/gw1/ovidweb.cgi Subscription required to view.
  • Shrader-Frechette K. Ethical issues in environmental and occupational health. In: Jennings B, Kahn J, Mastroianni A, Parker LS, editors. Ethics and public health: model curriculum [Internet]. Washington: Association of Schools of Public Health; 2003 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. p. 159-92. Available from: http://www.asph.org/UserFiles/EthicsCurriculum.pdf This project was supported under a cooperative agreement from the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) through grant number 1D-38AH10001-05.